• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.21-32
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• 2015

Sajik, the altar of land and grain was treated as one of the most important national ritual facilities by the Joseon dynasty and the Ming dynasty because it symbolized the legitimacy of a dynasty, and its architectural ordonnance was arranged strictly by the government. But when the Joseon government considered to reconstruct its national Sajik altar in Hanyang during the Sejong period, they found the new architectural ordonnance for local Sajik altars recorded in "Hongwulizhi(洪武禮制)" had been published by the Ming government was hard to adopt, because it was too narrow and totally different from the traditional style. Above all things, they doubt of there was other architectural ordonnance for kingdoms, not for local governments. King Sejong ordered to investigate the origin form and former examples, and tried to get other ritual documents of authority published by the Ming government such as "Damingjili(大明集禮)". After several academic researches and intense debates, they decided to create a new architectural ordonnance for their national Sajik altar, its form was in accord with the traditional style and its size was in accord with the new ordonnance. But they did not know there had already been the architectural ordonnance for the kingdom in the Ming dynasty. Because the first emperor of the Ming dynasty had changed its Sajik ritual system several times, even the whole country of the Ming dynasty also had gone through chaos on this issue even after his death. Consequentially, the official documentation works had been made partially, there was no a complete document on this issue even in the Ming government.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.449-461
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study to explore factors consumers prioritize when purchasing seafood online. The originality of the study lies on adopting AHP-based approach in analyzing prioritized purchasing factors of seafood online. Design/methodology/approach - A survey was conducted targeting Korean consumers who have purchased seafood online. AHP method was applied to rank factors consumers prioritize before making decision. Findings - First, product's factor ranked first among other high level factors including delivery service, seller, online platform. Second, sanitation, taste, country of origin ranked first, second, third respectively, within product's factors. Third, safe delivery, timeliness, information accuracy ranked first, second, third respectively, within delivery factors. Fourth, consumer reviews, consumer response ability, promotion ranked first, second, third within seller factors. Fifth, Personal information management system, credibility, user-friendliness ranked first, second, third, within online platform factors. Research implications or Originality - To activate seafood online market, it is crucial to assure consumers that the seafood is well managed in a sanitary way from the production site to table. Existing government programs such as seafood traceability system, HACCP, and cold-chain infrastructure needs improvement. Due to highly perishable characteristic of seafood, delivery factors matter when purchasing online. Online platforms needs to continue to improve delivery service. Seafood products are mostly not branded and without objective information about their properties. Creating quality classification and seafood brands are likely to help consumers chose seafood online.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.393-399
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• 2018

The development of unmanned AI continues, and the development of AI unmanned is aimed at more efficiently, accurately, and speedily the work that has been resolved by manpower such as industry, welfare, and manpower. AI unmanned technology is evolving in various places, and it is time to switch to unmanned systems from many industries and factories. We take this into consideration, and use the Deep Learning technology, which is one of the core technologies of artificial intelligence (AI), not the manpower but the fruits that pour the rails at once in a large orchard. We want to study the unmanned fruit sorting machine that can be operated under manager's supervision without dividing the fruit by type and grade and dividing by country of origin and grade. This unmanned automated classification system aims to reduce the labor cost by minimizing the manpower and to improve the

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.229-244
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• 2006

Geographical indications are signs which identify a good as originating in the territory of a specific country, region, or locality, where the quality, reputation or other characteristics of the product is essentially attributable to its geographical origin. Korea has implemented geographical indication system through its Agricultural Product Quality Control Act since 1999. This research analyzes the impacts and implications of geographical indications on a particular cultural industry in a region using a case study of Boseong green tea which is the first product that was officially registered as a geographical indication in Korea. The results show that the geographical indication has contributed to the promotion of green tea industry in Boseong not only through increase of production but also through development of tourism. The implication is that a geographical indication can be used as an effective method to cope with trade liberalization in terms of agricultural policy. Another implication is that a geographical indication provides an efficient tool for place marketing.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2017

Objective : The study was for researching the activation methods about Korean overall medical crops business from 2010 to 2016. In addition, it was to be given to examining complement points and improving methods to the changeable domestic market of medical crops caused by a considerable export-import amount of them. Methods : By examining and analyzing data for the trend of medical crops production and their export-import trend from 2010 to 2015, I found it valuable to use it as the basic resources for researching the urgent problem of medical crops' business and its improvement. Results : 1. As surveying the trend of the domestic medical crops over the recent six years, I found that the export amount of them has drastically decreased, while the import amount has increased. And so, the prices of the domestic medical crops and their production are unstable. 2. By developing standardized medical crops which a trading counterpart country could prefer, we have to promote the export competitiveness. 3. We should reinforce an origin mark and geographical mark practice for domestic herbal materials and expand GMP. 4. We should prepare a standardization of herbal medicines by setting up an independent governmental department. Conclusion : 1. The government should present an appropriate supply-demand amount of the medical crops depending on the domestic needs and the export-import transactions. 2. There should be an institutional supportive system which is able to guarantee stable incomes of farmers through contract cultivation. 3. We should develop high value standardized medical crops.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2014

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to target Chinese consumers of Korean agri-food through the analysis of agri-food brand identity images to set future directions for proposed agri-food exports to China. Since negotiations began for a free trade agreement (FTA) between Korea and China, some Koreans have worried about the Korean agriculture sector. The world trading system has undergone many changes in recent years. Since the start of FTA negotiations on agriculture, China and Korea have faced a heightened sense of crisis. China is trying to export agricultural products so actively that its agricultural exports could increase by more than 7% annually. China exported about one-tenth of its agricultural products to Korea in the period 2002-2010. Recently, the importance of brand identity has tended to increase, as the world becomes one unified market. In this situation, we should try to promote agri-food exports to China. It is very important to understand consumers' recognition of Korean food and the image of the Korean agri-food industry, to establish an export strategy. Research design, data, and methodology - This study targeted 2,800 adult men and women aged 25-59 years living in four major cities in China (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Qingdao) with a household income within the top 10% level in the China, using the one-to-one interview survey method. In addition, four groups by region (eight people per group) for a total of 32 groups were surveyed by using the focus group interview (FGI) research method, and impressions of imported agri-food were surveyed using 17 questions about fresh agri-food and 22 questions on processed agri-food. Factor analysis, brand positioning, biplot analysis, and so on, were carried out based on the results of these surveys. This research presents the brand identity of Korean food; according to the analyses, the brand identity is based on trust, safety, and attractiveness. Result - Factor analysis results showed that Chinese consumers expect four major qualities in imported fresh agri-food: freshness/safety, attractive appearance, premium branding, and excellent taste/quality. In the case of processed agri-food, it turned out that Chinese consumers are focused on safety/hygiene/freshness, health, and taste. In addition, in the fresh agri-food analysis by country, American foods had the upper hand; the image of American foods was also recognized as the most positive for processed agri-food. Meanwhile, according to the biplot analysis, Korean agri-food is strongly preferred for its appearance, but no country is strongly preferred as regards the level of freshness/safety that is expected by Chinese consumers. Conclusions - In this study, we analyzed the image of imported agri-food expected by Chinese consumers by reconstructing agri-food characteristics from the brand perspective. The research result shows that a Korean brand identity must be the ultimate goal for activities undertaken to enhance the image of Korean agri-food in the future. Additional research is needed because brand image can be formed through various channels.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.585-594
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• 2021

As for international migration, family reunification is a key factor for the well-being and social integration of migrants. The UN ensures the right to family unity for the beneficiaries of complementary forms of protection. That includes those who are not recognized as refugees, but are nevertheless at risk of serious harm upon return to their country of origin, and thus are in need of international protection to the same degree as refugees. Although the Korean government provides humanitarian stay permits as complementary forms of protection, it does not guarantee family reunification as it does for refugees. This study aimed to examine the family reunification systems in Sweden, Ireland, Australia and Canada and to propose policy implications for family reunification of humanitarian status holders in Korea. The results showed that these countries commonly ensures the rights to family reunification although permission periods and scope vary by country. This study concludes that the Korean government should develop a legal system to ensure family reunification for humanitarian status holders since it is guaranteed as a basic human right by international covenants and promotes positive integration to countries of stay.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.207-232
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• 2013

FTA(Free Trade Agreement) of South Korea and European Union(EU) took effect from July 1, 2011. Korea signed a contract FTA with the European Union by first among Asian country, and Korea EU FTA is evaluated that it is wide, comprehensive and high level FTA. Therefore, Korea EU FTA will become FTA that dimension is high, and FTA fermentation with the European Union may activate the Korean economy through extension of export. By the way, in Korea EU FTA, the stipulations on import and export clearance system is different compared with other FTA. Therefore, exporter and importers should compare thoroughly on essential factor of origin standard and preferential tariff which is set in FTA Agreement. In this study, I analyzed 'conditions of direct transport' that is prescribed in article 13 of Korea EU FTA. Particular, I analyzed recently example of appeal for review that decision is made in the Korea Customs Service(KCS). Laying stress on counter measure of business, conclusion in this study is as following. First, companies must understand correctly a single consignment and a single transport document under Korea EU FTA. Second, companies must not analyze wrong 'conditions of direct transport'. Third, when simplicity transshipment or temporary custody is consisted, companies must secure documentary evidence as soon as possible. Fourth, in case goods pass third country, companies must understand uprightly 'a single consignment'. Finally, companies should keep in mind to truth that European Union and EFTA are different FTA.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.80
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• pp.43-88
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• 2024

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is a relatively quiet latecomer to the traditional archives of the Western world. Although the United States lacks a long history of organized public records·archives management, it has developed a modern system optimized for the American historical context. This system focuses on the systematic management and preservation of the vast amount of modern records produced and collected during the tumultuous 20th century. As a result, NARA has established a modern archival system that is optimized for the American historical context. The U.S. public records·archives management system is based on the principle that records·archives are the property of the American people and belong to the public. This concept originated during the British colonial era when records were used to safeguard the rights of the colonies as self-governing citizens. For Americans, records and archives have long been a symbol of the nation's identity, serving as a means of protecting individual freedoms, rights, and democracy throughout the country's history. It is natural, therefore, that American life and history should be documented, and that the recorded past should be managed and preserved for the nation's present and future. The public records·archives management system in the United States is the result of a convergence of theories, practices, lessons learned, and ideas that have been shaped by the country's history, philosophies, and values about records, and its unique experience with records management. This paper traces the origins of records and archives in the United States in a historical context to understand the organic relationship between American life and records. It examines the process of forming a modern public records management system that is both uniquely American and universal to the American context without falling into the two forms of traditions that reflect the uniqueness of American history.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.464-475
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• 2023

In this study, based on an analysis of two DNA barcode markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b genes), we performed species identification and monitored labeling compliance for 50 commercial pufferfish products sold in on-line markets in Korea. Using these barcode sequences as a query for species identification and phylogenetic analysis, we screened the GenBank database. A total of seven pufferfish species (Takifugu chinensis, T. pseudommus, T. xanthopterus, T. alboplumbeus, T. porphyreus, T. vermicularis, and Lagocephalus cheesemanii) were identified and we detected 35 products (70%) that were non-compliant with the corresponding label information. Moreover, the labels on 12 commercial products contained only the general common name (i.e., pufferfish), although not the scientific or Korean names for the 21 edible pufferfish species. Furthermore, the proportion of mislabeled highly processed products (n = 9, 81.8%) was higher than that of simply processed products (n = 26, 66.7%). With respect to the country of origin, the percentage of mislabeled Chinese products (n = 8, 80%) was higher than that of Korean products (n = 26, 66.7%). In addition, the market and dialect names of different pufferfish species were labeled only as Jolbok or Milbok, whereas two non-edible pufferfish species (T. vermicularis and T. pseudommus) were used in six commercial pufferfish products described as JolboK and Gumbok on their labels, which could be attributable to the complex classification system used for pufferfish. These monitoring results highlight the necessity to develop genetic methods that can be used to identify the 21 edible pufferfish species, as well as the need for regulatory monitoring of commercial pufferfish products.