• 아태비즈니스연구
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 2016

An extensive body of research on the effects of country-of-origin has emerged in the international marketing and business literature streams. Nonetheless, extant studies do not satisfactorily demonstrate whether and how a foreign firm's choice of market entry mode influences consumers' purchase intentions of its product in country-related affect contexts. Using a survey and an experimental design, we aimed to provide evidence of the effects of the choice on consumers' evaluation and attitude of its product in an animosity context and in a national image context. Through the survey, we collected data regarding consumer animosity, national image, product evaluation, and product attitude from 185 university students and tested the hypotheses that consumer animosity and national image have effects on foreign product evaluation and attitude. The results of the survey research show that personal animosity has a negative effect on consumers' evaluation of foreign products and that a country's image regarding economics has positive effects on consumers' attitude toward foreign products as well as consumers' evaluation of foreign products. In the experimental design, we divided subjects into four groups and exposed them to several descriptions of hypothetical purchase situations. Conducting a 2 (market entry modes)${\times}2$ (country-of-origin) ANOVA, we tested the hypothesis that a market entry mode influences foreign product evaluation and attitude. The results of the experimental study reveal that in a high country-related product association (Germany), market entry modes have insignificant effects on foreign product evaluation and attitude. In addition, in a low country-related product association (China), international partnership has more positive effects on foreign product evaluation and attitude than does exporting.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.49-68
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the country image, the pre-assessment, and the usage intention about overseas internet shopping mall service in china and how these factors are related to one another according to internet shopping mall using experience. And this study divided the country image for internet shopping mall service into two components : general country attribute and general service product attribute. In this study it is found that the country image of international internet shopping service is directly related to the pre-assessment, and the pre-assessment is related to usage intention especially in case that chinese consumer has a lot of internet shopping mall using experience. In the other case, the general country attributes affect the general service product attributes but the general service product attributes don't have any relationship with the pre-assessment. For a successful international internet shopping mall service business in China, marketer should recognize that it is important to formulate the policy extending the internet shopping mall experience as well as using the country image.

• 대한산업공학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 1980

The performance of scientific researchers has been studied from a number of different aspects, mostly in developed countries. This paper attempted to identify salient factors influencing scientific performance at individual level in a developing country. A model describing the productivity and performance of scientific researchers was developed. Four hypotheses were derived from the model; i) the degree of diversity of a researcher will affect the degree of his scientific performance, ii) the degree of dedication will affect the degree of his performance, iii) the degree of research pressure will affect the degree of his performance, and iv) the degree of satisfaction will affect the degree of his performance. Data were collected through questionnaires responded by 48 researchers from two research organizations. The results of data analysis supported the hypotheses in part. Specifically, diversity measured by the number of research areas was related to the productivity of research reports (p<0.05); research pressure influenced the average number of research papers (p<0.05). The results of hypothesis testing of the satisfaction showed mixed directions according to the indicators. Even though the results of data analysis did not support the hypotheses unanimously, probably due to the limitation of sample size, most of the descriptive analysis indicated that the direction of hypotheses in developed countries seemed to be similar in developing country too. However, more research efforts are needed to verify the research findings of developed countries in developing countries.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.71-83
• /
• 2020

Purpose: Because the energy consumption, economic growth and logistics development are still the heated topics which have attracted many scholars' interests. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the effect of logistics development on the economic growth, explore the effect of the economic growth on energy consumption and to discuss the effect of the logistics development on energy intensity. Research design, data and methodology: Using the panel data over the period 2000-2017 of 156 countries and employing the country & year fixed effect model, system generalized method moments and random effect model, the empirical analyses of this propositions are performed. Results: The empirical findings present that the logistics development is positively related to the economic growth. The energy consumption in the t-1 period and economic growth are positively related to the current energy consumption. The logistics development is negatively related to the energy intensity. Meanwhile, the empirical findings also indicate that there is a great difference about these effects among the four sub-samples (low income 18 countries, low middle income 49 countries, upper middle income 44 countries, high income 49 countries). Conclusions: Based on the evidences in this paper provided, we can find that these variables can affect each other.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.49-62
• /
• 2020

This research investigates how interest develops across a set of tasks within a course defined by a specific knowledge domain. The current study examined the relationships among self-concept, self-efficacy, Korea-related factors, and evaluation, in the context of learning about the Hanbok costume at Chinese universities. A survey (n=300) was conducted using an online survey website (www.sojump.com) from the 1st to the 25th of June. The structural equation model (SEM) analysis, including total and specific forms of self-evaluation with Hanbok courses, showed that self-concept was positively associated with self-efficacy. Conversely, K-culture interest and K-country image did not significantly affect self-efficacy in clothing, but positively affected Hanbok's self-efficacy. Meanwhile, the more self-efficacy perceived, the higher the level of evaluation. Overall, our findings imply that supporting the students' Korean culture interest, country image perception, and self-concept for regulation can enhance self-evaluation and self-realization success. Theoretical and practical implications for Hanbok courses are discussed.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제24권7호
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2020

Purpose - This paper empirically investigates the relationship between country governance quality and worker remittances from foreign countries. Because remittances can be a source of funds for economic development and smoothing economic crises in developing countries, the related topic has been a concern for policy-makers and academic researchers. This paper divides the motives of remittances into altruistic and investment motives through existing papers, and then considers the governance quality the remittance receiving country as one of the determinants of remittances. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers whether governance quality can affect the volume of remittances, and uses altruistic and investment factors studied in the literature. To do this, a two-step approach is taken. First, the panel data are examined via pooled OLS, random effects, and Tobit estimation. Second, the paper reduces six governance indicators into one variable, Governance, using the principal component technique (PCA) for a robustness check. Findings - The main findings can be summarized as follows. The negative governance variable in the estimation results shows a lower governance quality that induces workers to send savings to their home countries. This means that a country with poor governance quality seems to have more remittance inflows from abroad. It also reveals that poor governance quality is more relevant to an altruistic motive rather than an investment motive, in general. The positive per capita GDP variable shows the investment motive for developed countries. Originality/value - Existing papers have focused on various factors related to the motives of remittances. However, governance quality effects on remittance inflows have not been fully studied so far. This paper considers governance quality in an estimation equation explicitly as one of the determinants of remittances. This area of study is needed, in theory and empirically, in order to fully understand the relationship between governance and remittances.

• 마케팅과학연구
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.135-148
• /
• 2010

阿拉伯人联合抵制丹麦产品, 澳大利亚人联合抵制法国产品, 而中国人厌恶日本产品, 这些是国家间的敌对行为影响消费行为的案例. 敌意文献中已考查过消费者对其他国家敌对行为的反应, 以及这种敌意如何影响消费者对敌对国家产品的态度和倾向. 例如, 中国消费者不愿购买日本产品, 是由于日本人在第二次世界大战中的暴行, 以及不平等的经济往来(Klein, Ettenson and Morris 1998). 然而在市场营销文献中, 却没有考查过那些对他国实施敌对行为的国家消费者的反应, 这些敌对行为是否会影响他们购买受害国产品的态度. 社会心理学文献认为, 消费者面对这样的敌对行为时, 会产生一种集体犯罪感. 集体犯罪感源于当组织成员认为组织要对伤害其他组织的行为负责时所产生的痛苦感(Branscombe, Slugoski, and Kappenn 2004). 案例包括美国人由于美军在Abu Ghraib监狱的暴行而产生犯罪感(Iyer, Schamder and Lickel 2007), 荷兰由于过去对印度尼西亚的占领而产生犯罪感(Doosje et al. 1998). 本研究的主要目的是考查当国家成员对他国有敌对行为时消费者的感知, 这种感知是否会影响他们对敌对国家产品的态度. 更准确的说, 本研究的目标之一是考查集体犯罪感的感知前提, 以及当国家成员对他国有敌对行为时, 人们的情绪反应. 另一个目标是考查集体犯罪感如何影响消费者对敌对国产品的感知和倾向. 如果集体犯罪感能起到明显的预言作用, 敌对国双方的公司可能会从这类不幸的事件中受益. 本研究利用了由Klein, Ettenson and Morris (1998)提出并经Klein (2002)发展的敌意模式. Klein发现美国消费者对日本人怀有敌意, 起因是二战期间的事件(如日军偷袭珍珠港)和近年来日本的经济威胁. 因此本研究认为, 二战间的事件(如广岛长崎的原子弹爆炸)可能导致美国消费者的集体犯罪感. 曾有过一系列的三个假设, 第一个假设关于集体犯罪感的前提. 之前有研究认为当消费者感知到侵害造成的非法伤害, 并且认为侵犯者来自的国家应为此负责, 集体犯罪感就产生了(Wohl, Branscombe, and Klar 2006). 因此提出下列假设: 假设1a: 感知到的伤害非法性越高, 集体犯罪感越强烈. 假设1b: 责任越大, 集体犯罪感也肯定越强烈. 第二个和第三个假设关于集体犯罪感对倾向日本产品的影响. Klein (2002)发现对日本的敌意越强, 相比较韩国产品对日本产品的倾向越小, 但相比较美国产品对日本产品的倾向并未变小. 这些结果说明集体犯罪感存在时, 消费者在购买日本产品和韩国产品时会更倾向于前者, 但在购买日本产品和美国产品时并未受影响. 假设2: 集体犯罪感与购买日本产品的倾向大于韩国产品有关, 但与购买日本产品的倾向大于美国产品无关. 假设3: 集体犯罪感与购买日本产品的倾向大于韩国产品有关, 并且对产品的判断和敌意保持不变. 有过一个实验测试这个假设. 使被调查者面临发生在二战中的敌对事件, 从而产生非法伤害和责任. 该实验由一家美国的消费者调查小组收集数据, 将调查对象随机分配到低等级责任和违法情况(n=259)或高等级责任和违法情况(n=268). 测试假设关系时, 运用到潜在变量结构方程模式(LVSEM). 第一个假设得到了支持, 美国人因二战中对日本人的伤害而产生的伤害非法性和责任都对集体犯罪感有积极影响. 第二个假设也得到了支持, 集体犯罪感与购买日本产品的倾向大于韩国产品有关, 但与购买日本产品的倾向大于美国产品无关. 最后, 第三个假设也得到了支持, 集体犯罪感与购买日本产品的倾向大于韩国产品有关, 同时还影响人们对日本产品的判断和敌意. 由这些研究的结果可得出结论. 第一, 伤害的非法性和责任是集体犯罪感的前提. 第二, 当消费者面临来自敌对行为目标国家的产品和其他外国产品之间的选择时, 会受到集体犯罪感的影响. 但当他们面临来自敌对行为目标国家的产品和本国产品时, 不受集体犯罪感的影响. 这一结果意味着当竞争对手来自国外时, 利用集体犯罪感对那些受到敌对行为的国家的公司是可行的, 但当竞争对手来自国内时则不可行.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제14권12호
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 2016

Purpose - In the major global markets, such as US and China, consumer ethnocentrism has been strengtened and there is a growing need for related study. This research aims to investigate the effects of national pride and national attachment on consumer ethnocentrism, using a nationally representative dataset from 2013 Korean General Social Survey. Based on the reviews of literature in social and political sciences, two dimensions of national pride were considered: national society pride which is based on positive evaluations on the nation's democracy condition or social security system, and national achievement pride which is based on positive evaluations regarding the country's achievements in the areas of technology, art, sports, and so on. Research design, data, and methodology - The authors developed a structural model in which two types of national pride, national society and achievement pride, are proposed to affect national attachment, thus influencing consumer ethnocentrism. 1,294 surveys were used for empirical analysis. The hypotheses were tested by utilizing SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0. The unidimensionality of each construct and the nomological validity were supported from the results of factor analyses and correlation analysis. Results - It was found that both national society pride and national achievement pride have significant and positive effects on national attachment. Consumers who show stronger pride on the social systems or the global achievements of Korea are more likely to remain being a citizen of the country and support the country even in wrong. Also, there was a significant and positive relationship between national attachment and consumer ethnocentrism. Korean consumers who have stronger attachment to Korea tend to express higher ethnocentrism to protect Korean labor market and to promote economic development of the country. Conclusions - The findings of this study showed that companies and government need to emphasize the country's advanced social environments or global competitiveness in technology, sports, art, and so on, to boost national attachment. With a deeper understanding on the relationships among national pride, national attachment, and consumer ethnocentrism, the authors expect that both local and foreign companies in Korea will be able to develop more effective marketing strategies and to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.251-265
• /
• 2014

China is the biggest market for the Korean fashion industry. However, China is still difficult in regards to market entry and market success in China despite the geographical proximity. This study investigated the image of Korea and its impact on brand identity, brand attitude and intention to purchase with a focus on Chinese consumers in order to identify the variables of a country's image that affect a consumer's intention to purchase. The results of this survey targeted 214 Chinese consumers who were used for the final analysis. The survey subjects were female consumers in their 20s and 30s, living in metropolitan cities in China. Exploratory factor, reliability and frequency analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0; in addition, confirmatory factor and path analyses were administered with AMOS 18.0. We identified two general images of Korea (economy and culture), two images of Korean (stylish and friendly) and three Korean fashion-product related images (quality, design and prestige). The results of the structural equation model were as follows. 1) Economy factor exerted significant effect on quality and prestige. 2) Stylish factor exerted a significant effect on all of the Korean fashion product images (quality, design and prestige). Friendly factor exerted positive impact on prestige. 3) All of the Korean fashion product images significantly influenced brand identity. 4) Brand identity exerted a significant effect on brand attitude. Lastly, brand attitude significantly affected intention to purchase.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.149-165
• /
• 2014

This paper has studied whether cultural factors have an effect on privacy concern of Internet users in Korea and China. The result has shown that power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation are positively related to privacy concern, while masculinity is negatively related to privacy concern. This study has also found some similarities and differences between the two countries. First, privacy concern of Korean Internet users is significantly higher than that of Chinese users. Second, individualism and uncertainty avoidance significantly affect privacy concern in both Korea and China, although individualism in Korea has stronger effect than that in China. Third, long term orientation has a significant effect in only Korea while power distance is significant only in China. These results suggest that an online company doing businesses in multiple countries should have country-specific privacy policies to deal with the privacy concern of Internet users in different countries.