• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2021

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between country-level institutional quality and public debt in the context of Pakistan. The hypotheses of this study were assessed by using the country-level institutional quality data for Pakistan throughout the years from 1996 to 2018. Data came from the World Databank, IMF and Worldwide Governance Indicators databases. For the analysis, ordinary least square, quantile regression and robust regression were employed to assess the factors influencing the public debt. The results of this study indicate that the factors of voice and accountability, regulatory quality, and control of corruption have a positive and significant relationship with public debt, while political stability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law have a negative and significant effect on public debt. Based on the findings, a weak country-level institutional quality poses a substantial market risk as it signals the existence of an unfavorable economic condition that raises public debt. It was also revealed that an improved performance of country-level institutional quality can lead to the improvement of financial market transparency, hence reduce public debt. In contrast to previous studies, the present study will be breaking ground in enhancing public insight regarding the impact of country-level institutional quality on Pakistan's public debt.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.361-383
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• 2013

We find that institutional quality of an individual country was highly and significantly correlated with its economic performance in the euro area. We argue that governance reforms proposed at present do not suffice to resolving the fundamental problems of the EMU governance system unless disparities of institutional quality in member states are dissolved. Regarding regional integration, East Asia is far behind the Eurozone not only in institutional elements of the governance system but also in institutional quality at the level of individual nations.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2020

This study examines the association between governance quality at country level and stock market performance. Specifically, the study investigates the influence of control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence, rule of law, regulatory quality, and voice and accountability on all-share index of the stock markets of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study is anchored on two theories - the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and Institutional Theory. The study employs panel data spanning from 2006 to 2017. The findings show that political stability and absence of violence and rule of law exhibit a significant positive impact on stock market performance, while regulatory quality and voice and accountability have a significant, but negative relationship with stock market performance. The results imply that quality of governance in terms of rule of law and political stability devoid of violence have strong impact on stock market returns. Similarly, improved stock market returns are largely dependent on the efficiency of the institutional environment of market as investors are always wary of the inherent risks associated with the uncertainty of the market. This study has crucial policy implications for the government of the GCC countries and stock market participants.

• 기술혁신연구
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.33-61
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• 2015

국가가 새로운 경제체제로 들어서게 되면서 겪는 어려움과 피해는 생각보다 크다. 지금까지 경제 패러다임이 바뀌면서 국가들이 겪었던 과정을 거치며 경제의 성장과 수렴을 일으킨 여러 가지 요인이 있었다. 특히 혁신과 제도는 그간의 경제성장에 있어서 중요한 요소임에도 횡단면 분석이나 경제적 모형측면에서만 다루어졌던 한계성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 국가혁신역량의 다양성과 제도의 질이 국가의 경제성장에 미치는 요인을 살펴보려고 한다. 또한 최근 경제성장의 주요요인으로 다루어지고 있는 인적자본역량과 해외직접투자와의 관계도 살펴보며, 경제성장 모형에 대한 심층적 고찰을 한다. 경제수준에 따라서 총 4개의 국가그룹으로 64개 국가를 대상으로 분석하였으며, 1995년부터 2011년까지의 데이터를 기반으로 패널모형을 사용해 연구문제에 대해 구조적인 측면의 시사점을 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 국가의 경제수준에 따라서 연구개발 비중과 혁신역량의 다양성은 경제성장에 의미있는 변화를 주었으며, 해외직접투자는 모든 소득그룹에서 경제성장에 긍정적인 효과를 보였다. 국가혁신역량에 있어서는 확산성과 개방성이 경제성장에 가장 의미있는 변수였으며, 이는 경제수준이 높은 국가들의 혁신역량이 경제성장에 미치는 영향이 크기 때문이라고 보인다. 반대로, 경제수준이 낮을수록 혁신역량 및 제도의 수준이 경제성장에 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 개별 국가의 제도의 질 및 경제수준에 따라서 차별적이기에 모호한 측면이 있다고 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해서 국가의 경제수준에 따른 혁신 요소 및 제도적 요인의 적절한 투입과 정책수립에 중요하다는 시사점을 줄 수 있다고 보인다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2022

The aim of the article is to investigate socio-political processes in Ukraine on the basis of institutional and behavioral approaches, in particular their regulatory and informational support. Methodology. To determine the nature and content of sociopolitical processes, the following approaches have been used: 1. Institutional approach in order to analyze the development of Ukraine's political institutions. 2. The behavioral approach has been used for the analysis of socio-political processes in Ukraine in the context of political behavior of citizens, their political activity which forms the political culture of the country. Results. The general features of the socio-political situation in Ukraine are as follows: the formed model of government, which can be conditionally described as "presidential"; public demand for new leaders remains at a high level; the society has no common vision of further development; significant tendency of reduction of real incomes of a significant part of the society and strengthening of fiscal pressure on businessmen will get a public response after some time. Increasing levels of voice, accountability, efficiency of governance and the quality of the regulatory environment indicate a slow change in the political system, which will have a positive impact on public sentiment in the future. At the same time, there has been little change in the quality of Ukraine's institutions to ensure political stability, the rule of law and control of corruption. There are no cardinal changes in the development of the institution of property rights, protection of intellectual rights, changes in the sphere of ethics and control of corruption. Thus, Ukraine's political institutions have not been able to bring about any change in the social-political processes. Accordingly, an average level of trust and confidence of citizens in political institutions and negative public sentiment regarding their perception and future change can be traced in Ukraine.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.213-219
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• 2022

The main purpose of the study is to determine the main aspects of the introduction of modern management technologies into the security system in the context of socio-economic development and digitalization of the economy. Socio-economic development and a high level of security include growth in income, labor productivity, production volumes, increased competitiveness, changes in the institutional environment, consciousness, activity, social security, the quality of the education system, healthcare, etc. Despite the root cause of economic development, it is not an end in itself, but a tool for ensuring social development. Gaining access for citizens to education, health care, observance of the principles of equality and justice, ensuring protection are directly dependent on the level of economic well-being, the level of economic potential of the country or regions. The research methodology involved the use of both theoretical and practical methods. As a result of the study, the key elements of the introduction of modern management technologies into the security system in the context of socio-economic development and digitalization of the economy were identified.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2016

With the development in field of industry and medicine, new machines and techniques are being launched. Moreover, the complexity of the techniques is associated to an increasing risk of incident. Especially, a small error in radiotherapy can lead to a serious patient-related incident, risk management is necessary in radiotherapy in order to reduce the risk of incident. However, in field of radiotherapy, there are no legally binding clauses for risk management and there is an absence of risk management systems at an institutional level. Therefore, we analyzed institutional status of risk management, reporting & classification systems, and risk assessment & analysis in 31 countries. For risk management and reporting systems, 65% of countries investigated had legislation or regulations; however, only 35% of countries used classification systems. It was found that 43% more countries had legislation for risk management in healthcare than those for radiotherapy; 19% more countries had reporting systems for healthcare than those for radiotherapy. For classification systems, 60% more countries had legislation, recommendation, and guidelines in the field of radiotherapy than those for healthcare. Recently, international institutes have published several reports for risk management and patient safety in radiotherapy, owing to which, countries adopting risk management for radiotherapy will gradually increase. Before adopting risk management in Korea, we should precisely understand the procedures and functions of risk management, in order to increase efficiency of risk management because classification & reporting system and risk assessment & analysis are connected organically, and institutional management is needed for high quality of risk management in Korea.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2010

Amid the rapid transitions in both local and international markets, the Korean dental industry is facing more challenges than at any time in its history. This paper tried to address some of the key issues faced by the industry as well as the policy issues and I direction of implementation that the Korean Dental Association (KDA) is expected to tackle. First, the direction of reforming the country's health insurance system was examined with emphasis on the expected changes in and improvement of the fee-for-service reimbursement system (FFSRS) and medical reimbursement system (MRS). With FFSRS, the most urgent issue would be ameliorating the current lop-sided, unreasonable reimbursement system that prevents suppliers from voicing their opinions. To help achieve that goal, the limited authority and responsibility of the president of National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC) as one of the contract-making parties must be clarified. In addition, the functions of NHIC's Health Insurance Finance Committee must be restricted; at the same time, the panel organization of the Health Insurance Policy Review Committee needs to be reformed to embrace greater democracy. As with MRS, the government is considering a block budget bill to help promote efficiency in employing and managing the health insurance fund. Policymakers must understand that the implementation of such proposal could exacerbate an already dire situation. Improving MRS requires meeting the following preconditions: (a) the structurally vicious cycle of small charge-small salary needs to be resolved, and a certain percentage of fee raise must be guaranteed on a yearly basis to help adjust the fee system to a more realistic level; (b) the supply-and-demand balance in producing health care professionals must be improved including the prevention of oversupply of doctors, nurses, etc., and; (c) institutional strategies must be provided to enhance the quality of medical care and ensure academic advancement in health care disciplines.

• 서비스연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.134-143
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• 2022

국립묘지는 나라를 위해 목숨을 바친 분들의 뜻을 기리고 충의와 위훈을 영구히 추앙하기 위해 국가적 차원의 보훈을 실현하기 위한 공간이다. 국립묘지 설립의 목적은 국가와 민족을 위해 희생한 호국정신을 본받자는 것이다. 국가는 사적(私的)인 죽음과 국가를 위한 희생으로서의 공적(公的)인 죽음을 구분한다. 나아가 공적인 것으로 분류된 죽음을 세심하게 관리한다. 국립묘지는 바로 그러한 공적인 죽음을 관리하는 제도적 공간이다. 헌신과 훈격에 따른 예우로 안장 및 추모를 위한 기준이 신분 또는 계급 중심에서 벗어나야 한다. 국립묘지는 예우의 정도와 우선순위를 헌신 및 훈격 중심(重心)으로 전환하는 것이 민주 사회에서의 진정한 보훈 시스템이 될 것이다. 무엇보다도 먼저, 전사자와 더불어 국권 회복을 위해 헌신한 독립유공자들을 최고, 최우선 예우로 모실 때가 되었다. 이는 우리 국립묘지가 겪고 있는 갈등을 해소하고 국민의 공감을 얻는 첩경이다. 본 연구는 국립묘지가 국민으로부터 사랑받는 열린 추모 공간 및 역사 공간으로는 부족한 점이 있음을 전제로 출발하고 있으며, 국립묘지가 국민들로부터 사랑받는 열린 공간으로 거듭나도록 서비스 개선 중심으로 종합적인 발전방안을 제시하고자 한다, 또한 국내외 우수 사례와 고품격이면서도 친환경적인 선진국 국립묘지 조성사례를 통해 시사점과 적용 가능성을 검토한다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to investigate the socio-economic benefits of the poison control center (PCC) and to assess whether telephone counseling at the poison control center affects the frequency of emergency room visits, hospitalization, and length of stay of patients with acute poisoning. Methods: The authors conducted a medical literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Two reviewers evaluated the abstracts for eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed the study quality using a standardized tool. Key results such as the cost-benefit ratio, hospital stay days, unnecessary emergency room visits or hospitalizations, and reduced hospital charges were extracted from the studies. When meta-analysis was possible, it was performed using RevMan software (RevMan version 5.4). Results: Among 299 non-duplicated studies, 19 were relevant to the study questions. The cost-benefit ratios of PCC showed a wide range from 0.76 to 36 (average 6.8) according to the level of the medical expense of each country and whether the study included intentional poisoning. PCC reduced unnecessary visits to healthcare facilities. PCC consultation shortened the length of hospital stay by 1.82 (95% CI, 1.07-2.57) days. Conclusion: The systematic review and meta-analysis support the hypothesis that the PCC operation is cost-beneficial. However, when implementing the PCC concept in Korea in the future, it is necessary to prepare an institutional framework to ensure a costeffective model.