• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권12호
• /
• pp.1749-1754
• /
• 2006

Two slaughter experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rumen escape starch, by altering dietary starch concentration and corn particle size, on ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the pancreas and the small intestinal digesta of lambs. In experiment 1, 18 wether lambs (28.5${\pm}$1.6 kg) were fed low, medium or high starch diets for 35 d and slaughtered. Dietary starch concentrations linearly increased rumen escape starch (p<0.05). Pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was lower (p<0.05) in lambs fed the low starch diet. When expressed per gram of digesta, ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was lower in lambs fed the low starch diet. However, expressed as total activity, ${\alpha}$-amylase in the digesta was greater in lambs fed the medium starch diet. In experiment 2, 12 wether lambs (23.5${\pm}$0.3 kg) were fed diets with finely cracked corn, coarsely cracked corn and whole corn. These dietary treatments continued for 35 d before tissue collection. Rumen escape starch increased with increasing corn particle size (p<0.05). ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the pancreas and the small intestinal digesta was significantly greater (p<0.05) in lambs fed the coarsely cracked corn. These data suggest that increasing rumen escape starch results in a quadratic increase in total ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the pancreas and the small intestinal digesta. Maximum ${\alpha}$-amylase activity is reached when rumen escape starch is about 100-120 g/d in 25-30 kg lambs.

• 현장농수산연구지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.132-141
• /
• 2001

옥수수 알곡(whole corn)을 분쇄(ground corn; GC), 파쇄(cracked corn; CC), 박편(flaked corn; FC) 및 수침(soaked corn; SC)등 가공방법을 달리하여 처리하였을 때 반추가축에 있어서 미생물의 부착양상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 한 본 연구의 요약은 다음과 같다. 1. 한우의 반추위내에 각 처리별 옥수수를 12 및 24시간 배양하여 주사 전자현미경을 이용하여 반추 미생물의 부착양상과 사료 기질의 형태를 조사하였다. 2. 분쇄 및 파쇄 옥수수에서 가장 많은 미생물들이 부착되어 있는 것이 관찰되었고 옥수수 알곡 및 수침 옥수수는 전분입자에 미생물의 부착을 관찰 할 수 없었으며, 단지 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 옥수수의 외피에 많은 미생물이 부착되었고 외피의 분해가 일어나는 것이 관찰되었다. 3. SEM 결과를 통하여, 옥수수의 입자가 작게 가공처리 될수록 미생물 군락의 형성이 용이하여, 반추위내 옥수수의 분해율을 향상시킨다고 판단된다.

• 현장농수산연구지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.116-131
• /
• 2001

옥수수 알곡(whole corn)을 분쇄(ground corn; GC), 파쇄(cracked corn; CC), 박편(flaked corn; FC) 및 수침(soaked corn; SC)등 가공방법을 달리하여 처리하였을 때 반추가축에 대한 in situ 및 in vitro 소화율에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 실험 1 : 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법이 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질의 반추위내 in situ 소실율에 미치는 영향 1. 반추위내의 건물, 유기물 및 조단백질의 반추위내 소실율을 관찰하고자 반추위 누관이 장착된 한우 4두를 공시하여 nylon bag 기법으로 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간 반추위내에서 각 가공된 옥수수를 배양시켰다. 2. 반추위 배양시간 48시간대에서 분쇄옥수수가 76.1 %로 가장 높은 건물소실율을 보였으며(P<0.01) 다음으로 파쇄 옥수수 (55.1%) 그리고 박편 처리 옥수수 (30.9%)의 순으로 소실율이 높았으며 알곡 옥수수와 수침 옥수수의 경우는 약 12%로 48시간 이후에도 거의 소실이 되지 않음이 관찰되었다. 3. 조단백질의 소실율은 반추위 발효시간 48시간대에서 분쇄 및 파쇄 옥수수의 단백질 소실율이 각각 48 및 38%로 가장 높았지만(P<0.01), 박편 옥수수는 건물 소실율과는 달리 단백질 소실율이 18.9%로써 알곡과 수침 옥수수와 비슷하게 나타났다. 0시간대의 단백질 소실율은 분쇄 옥수수가 소실율이 16.14%로 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 4. 유기물의 소실율은 반추위 발효시간 48시간대에서 분쇄 옥수수가 76.04%로 가장 높았으며(P<0.01) 그 다음이 옥수수를 파쇄한 경우 54.64%였으며 옥수수 알곡과 수침 옥수수가 각각 11.82 및 12.26%로 가장 소실율이 낮았다(P<0.01). 0시간대 소실율은 분쇄와 파쇄 옥수수에서 소실율이 각각 20.27과 18.86%로 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 실험 2 : 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법이 반추위내 미생물에 의한 건물 분해을 및 two-stage in vitro 건물 소화율에 미치는 영향 1. 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법에 의한 반추위내 미생물들의 건물 분해율을 측정하기 위하여 한우로부터 반추위액을 채취하고 미생물을 분리하여 각 사료기질을 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 및 48시간 미생물과 함께 배양시켰다. 48시간 동안 반추위 미생물에 배양시 분쇄 옥수수의 분해율 (65.01%)이 가장 높았다(P<0.01). 옥수수 알곡과 수침 옥수수를 48시간 배양시 건물분해율은 각각 18.83 과 17.26%로 처리구중 가장 낮은 분해율을 보였다 (P<0.01). 2. 한우로부터 분리한 반추위액에 각 사료기질을 two-stage 배양법으로 배양하여 건물 소화율을 측정하였다. 무처리 옥수수가 가장 낮은 소화율 (15.36%)을 보였고(P<0.01), 분쇄, 파쇄 및 박편 옥수수에서 높은 소화율을 보였으며(P<0.01) 각각 86.95, 85.84 및 82.29%로 나타났다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제48권2호
• /
• pp.227-236
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 맥주박과 옥수수 위주의 발효사료에 대한 coated vitamin C+E 및 면실의 첨가 급여가 거세한우의 육조성분, 육색 및 도체등급에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 평균체중 550.4±42.8kg의 거세한우 24두를 공시하여 실시하였다. 시험구 배치는 발효사료급여구(T1)와 coated vitamin C+E 및 면실 첨가 발효사료구(T2)의 2처리로 하였다. 배최장근의 조지방 함량은 T2구에서 T1구에 비해 높았다(p< 0.05). 배최장근의 표면 육색 중 황색도와 색상색은 T2구에서 T1구에 비해 낮았고(p<0.05) 명도는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 육량 A 등급의 출현은 T2구에서 T1구에 비해 높았다. 근내지방도는 T1구에 비해 T2구에서 높았다. 이상의 결과에서 맥주박과 옥수수 위주의 발효사료에 대한 CVCE 및 면실의 첨가는 거세한우 배최장근의 조지방 함량, 육색 및 근내지방도에 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권10호
• /
• pp.1449-1457
• /
• 2008

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus muscle (LM) of three cattle genetic groups (Purunã, PUR, 11; 1/2 Purunã vs. 1/2 British, PUB, 6 and 1/2 Charolais vs. 1/2 Caracu, CHC, 10) finished in pasture systems. The field work took place at the Lapa Research Farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, in the city of Lapa, south Brazil. The animals were fed during the winter with corn silage, cottonseed meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salts as sources of protein, as well as an energy supplement, in pasture systems of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. The animal groups were slaughtered at 20 months of age, at 50122.6 kg live weight. CHC bulls had higher (p<0.05) final weight than PUR and PUB bulls. Hot carcass weight was similar (p>0.10) between PUR and PUB. Hot carcass dressing percentage was higher (p<0.05) for PUB bulls than for PUR and CHC bulls. On the other hand, hot carcass dressing percentage was similar (p>0.05) between PUR and CHC bulls. Fat thickness was similar (p>0.10) among all genetic groups. However, the Longissimus area of CHC bulls was greater (p<0.05) than in PUR and PUB genetic groups. The genetic groups did not affect (p>0.10) the marbling of Longissimus. There was no observed difference (p>0.10) in moisture, ash, crude protein and total cholesterol contents among the three genetic groups. On the other hand, the total lipid percentage was higher (p<0.05) for the PUB genetic group in comparison with PUR and CHC. CLA percentage was highest for PUR animals. However, total CLA amounts were not altered by the different genetic groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.598-604
• /
• 2009

This work was carried out to study the carcass characteristics, the chemical composition and the fatty acid profile in Longissimus muscle (LM) of bull breeds Nellore, NEL (11), Caracu, CAR (12) and Holstein-Friesian, HFR (12) finished in a feedlot. The bulls were fed twice a day with corn silage, cotton meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salt. NEL and CAR bulls had similar (p>0.05) final weight and hot carcass weight. However, NEL and CAR bulls had higher (p<0.05) final weight and hot carcass weight than HFR bulls. Carcass hot dressing, carcass conformation, cushion thickness, Longissimus muscle area and texture were similar (p>0.05) among NEL, CAR and HFR bulls. NEL and HFR bulls had higher (p<0.05) carcass length in comparison to the CAR breed. Nellore breed had higher (p<0.05) leg length in comparison to CAR and HFR breeds. Leg length was similar (p>0.05) between CAR and HFR breeds. Thickness fat, color and marbling score were lower (p<0.05) in NEL breed in comparison to CAR and HFR breeds. LM of NEL bulls had higher (p<0.05) meat moisture content in comparison to CAR and HFR bulls. In contrast, lipid content was lower (p<0.10) in HFR bulls. LM ash and crude protein contents were similar (p>0.05) among breeds. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher (p<0.10) in HFR animals. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6, n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratio were similar (p>0.05) among the different breeds. N-6/n-3 ratio was higher (p<0.05) in CAR animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권9호
• /
• pp.1296-1302
• /
• 2008

This work was conducted to study the performance, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus muscle (LM) of first-generation Purunã (n = 7, PUR1), second-generation Purunã (n = 9, PUR2), and 1/2 Puruna vs. 1/2 Canchin (n = 13, PUCA) bulls finished in a feedlot. The animals averaged 18 months of age at the beginning of the experiment. The animals were kept in a feedlot from 18 to 22 months of age. They were fed twice a day with corn silage ad libitum, along with soybean meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salt. PUR1 bulls had greater (p<0.05) final weight (496.0 kg) than PUCA bulls (449.2 kg). However, there was no difference (p>0.05) between PUR1 and PUR2 (472.0 kg), and between PUR2 and PUCA. Hot carcass weight was similar (p>0.05) among the different genetic groups. Hot carcass dressing percentage was similar (p>0.10) between PUR1 (50.4%) and PUCA (53.8%), and higher (p<0.10) than PUR2 (48.6%). Cushion thickness was greater (p<0.05) in PUCA bulls (27.12 cm). The other parameters were similar (p<0.05) among the three genetic groups. Total lipid and cholesterol contents were higher (p<0.01) in PUR2. Moisture, ash and crude protein contents were similar (p>0.05) among the three genetic groups. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels were higher (p<0.10) in PUR1 and PUR2 (51.58% and 50.41%, respectively). Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were higher (p<0.05) in PUR1 and PUCA (6.50% and 8.29%, respectively). N-6, n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratios were higher (p<0.05) in PUCA. MUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were similar (p>0.05) among the different genetic groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.543-549
• /
• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles of different substrates and microbial communities. In experiment 1, nine diets (high-forage diet (forage:concentrate, e.g. F:C = 7:3, DM basis), medium-forage diet (F:C = 5:5, DM basis), low-forage diet(F:C = 1:9, DM basis), cracked corn, cracked wheat, soluble starch, tall elata (Festuca elata), perennial ryegrass and rice straw) were fermented in vitro by rumen microorganisms from local goats. The results showed that during 24 h incubations, for all substrates, disodium fumarate increased (p<0.05) the gas production, and tended to increase (p<0.10) the acetate, propionate and total VFA concentration and decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate, whereas no treatment effect was observed for the lactate concentration. The apparent DM loss for tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw increased (p<0.05) with the addition of disodium fumarate. With the exception of tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw, disodium fumarate addition increased the final pH (p<0.05) for all substrates. In experiment 2, three substrates (a high-forage diet, a medium-forage diet and a high concentrate diet) were fermented by mixed rumen microbes in vitro. A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique was applied to compare microbial DNA fingerprints between substrates at the end of 24 h incubation. The results showed that when Festuca elata was used as substrate, the control and disodium fumarate treatments had similar DGGE profiles, with their similarities higher than 96%. As the ratio of concentrate increased, however, the similarities in DGGE profiles decreased between the control and disodium fumarate treatment. Overall, these results suggest that disodium fumarate is effective in increasing the pH and gas production for the diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, grain cereals and soluble starch, and in increasing dry matter loss for the forages (tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw) in vitro, whereas its effect on changes of ruminal microbial community may largely depend on the general nature of the substrate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권7호
• /
• pp.1054-1059
• /
• 2009

This work was carried out to study the chemical and fatty acid composition of Longissimus muscle (LM) of crossbred young bulls finished in a feedlot. After weaning (at 8 months old), the bulls were kept in a feedlot for 180 days. The bulls were kept in individual pens and fed (twice daily) with corn silage, soybean hulls, cracked corn, limestone, urea and mineral salt. The bulls were slaughtered with a final weight of 464 kg. Forty bulls were used: 10 Caracu (CAR), 10 Canchim (CAN), 10 Caracu vs. Charolais (CCH) and 10 Canchim vs. Aberdeen Angus (CAA). The percentages of moisture, ash, crude protein, total lipids, as well as the fatty acid composition, were measured in the LM. The moisture percentage was lower (p<0.05) for bulls from CAA genetic group (71.2%) in comparison to bulls from CAR (74.2%), CAN (74.9%) and CCH (74.7%) genetic groups. On the other hand, there was no difference (p>0.05) among bulls from CAR, CAN and CCH genetic groups. Ash percentage was lower (p<0.05) for CAR bulls (0.96%) in comparison with the other genetic groups. There was no difference (p>0.05) among CAN, CCH and CAA genetic groups. Similarly, there was no difference (p>0.05) in crude protein among the different genetic groups. Total lipids percentage was higher (p<0.05) for CAA bulls (5.35%) and lower (p<0.05) for CAN (1.85%) and CCH (1.41%) genetic groups. Genetic group has little effect on the fatty acid composition of Longissimus muscle of bulls. However, CLA (C 18:2 c-9 t-11) percentage was higher (p<0.05) for CAR (0.33%) and CCH (0.37%) in comparison to CAN (0.27%) and CAA (0.29%) genetic groups. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-6 and n-3 percentages did not differ (p>0.05) among genetic groups. PUFA/SFA ratio ranged from 0.10 to 0.15, with no difference (p>0.05) among genetic groups. Similarly, n-6/n-3 ratio ranged from 12.6 to 16.3, without difference (p>0.05) among genetic groups.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.341-347
• /
• 1992

Eggs used in this study were obtained from Saudi Arabian Baladi laying hens which were divided into four experimental groups and subjected to the following treatments: Commercial laying ration (17% CP, 3.6% Ca and 0.343%, available P) fed ad libitum as a control (C); Conventional force molting, feed removal for 10 days followed by 18 days full-feed of cracked corn (F); 15 days ad libitum intake of the control ration supplemented, to initiate forced-molt, with 0.35% aluminum as the sulfate (ALS) or the chloride (ALC). The hens were in production for 52 weeks and 17 months of age at the start of the trial and the post-treatment period lasted 36 weeks. During the treatment period F and AL treated groups had similar egg and shell weight, egg surface area, shell thickness and shell weight per unit of surface area but significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. F had significantly (p<0.05) the highest and the control the lowest Haugh unit values whereas AL fed groups had significantly (p<0.05) lower meat spot incidence compared with the control which tended to have higher value than F group. ALC and F had significantly (p<0.05) the lowest yolk color grade whereas ALC had significantly (p<0.05) lower egg index than ALS and the control. During the post-treatment period the control had significantly (p<0.05) the highest egg index and blood spots incidence and ALS the lowest shell diensity compared with other groups. ALS had significantly (p<0.05) lower shell weight than ALC and the control whereas F and AL treated hens had significantly (p<0.05) the highest Haugh unit values and yolk color grades respectively. F had significantly (p<0.05) lower meat spots incidence than ALC and the control. The same results were observed for ALS compared with the control.