• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 1999

Varicella-zoster virus(VZV) becomes latent in the sensory ganglia after primary infection and emerges from latency to cause zoster in adults. After primary infection, VZV remains latent in the dorsal spinal ganglia. The mechanisms responsible for its reactivation and the clinical entity of herpes zoster are poorly understood. Reactivation of VZV is commonly known to manifest as Ramsay Hunt syndrome which is one of the VZV-associated neurologic diseases with facial paralysis, ear pain, and a characteristic herpetic auricular rash. It is now known that lesions of this syndrome can affect all cranial nerves. Central, cervical and peripheral effects of this syndrome is polyneuropathic in nature. VZV usually involves the 5th and 7th cranial nerves and less commonly the lower cranial nerves such as 9th and 10th. We report a treated case of healthy 40 years old male with VZV infection of the 5th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves. The patient typically showed herpetic vesicles in the auricle and temporal bone area without facial paralysis.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2018

Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare disease characterized by lymphomatous invasion of the cranial or peripheral nerves by lymphoma. A high suspicion is important due to the various presenting symptoms mandating consideration of many differential diagnoses. We report a case of NL of the cranial nerves and plexus presenting as diplopia, facial palsy, and weakness of the upper and lower limbs in sequence.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2022

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a chronic recurrent acquired immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves that presents with progressive sensory and motor deficits in all four limbs. Cranial nerve involvement is not as common as in Guillain-Barre syndrome, and central nervous system involvement including optic neuritis has rarely been reported in patients with CIDP. We recently experienced a case with classic CIDP involving bilateral facial and trigeminal nerves, right lower cranial nerves, and the right optic nerve.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.147-150
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• 2005

Cavernous angiomas of the cranial nerves are rarely reported. We report a case of a 33-year-old man affected by a cavernous angioma originated in the oculomotor nerve with it's palsy. Preoperative radiological findings are difficult to differentiate it from meningioma or neurinoma. Postopertive pathological report discloses it as cavernous angioma. We discuss radiological, pathological features and management of this vascular lesion of the cranial nerve.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2021

Cranial-nerve disorders can be caused by a wide spectrum of diseases, including congenital, inflammatory, and tumorous diseases, and are often encountered in practice. However, the imaging of cranial-nerve disorders is challenging, and understanding the anatomical differences of each region is essential for conducting the best protocols and for detecting subtle changes in cranial nerves during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. In this review we discuss which MRI techniques are best for observing normal and pathologic appearance, according to the different regions of the cranial nerves.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2012

Diseases of cranial nerves are one of the most difficult illnesses to be treated because of the fact that diseases are hardly detected in early stage. As the nation is becoming an aging society, there is an increasing number of the patient who has diseases of cranial nerves. So a lot of healthcare facilities is in the middle of having a preparation for medical center providing adequate medical service to the patient suffering from diseases of cranial nerves. However, it is extremely difficult to define what the specialized medical center is. It is necessary to give an architectural suggestion of the specialized medical center in response to the proposal of healthcare system for successful operation. Therefore this study aims to suggest the composition and the area of the medical center on neuroscience.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.501-529
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• 2020

Because of the inherent complex anatomy and functional arrangement of the cranial nerves (CNs), neuroimaging of cranial neuropathy is challenging. With recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, the cause of cranial neuropathy can now be detected in many cases. As an active multidisciplinary team member of cranial neuropathy, it is essential for the neuroradiologist to be familiar with the detailed anatomy of the CNs on MRI. This review contains the basic MRI anatomy of CNs III-XII according to a segmental classification from the brain stem to the extracranial region. The optimal imaging options to best evaluate the specific segment of the CNs will also be discussed briefly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.964-969
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• 2023

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating polyneuropathy characterized by progressive, ascending, and symmetrical paralysis. It is known to be triggered by an antecedent infection or vaccination. Recently, GBS development following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has been reported. Cranial neuropathies in typical GBS patients usually involve the facial and the lower cranial nerves (from IX to XII). We report a rare case of multiple cranial neuropathies involving trigeminal, abducens, and facial nerves in a patient who developed GBS following COVID-19 vaccination on the basis of obvious MRI features.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2001

Herpes zoster oticus which is called Ramsay Hunt syndrome, geniculate ganglion herpes and otic herpes, is characterized by a viral prodrome with otalgia, vesicular eruptions, facial paralysis, hearing disturbance, tinnitus, vertigo and other symtoms. Among cranial nerves, trigeminal and facial nerves are the most commonly affected in patients with herpes zoster oticus, but on rare occasions 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th cranial nerves and even the upper cervical nerve are influenced as well.. In general, it has poor prognosis compared with Bell's palsy, leaving permanent facial nerve dysfunction. We report a case of Herpes zoster oticus, which was fully recovered by acupuncture and herbal medication within 12 days. We used $FEMA^{11)}$ and House-Brackmann's grading system to assess the degree of paralysis in each part of face.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.333-337
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• 2018

Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a type of acute herpes zoster, which occurs by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus at the geniculate ganglion. Clinical presentation of Ramsay Hunt syndrome includes a vesicular rash on the ear (herpes zoster oticus) or in the oral mucosa accompanied by acute peripheral facial nerve paralysis. Other cranial nerves such as V, IX, XI, and XII are often involved. Additional variability of the clinical picture of Ramsay Hunt syndrome is produced by varying patterns of skin involvement explained by individual anastomoses between cranial and cervical nerves. Combination treatment containing anti-viral agents and steroids is recommended for the treatment of Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Additionally, early diagnosis of Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a crucial factor to improve damaged nerves in Ramsay Hunt syndrome, which initiates treatment as soon as possible.