• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.48-57
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• 1996

The weldability of high purity aluminum-lithium binary alloys has been investigated using the Varestraint test. Autogenous GTAW (gas-tungsten-arc-welds) were run along specimens of different lithium concentration using three sets of welding parameters. Welding voltage was held constant at 10 volts. Welding current (70∼100 amps) and travel speed (23∼33 cm/min) were the parameter varied. Hot-tearing susceptibility varied with lithium content and exhibited a steep peak at 2.6 weight percent lithium. Depth of penetration increased with increasing heat input and lithium concentration. The susceptibility is influenced by the wettability of dendrites by the interdendritic eutectic liquid as well as the time available for back-Siting by eutectic liquid. The welding condition of welding current 70A and travel speed 23 cm/min was showed good resistance to cracking in aluminum-lithium alloys. Suggestions for improving weld cracking resistance are also provided.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.667-670
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• 2001

For major structural components periodic inspections and integrity assessments are needed for the safety. However, many flaws are undetectable because sampling inspection is carried out during in-service inspection. Probabilistic integrity assessment is applied to take into consideration of uncertainty and variance of input parameters arise due to material properties and undetectable cracks. This paper describes a Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics(PEM) analysis based on the Monte Carlo(MC) algorithms. Taking a number of sampling data of probabilistic variables such as fracture toughness value, crack depth and aspect ratio of an initial surface crack, a MC simulation of failure judgement of samples is performed. For the verification of this analysis, a comparison study of th PFM analysis using a commercial code, mathematical method is carried out and a good agreement was observed between those results.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2006년도 춘계 학술대회 개요집
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• pp.68-70
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• 2006

For the aluminum material of the thick-thickness more than 100mm Penetration depth Electron beam welding is effectively applicable with a characteristic of high energy intensity. But Al 6061 alloy has high crack sensitivity due to minor alloys, which are silicon, magnesium, copper etc. With a sample block of 135mm thickness EBW test was performed in vertical position. As tensile strength has $210{\sim}220N/mm^2$ with weld area broken. Bend test shows low ductility with fracture of partly specimens. Chemical contents of alloys show no difference between weld and base metal. Defect in middle weld area figures out typical hot crack due to low melting materials. Micro structure of weld area has some difference compare to HAZ and base metal. As a result of EBW test for Al 6061 alloy, it shows that weld defect could be occurred even though establishing of optimum weld parameter condition.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제78권2호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2021

In the present paper, an analytical model is proposed to determine the flexural and shear strength of normal and high-strength reinforced concrete beams with longitudinal bars, in the presence of transverse stirrups. The model is based on evaluation of the resistance contribution due to beam and arch actions including interaction with stirrups. For the resistance contribution of the main bars in tension the residual bond adherence of steel bars, including the effect of stirrups and the crack spacing of R.C. beams, is considered. The compressive strength of the compressed arch is also verified by taking into account the biaxial state of stresses. The model was verified on the basis of experimental data available in the literature and it is able to include the following variables in the resistance provision: - geometrical percentage of steel bars; - depth-to-shear span ratio; - resistance of materials; - crack spacing; - tensile stress in main bars; - residual bond resistance including the presence of stirrups;- size effects. Finally, some of the more recent analytical expressions able to predict shear and flexural resistance of concrete beams are mentioned and a comparison is made with experimental data.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.307-321
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• 2015

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of an innovative surface-mount sensor, made of a piezoelectric disc (PZT sensor), as a consistent source for surface wave velocity and transmission measurements in concrete structures. To this end, one concrete slab with lateral dimensions of 1500 by 1500 mm and a thickness of 200 mm was prepared in the laboratory. The concrete slab had a notch-type, surface-breaking crack at its center, with depths increasing from 0 to 100 mm at stepwise intervals of 10 mm. A PZT sensor was attached to the concrete surface and used to generate incident surface waves for surface wave measurements. Two accelerometers were used to measure the surface waves. Signals generated by the PZT sensors show a broad bandwidth with a center frequency around 40 kHz, and very good signal consistency in the frequency range from 0 to 100 kHz. Furthermore, repeatability of the surface wave velocity and transmission measurements is significantly improved compared to that obtained using manual impact sources. In addition, the PZT sensors are demonstrated to be effective for monitoring an actual surface-breaking crack in a concrete beam specimen subjected to various external loadings (compressive and flexural loading with stepwise increases). The findings in this study demonstrate that the surface mount sensor has great potential as a consistent source for surface wave velocity and transmission measurements for automated health monitoring of concrete structures.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.180-185
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• 2004

비금속 및 금속 재료에 존재하는 미소균열 검출에는 펄스에코법으로 고주파수 집속형 수직 탐촉자를 사용하거나 표면파를 사용한 사각 탐상법을 주로 사용한다. 이러한 방법은 압연 롤, 세라믹 롤 등 대형 구조물의 표면에 존재하는 미소 균열의 존재 여부, 위치 및 깊이 측정을 위한 자동화 초음파 탐상장치를 개발하는 다량의 검사 데이터, 결함 위치정보의 불확실성 등 현실적으로 많은 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 대구경 초음파 탐촉자를 사용하여 초음파 회절현상을 발생시킴으로써, 미세 균열의 존재 여부 및 위치 등의 검사결과를 실시간 A, B, C-Scan으로 표시할 수 있었다. 또한 기존의 방법보다 정량적으로 표면 균열의 깊이를 정확하게 측정 가능한 방법을 제시하였다. 초음파의 회절현상을 이용함으로서 기존의 방법보다 검사 속도 및 시간이 10배 이상으로 향상되고 균열의 깊이를 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 방법을 실험적으로 검증하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.700-711
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• 2015

Sodium-cooled fast breeder reactors use liquid sodium as a moderator and coolant to transfer heat from the reactor core. The main hazard associated with sodium is its rapid reaction with water. Sodium-water reaction (SWR) takes place when water or vapor leak into the sodium side through a crack on a heat-transfer tube in a steam generator. If the SWR continues for some time, the SWR will damage the surface of the defective area, causing it to enlarge. This self-enlargement of the crack is called "self-wastage phenomena." A stepwise numerical evaluation model of the self-wastage phenomena was devised using a computational code of multicomponent multiphase flow involving a sodium-water chemical reaction: sodiumwater reaction analysis physics of interdisciplinary multiphase flow (SERAPHIM). The temperature of gas mixture and the concentration of NaOH at the surface of the tube wall are obtained by a numerical calculation using SERAPHIM. Averaged thermophysical properties are used to assess the local wastage depth at the tube surface. By reflecting the wastage depth to the computational grid, the self-wastage phenomena are evaluated. A two-dimensional benchmark analysis of an SWAT (Sodium-Water reAction Test rig) experiment is carried out to evaluate the feasibility of the numerical model. Numerical results show that the geometry and scale of enlarged cracks show good agreement with the experimental result. Enlarged cracks appear to taper inward to a significantly smaller opening on the inside of the tube wall. The enlarged outer diameter of the crack is 4.72 mm, which shows good agreement with the experimental data (4.96 mm).

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2022

Mobile PKG Trend는 소형화와 더불어 고용량 제품 요구로 인해 Mold Top Margin 감소가 불가피한 상황이다. 하지만 기존 Laser Marking 공법은 Depth가 깊어 Narrow Top Margin 제품에 적용할 때 중첩 가공에 의한 PKG 강도 저하가 예상되며, Chip Damage와 같은 품질 불량으로 신뢰성이 저하되는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Laser Source 특징 비교를 통해 Narrow Top Margin 제품에 대응할 수 있는 Low Depth Laser Marking 기술을 확보하였으며, PKG 개발 제품에 해당 기술을 적용하여 평가한 결과 Marking Depth 67% 감소와 PKG 강도 12%가 향상됨을 검증하였다. 또한 PKG Mechanical 분석을 통해 발생 가능한 Laser Damage 품질 검증을 진행하였고, Chip Damage(Crack/Chipping) 불량은 발견되지 않았다. 이를 통해 양산 적용 품질 안정성을 확보하였다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2019

Precast members have relatively good quality because they are manufactured in an environment suitable for quality control. A typical precast method in which pre-fabricated segments are assembled in the field requires a joint. Although the joint is a small part of the member, it greatly affects the behavior and quality of the structural member. In the previous study of this paper, the flexural strength of a joint, which is generally applied to half-depth precast deck systems, was verified to have higher strength than the design requirement. In addition, the proposed joint has been verified to have higher strength by reinforcing the connecting rebar. However, even if the flexural strength of the joints is sufficient, excessive deflection or lack of fatigue performance is likely to cause cracks in the half-depth precast deck system. In this study, the serviceability of the half-deck precast panel specimens with joints was evaluated and the experimental verification was conducted to evaluate the fatigue performance of the joint without connection rebar. As a result, the serviceability such as deflection and crack width was found to be higher than the design requirement in all the specimens. In the fatigue test, the fatigue effect was insignificant even in the absence of connection rebar.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.174-183
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• 1996

본 연구에서는 인코넬600 합금을 열처리 상태 및 변형속도 등이 서로 다른 SCC 발생 조건하에서 정변형 속도 시험법으로 인장시켜 그때 발생되는 AE신호와 균열 거동을 비교하므로서 SCC 발생 및 진전을 AE로서 적절히 탐지할 수 있는가를 연구하였고, AE로 탐지 가능한 초기의 최소 균열 크기를 측정하므로서 비파괴시험법으로서의 적용성을 평가하고자 하였다 실험 결과, IGSCC에서 발생되는 AE amplitude 준위는 연성파괴 및 기계적인 변형에서 발생되는 것들보다 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 이것은 AE amplitude준위가 AE발생원을 식별할 수 있는 중요한 변수가 될 수 있음을 의미한다. IGSCC 미소균열의 성장 및 주균열의 형성으로부터 주균열의 성장으로 전환되는 시점을 AE로 적절히 감시할 수 있음을 보였으며, AE로 탐지 가능한 최소 균열 크기는 길이 $200{\sim}400{\mu}m$, 깊이 $100{\mu}m$ 이하의 균열인 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 AE기술은 입계 응력 부식 균열의 진전을 조기 탐지할 수 있는 유용한 방법으로 평가되며 비파괴시험법으로서의 실제 적용 가능성도 높을 것으로 판단된다.