• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil covering depth and vegetation base materials on the competition between Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq., which were grown in an abandoned coal mine land for three years after seeding, by comparing their growth and stem density. The study site was consisted of sub-plots with four different soil covering depths (0cm, 10cm, 20cm, and 30cm) and four different compounds of vegetation base materials (peat moss (control), soil conditioner+peat moss (S+P), erosion control material+peat moss (E+P), and soil conditioner+erosion control material+peat moss (S+E+P)). Results of this study showed opposite pattern between P. densiflora and L. cyrtobotrya with different soil covering depth and compounds of vegetation base materials in general. P. densiflora showed the highest growth and stem density in plots with 10cm and 0cm depths of soil covering, respectively, while the lowest was shown in plots with 20cm depth of soil covering. In contrast, L. cyrtobotrya showed the highest growth and stem density in plots with 20cm depth of soil covering, while the lowest was shown in plots with 0cm depth of soil covering. In case of vegetation base materials, P. densiflora showed the highest growth and stem density in control plots and plots treated with S+P, respectively, while the lowest was shown in plots with S+E+P treatment. On the other hand, L. cyrtobotrya showed the highest growth and stem density in plots treated with S+E+P, while the lowest was shown in control plots. These results suggested the competition between two plants as a major cause of opposite patterns, which is induced by the suppressed growth and stem density of P. densiflora by fast growing L. cyrtobotrya. Despite the suppression of L. cyrtobotrya on P. densiflora, L. cyrtobotrya can play a positive role in improving soil quality, and thus it would be more desirable for restoring abandoned coal mine land to manage the growth of L. cyrtobotrya periodically, rather than eliminate them.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2015

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural field near the abandoned metal mines is a critical problem in Korea. General remediation technique is to apply chemical amendments and soil covering. However, there is no specific guidelines for conducting soil covering. Therefore, main objective of this research was to determine optimum soil covering technique with microcosm experiment. Three different chemical amendments, lime stone (LS), steel slag (SS), and acid mine drainage sludge (AMDS), were examined and varied soil covering depth, 20, 30, 40cm, was applied to determine optimum remediation technique. Bioavailable heavy metal concentration in soil and total concentration of heavy metals in crop were monitored. Result showed that average heavy metal concentration in varied soil covering depth was ordered as 40 cm ($14.5mg\;kg^{-1}$) < 20 cm ($14.6mg\;kg^{-1}$) < 30 cm ($16.0mg\;kg^{-1}$) and also heavy metal concentration in crop was ordered as 40 cm ($100{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$) < 30 cm ($183{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$) < 20 cm ($190{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$). In terms of chemical amendments, average heavy metal concentration was decreased as AMDS ($150{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$) < SS ($151{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$) < LS ($154{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$). Overall, depth of soil covering should be over 30 cm to minimize bioaccumulation of heavy metals and SS and LS could be applied in heavy metal contaminated soil for remediation purposes.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.502-509
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• 2011

해안매립지에서 식재지반 조성을 위한 복토높이에 따른 토양의 채취, 운반 및 매립에 소요되는 비용이 매우 큰 차이가 있기 때문에 수목의 정상생육이 가능한 적정 복토높이를 구명하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 아산국가산업단지에서 해송, 화백, 느티나무 및 상수리나무에 대하여 복토처리별 (대조구, 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m 복토구) 로 식재 후 2년 6개월 경과한 후 토양화학성, 수목 고사율, 수고 및 근원경 생장의 변화를 조사하였다. 토양화학성은 복토높이가 낮을수록 pH, EC, 염기총량 및 염기포화도가 높아지고 $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Cl^-$ 등 염류함량이 증가하였다. 특히 1 m 복토구 이하에서 이들 화학성분의 농도가 높아져, 수목의 고사율 및 생장에 직접적인 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 수목 고사율은 복토높이가 높을수록 낮아지는 경향이 있었으며, 1.5 m 복토구 미만에서 고사율이 급격히 증가하였다. 수고와 근원경 생장은 복토처리가 높을수록 양호하게 나타나는 경향이 있었다. 수고생장은 해송의 경우 0.5 m 복토구와 나머지 3개 처리 간에 유의적인 생장차이가 있었으며 화백, 느티나무, 상수리나무는 1.5 m 복토구 미만에서 유의적인 생장차가 있었다. 근원경의 경우 식재수종 모두 복토높이가 높을수록 생장이 양호하였으며 1.5 m 복토구와 2.0 m 복토구 간 생장차이가 없었다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 해안매립지의 복토높이에 따른 고사율 및 생육특성은 식재수종에 따라 차이가 있으며 해송의 경우 1 m 이내의 복토도 가능한 반면에 화백, 느티나무 및 상수리나무는 1.5 m 이상 복토가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil covering and vegetation base materials implementation on the growth of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. in abandoned coal mine land. We compared the biomass of L. cyrtobotrya at the study plots of four different soil covering depth (control, 10cm, 20cm, and 30cm) and four different compounds of vegetation base materials composed of soil conditioner (S), erosion control (E), and peat moss (P) (control, S+P, E+P, and S+E+P). The result showed that the biomass of L. cyrtobotrya was higher in the study plots implemented with soil covering than control plot, although the increase in biomass was not constant with soil covering depth. In case of the vegetation base materials treatments, the biomass was highest in S+E+P plot, and S+P and E+P plots showed higher biomass than control plot.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 건축물의 피난 및 방화에 관한 규칙 제3조에 명시된 법정내화구조 중 보의 내화성능을 평가하고, 국내외 규정과 비교 및 분석을 하였다. 현행 규칙에 따르면 국내의 법정내화구조는 피난 및 방화구조에 관한 규칙의 시방기준을 만족하면 최대 3시간의 내화성능을 갖는 것으로 본다. 법정내화구조로서 보는 총 5개의 구조가 있으나, 본 연구에서는 우선 철근콘크리조를 대상으로 피복두께에 따른 내화성능을 평가하였다. 실험결과 하중비 0.5와 피복두께 40 mm를 확보할 경우, 최대 법정요구내화시간인 3시간을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 철골철망 모르타르조 보의 경우, 피복두께 60 mm 하중비 0.4에서 3시간 내화성능을 확보할 수 있다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제14권
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• pp.147-157
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• 1973

I. 보리 발아시 과습조건이 될 때 그 발아에 미치는 영향을 알고져 건토(LiC) 100g당 30cc, 40cc, 50cc, 60cc의 비율로 물을 가하여 수분함량을 각각 다르게 한 조건을 만들어 Check에 대비하여 Machete(Butachlor), TOK(Nitrofen)을 각각 150g, ai/10a 비율로 처리하였던바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 보리 발아시 수분함량이 포장용수량 이상의 과습이 유지될 때는 무처리구에 있어서도 발아율이 급감하거나 발아되지 아니하며 일단 발아된 후에도 근신장 및 생육이 제대로 되지 못하였다. 2. Machete, TOK 등 약제처리구에 있어서도 1)과 경향은 같으나 무처리구 보다는 그 해가 더욱 증대되였다. II. 토성이 다른 4종류의 토양을 대상으로 하여 Machete (제형별 180 g ai/10a), TOK (약량별 150g, 200g ia/10a), saturn(150g ai/10a), HE314, (250g ai/10a)의 4약제를 사용하여 1cm 복토심하에서 완주 봄보리에 대한 약해차이실험을 실시하였든바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. Machete 제형별(180g ai/10a 수준) 약해는 토양의 종류에 따라 심한 차이가 있었으며 식양토에서는 제형에 관계없이 거의 안전하나 사질 식양토<화산회양토<사양토 순위로 약해가 증대되었다. 유제의 약해의 입제의 약해보다 더욱 심하였다. 2. TOK 수화제 150g-200g ai/10a Machete와 거의 동일의 경향이며 약량이 높을 때 약해는 더욱 심하였다. 3. Saturn 150g ai/10a 토성에 따른 약해차이가 있기는 하나 그 차가 심하지는 아니하였다. 4. HE314. 250g ai/10a 250g 시용수준에서는 토성에 따른 약해차가 거의 없었다. III. 2종류의 토양을 대상으로 9개약제(TOK. MO. HE314, Machete, Saturn, Simetryne, Simazine, Gesaran Lorox)을 사용하여 복토심별(4단계)로 약해발생차이를 구명하였던바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 경식ㅌ조건 : 1) Check에 있어서 복토심별 생육상황은 1cm>1.5cm>0.5cm>0cm의 순위였으며 0-0.5cm 복토구에 있어서는 보리 생육이 매우 불량하였다. 2) 약제처리구에 있어서도 0-0.5cm구에 있어서는 심한 해를 나타내고 있으며 1cm 이상의 복토가 유지될 때 보리에 비교적 안전한 약제는 Saturn, Machete, MO, TOK의 100-150g ai/10a, HE314 375-205g ai/10a구 등이었다. 3) 1.5 cm 복토에 있어서도 징해를 나타낸 약제는 Simazine, Lorox, Simetryne 등이었다. 2. 사질토조건 : 1) Cheick에 있어서 생육상황은 1.5cm>0.5cm>0.5cm>3cm>5cm의 순위이었다. 2) 약제처리구에 있어 MO는 1.5 cm 구에서 안전하였고 TOK의 약해는 1.5cm인때 가장 가벼운 편이다. 3) 3cm이상 복토가 될 때 비교적 안전한 약제는 Machete, Saturn 100g ai/10a, HE314 250g ai/10a 이었다. 4) 복토심에 구애없이 불안전한 약제는 Simazine, Lorox, Simetryne Gesaran 등이었다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1990

Experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between the soil freezing depth and the accumulated degree-day of temperature below $0^{\circ}C$ at 17 locations during 1989-1990 winter season in kangwon province. The observed results are as follows : 1.When accumulated degree-day of temperature below at was 141t at late January soil freezing depth of sunny place was 46.5cm, that of shaded lot was 59 cm, and that of marginal place sunny or shaded area was 55cm, in Chun cheon. 2.Accumulated degree-day of temperature below at of Dae gwangryong area was more than that of Un-du, whereas soil freezing depth of Dae gwangryong was lower that of Un-du. It was considered that snow covering worked as heat insulator. 3.Soil freezing depth of vinyl mulching on Zoysia turf was less by around 2Ocm than that of non-vinyl mulching. Rice hulls covering of 4Ocm showed the great heat insulation effects with the soil freezing depth of 1.5cm at sunny place and 6.5cm at shaded lot compared to that of 47cm at sunny and 59.5 cm at shaded place bare ground. 4.Among investingated areas, Dunae, Honeg seong gun was the deepest soil freezing, 89cm with $569^{\circ}C$ of accumulated degree-day of temperature below $0^{\circ}C$ at late February. 5.dehydration of Juniperus C. var. Kaizuca, Euonymus japonica, and Chamaecyparis pisifira at winter season was around 5 %, however dehydration of Vinca minor was more than 10 %. A Studies on the Soil Freezing Depth and Change of Moisture contents in evergreen Plants upon subzero Temperature in Kangwon area.(2)

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2004

Generally, reinforced concrete is one of the most commonly used structural materials and it prevents corrosion of steel bar by high pH of interior, But, as time elapsed, reinforced concrete structure become deteriorated by many of combined deterioration factors and environmental conditions. And, there are large number of deteriorate mechanism of the reinforced concrete structure and it acts complexly. It is recognized that steel bar corrosion is the main distress behind the present concern regarding concrete durability. In this study, to institute combined deterioration environments, established acceleration condition and cycle for combined deterioration environments has a resemblance to environments which are real structures placed. After that to confirm corrosion properties of reinforced concrete due to permeability with covering depth and types of surface cover under combined deterioration environments, measured carbonation velocity coefficients, chloride ion diffusion coefficients, water absorption coefficients, air permeability coefficients and electric potential, corrosion area ratio, weight reduction, corrosion velocity of steel bar. The results showed that an increase in age also decrease carbonation velocity coefficients, increase Chloride ion diffusion coefficients and increases water absorption coefficients. As well, an increase in age also increases corrosion of steel bar. Data on the development of corrosion velocity of steel bar with types of surface cover made with none, organic B, organic A, inorganic B, and inorganic A is shown. As well, permeability and corrosion velocity of steel bar with covering depth is superior to 10mm than 20mm. And it is confirmed permeability and corrosion properties of steel bar are closely related.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.213-219
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• 2003

As the 2-D hydraulic experimental results for the submerged rubble-mound structure, we have concerned with their stability/function characteristics of structures by the effects of wave force, scour/deposition at the toe and wave transmission ratio at the lee-side sea. And as to investigate the variation characteristics of wave transmission ratio which depended to a geometrical structure of the submerged breakwater profiles, the critical conditions for the depth of submergence and crest width obviously presented. In summary, there results lead us to the conclusions that the wave control capabilities of submerged breakwaters by the variation of the submergence depth is high about 4 time degrees at the efficiency than the that of crest width. The destruction of covering block at the crest generated at the region which located between maximum damage curve, it maximum damage/failure station from the toe of the structure were 0.2L. As the wave transmission coefficient and the slope of the structure increase, the damage/failure ratio and the maximum scour depth at the toe was extended, respectively. When maximum scour depth happened. The destruction of covering block which located at the toe generated at the front slope destruction. Finally, it was found from the results that the optimization of structure may be obtained by the efficiently decision of the submergence depth and crest width in the permissible range of wave transmission ratio.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.528-534
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• 2003

The 2-D hydraulic experimental results for the submerged rubble-mound structure, we have been concerned with the slability/function characteristics of the structures by the effects of wave force, scour/deposition at the toe and the wave transmission ratio at the lee-side sea. So, to investigate the variation characteristics of the wave transmission ratio which depended on a geometrical structure of the submerged breakwater profiles, the critical conditions for the depth of submergence and crest width were obviously presented. In summary, the results lead us to the conclusion that the wave control capabilities of submerged breakwaters by the variation of the submergence depth is higher than about 4 times the degree at the efficiency than the that of crest width. The destruction of the covering block at the crest generated at the region which was located between the maximum and minimum damage curve, and it's maximum damage/failure station from the toe of the structure was $0.2\;L_s.$ As the wave transmission coefficient and the slope of the structure increase, the damage/failure ratio and the maximum scour depth at the toe was extended, respectively. When the maximum scour depth happened, the destruction of the covering block which was located at the toe generated at the front of the submerged rubble-mound breakwater. Finally, it was found from the results that the optimization of the structure may be obtained by the efficient decision of the submergence depth and crest width in the permissible range of the wave transmission ratio.