• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

Previous studies have found the significant adverse effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on stock returns and volatility. The effects varied with the confirmed cases and deaths. However, the extent of the effects have never been measured exactly. This study proposes a measurement model for the COVID-19 effects. In the proposed model, stock returns in the COVID-19 period are weighted averages of pre-COVID-19 normal returns and COVID-19-induced returns. The effects are measured by the contributing weights of the COVID-19-induced returns. Kalman filtering is used to estimate the model for the world and Chinese markets, in combination with 10 markets - five most affected countries (United States, India, Brazil, Russia, and France) and five best recovering countries (Hong Kong, Australia, Singapore, Thailand, and South Korea). The sample returns are daily, obtained from the closing Morgan Stanley global investable market indexes. The full period is from September 24, 2018, to October 30, 2020, whereas the COVID-19 period is from November 18, 2019, to October 30, 2020. The contributing weights are significant and close to 100% for all markets. The COVID-19-induced returns replace the pre-COVID-19 normal returns; they are negatively auto-correlated and highly volatile. The COVID-19-induced returns are new normal returns in the COVID-19 period.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 2023

Post-acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19) syndrome is defined as persistent symptoms or delayed complications after COVID-19. Several cases of cranial nerve invasion related to COVID-19 have been reported. However, to our knowledge, no cases of solitary unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis after mild COVID-19 without intubation have been reported to date. Herein, we report the case of a 64-year-old man with unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy as a complication of COVID-19. He complained of dysarthria and tongue discomfort 2 weeks after COVID-19 onset. Brain and neck computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and blood tests ruled out other possible causes. The patient's nerve palsy was rapidly diagnosed and improved with early rehabilitation. Understanding of the pathology of COVID-19 is still limited. Physicians should focus on patients' symptoms and their relationship to COVID-19, and investigate complications immediately. This case highlights the importance of early detection and rehabilitation of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 2023

Background: Most international bodies recommended against musculoskeletal steroid injection during the COVID-19 pandemic, fearing that the immunosuppressive effects of the steroid could worsen COVID-19 infection, thus prolonging the suffering of patients with severe musculoskeletal disease. The authors' aim is to analyze the risk of COVID-19 infection after musculoskeletal injections. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients who visited a sports medicine clinic and received musculoskeletal steroid injections between January 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. The collected data was compared with the national COVID-19 registry to identify positive COVID-19 patients. The patients were only considered positive for COVID-19 following corticosteroid injection within 3 months after injection. Results: Out of 502 steroid injections; 79.7% (n = 400) received a single injection in one day, 19.1% (n = 96) received steroid injections at 2 sites in one day, and 1.2% (n = 6) received steroid injections at 3 sites in one day. Using the Fisher's exact test, there was no statistically significant association of COVID-19 infection between the steroid group and control group (relative risk, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-23.1, P = 0.654). Only one patient contracted mild COVID-19 with no post COVID complications. Conclusions: The authors recommend the use of musculoskeletal steroid injections in clinically indicated situation without having increased risk of COVID-19.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.339-346
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• 2022

Corona-virus(COVID-19), which has affected the world economy and Korea economy widely since 2020 could have an effect on management future perspectives. Thus this paper investigate whether the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on cost stickiness is contingent on operating uncertainty. By using the sample listed in KOSPI and KOSDAQ from 2018 to 2020. I find that COVID-19 increase cost stickiness when sales growth volatility is low. This paper contribute to the literature by providing the empirical evidence which contains that the effect of COVID-19 on cost stickiness varies with operating uncertainty.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Construction Safety
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

COVID-19, which is currently in vogue, is a pandemic with the largest number of deaths since the establishment of the "World Health Organization". It is also expected to have a significant impact on countless construction projects. After COVID-19 hit the construction industry, the risk that they needed to cover, decreased every year. However, the prolonged COVID-19 increased the risks of air delays, material supply, and economic losses. The exact measurements will be needed to be identified and the risks of the current construction projects must have a mitigated risk with a greater proportion. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the risks that have influenced construction projects to the domestic construction companies due to COVID-19. Based on the risks of the previous construction projects, risk case studies, and risks related to COVID-19, are extracted through surveys, weights. Each risk factor are calculated based on the AHP analysis technique. Thus, it is expected that the results of the risk research on construction projects will change due to COVID-19. It will be presented to cope with the current situation and later pandemic situations.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2022

While the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is gradually turning into an endemic disease, concerns about post COVID-19 conditions (Long COVID) are emerging. Obesity is a major risk factor for severe complications of COVID-19, and COVID-19 has a wide range of effects on obesity and metabolic function. This paper aims to examine the interaction between COVID-19 and obesity, the effects and mechanisms of long COVID on obesity, and the role of Korean medicine on long COVID-related obesity. Obesity may worsen with cardiometabolic damage and psychosocial insecurity during COVID-19 and long COVID-induced neuroinflammation, systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hypoxia also may aggravate obesity. Korean Medicine treatments, which have been widely used to treat obesity, have the potential to improve obesity in the era of long COVID by intervening in these mechanisms.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

The COVID-19 started to spread at early 2020 in South Korea and has been threatening our life in many aspects. Countermeasures such as social distancing to prevent COVID-19 spread have brought many changes in our society an human life. In this study, as a part of the COVID-19 pandemic management, drinking water usage change is analyzed to evaluate potential risks on water supply service. We collected hourly water use data of residential area in S city, which is a mid-size city in South Korea, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The collected data were analyzed to reveal the changes in total water consumption, water usage weight, and hourly water-demand pattern caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The case study revealed the noticeable changes in water consumption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and required more secured and adaptive operation of drinking water system under the pandemic situation caused by infectious disease.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.338-354
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• 2023

Background: The influence of social capital on the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related behaviors and perceptions has been recognized during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the trends in social capital using primary data from the Korean Community Health Survey, which is the only available source in Korea for local-level social capital analysis. It also investigates the relationship between various variables, including social capital, as factors influencing COVID-19-related behaviors and perceptions. Methods: The study analyzed the temporal trends of social capital using raw data from four community health surveys conducted in 2017, 2019, 2020, and 2021. A multilevel analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between social capital and COVID-19-related behaviors and perceptions following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Results: Social capital consists of trust, bonding social capital, and bridging social capital. Within the trust sub-factor, trust in neighbors (Trust-1) declined after the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas trust in safety and general environment (Trust-2) and trust in medical services and public transportation (Trust-3) increased. Additionally, the gap between municipalities narrowed. COVID-19-related behaviors and perceptions, such as adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures, return to normal activities, and fear of COVID-19, showed improvement in 2021 compared to the previous year. Individual-level trust in neighbors was associated with reduced fear of COVID-19, while community-level trust in neighbors was associated with increased fear of COVID-19. Conclusion: Social capital plays a role in mitigating public health crises, and it is necessary to implement active policies that address the gap in social capital between metropolitan and rural areas. Strengthening risk communication regarding emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19 is crucial.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.537-548
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination intentions in nurses. Methods: The participants were 184 nurses in Korea. Data were collected using a Google Form online survey method in February, 2021, and analyzed using an independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 26.0 program. Results: COVID-19 vaccination intention in nurses was correlated significantly with vaccine hesitancy (r = .58, p < .001), risk perception of COVID-19 (r = .22, p = .003), perception of vaccination as a professional duty (r = .59, p < .001), and attitude towards workplace infection control policies (r = .20, p = .007). Vaccine hesitancy (β = .40, p < .001) and the perception of vaccination as a professional duty (β = .44, p < .001) significantly influenced COVID-19 vaccination intention. The model developed in this study explained 50% of the variation in COVID-19 vaccination intention. Conclusion: Improving the perception of vaccination as a professional duty and lowering vaccine hesitancy may enhance nurses' COVID-19 vaccination intention. Above all, it is necessary to provide programs to encourage voluntary recognition of vaccination as a professional duty and develop strategies to reduce hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccinations.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.431-432
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• 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been going on for nearly a year. As of December 1, 2020, more than 60 million confirmed cases and 1.4 million deaths have occurred in 220 countries and territories. There is no effective treatment for COVID-19 so far, and vaccines are being developed. However, the vaccine of COVID-19 can be freed from COVID-19 only if there are positive answers to some questions: "Aren't there any major side effects from the vaccine?"; "Is the vaccine effective for enough time?"; "Does the vaccine sufficiently reduce the mortality rate?"; and "Does the vaccine sufficiently reduce the reproduction number?" The fight against COVID-19 will continue for a long time. Therefore, we need to respond by developing the evidence for control of COVID-19, the emerging infectious disease. Extensive quarantine measures in the early stages of COVID-19 need to be elaborated through developing the evidence. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency should establish a database for evidence developing COVID-19 control. In this database, based on more than 3 million tested individuals, epidemiological investigation results, health insurance claims data, and government data such as the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, etc. should be linked. It is necessary to disclose this database to academia, etc. to create the evidences of COVID-19 and manage COVID-19 through these. And through the developed evidences, guidelines for physical health and mental health in the era of Corona 19 should be developed.