• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.117-125
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Damage to pulse crops by wild birds is a serious problem. The damage is to such an extent that the rate of damage during the period between seeding and cotyledon stages reaches 54.6% on an average. In this study, a crop-position detection method was developed wherein infrared (IR) sensors were used to determine the cotyledon position under a vinyl mulch. Methods: IR sensors that helped measure the temperature were used to locate the cotyledons below the vinyl mulch. A single IR sensor module was installed at three locations of the crops (peanut, red lettuce, and crown daisy) in the cotyledon stage. The representative thermal response of a $16{\times}4$ pixel area was detected using this sensor in the case where the distance from the target was 25 cm. A spatial image was applied to the two-dimensional temperature distribution using a non-integral moving-average method. The collected data were first processed by taking the moving average via interpolation to determine the frame where the variance was the lowest for a resolution unit of 1.02 cm. Results: The temperature distribution was plotted corresponding to a distance of 10 cm between the crops. A clear leaf pattern of the crop was visually confirmed. However, the temperature distribution after the normalization was unclear. The image conversion and frequency-conversion graphs were obtained based on the moving average by averaging the points corresponding to a frequency of 40 Hz for 8 pixels. The most optimized resolutions at locations 1, 2, and 3 were found on 3.4, 4.1, and 5.6 Pixels, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, to solve the problem of damage caused by birds to crops in the cotyledon stage after seeding, the vinyl mulch is punched after seeding. The crops in the cotyledon stage could be accurately located using the proposed method. By conducting the experiments using the single IR sensor and a sliding mechanical device with the help of a non-integral interpolation method, the crops in the cotyledon stage could be precisely located.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.263-272
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Pulse crop damage due to wild birds is a serious problem, to the extent that the rate of damage during the period of time between seeding and the stage of cotyledon reaches 45.4% on average. This study investigated a method of fundamentally blocking birds from eating crops by conducting vinyl mulching after seeding and identifying the growing locations for beans to perform punching. Methods: Infrared (IR) sensors that could measure the temperature without contact were used to recognize the locations of soybean cotyledons below vinyl mulch. To expand the measurable range, 10 IR sensors were arranged in a linear array. A sliding mechanical device was used to reconstruct the two-dimensional spatial variance information of targets. Spatial interpolation was applied to the two-dimensional temperature distribution information measured in real time to improve the resolution of the bean coleoptile locations. The temperature distributions above the vinyl mulch for five species of soybeans over a period of six days from the appearance of the cotyledon stage were analyzed. Results: During the experimental period, cases where bean cotyledons did and did not come into contact with the bottom of the vinyl mulch were both observed, and depended on the degree of growth of the bean cotyledons. Although the locations of bean cotyledons could be estimated through temperature distribution analyses in cases where they came into contact with the bottom of the vinyl mulch, this estimation showed somewhat large errors according to the time that had passed after the cotyledon stage. The detection results were similar for similar types of crops. Thus, this method could be applied to crops with similar growth patterns. According to the results of 360 experiments that were conducted (five species of bean ${\times}$ six days ${\times}$ four speed levels ${\times}$ three repetitions), the location detection performance had an accuracy of 36.9%, and the range of location errors was 0-4.9 cm (RMSE = 3.1 cm). During a period of 3-5 days after the cotyledon stage, the location detection performance had an accuracy of 59% (RMSE = 3.9 cm). Conclusions: In the present study, to fundamentally solve the problem of damage to beans from birds in the early stage after seeding, a working method was proposed in which punching is carried out after seeding, thereby breaking away from the existing method in which seeding is carried out after punching. Methods for the accurate detection of soybean growing locations were studied to allow punching to promote the continuous growth of soybeans that had reached the cotyledon stage. Through experiments using multiple IR sensors and a sliding mechanical device, it was found that the locations of the crop could be partially identified 3-5 days after reaching the cotyledon stage regardless of the kind of pulse crop. It can be concluded that additional studies of robust detection methods considering environmental factors and factors for crop growth are necessary.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.177-185
• /
• 1994

Slow seedling growth rate and nodulation failure of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been limited its good establishment to pastures. The experiment was done to determine the effect of removal of cotyledon and unifoliolate on the shoot, root growth, and nodule formation of 4 white clover cultivars for 8 weeks after the treatment. Four white clover cv. Regal (large leaf), Louisiana S-I (medium-large leaf), Grasslands Huia (mediumsmall leaf), and Aberystwyth S184 (small leaf), were grown in IOcm plastic pot containing 2:l:l soi1:sand:peat moss mixture until grown to cotyledon or unifoliolate stage and then removed one (Cl) or two cotyledons (C2) at cotyledon stage, and unifoliolate only (U), unifoliolate and one cotyledon (UCl) or unifoliolate and two cotyledons (UC2) at the unifoliolate stage, and the plants were sampled at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the treatments. The intact plants had greater shoot and root dry weights, and no. of nodules than removal-treated ones. Removal treatments at cotyledon stage, the dry weight and no. of nodules more decreased in C1 and C2 than that of unifoliolate stage. While the severer cotyledon removal, the more reduction. Although the dry weights and no. of nodules steadily inclined with regrowing period, the former were higher in Regal and La. S-1 than in the others since 6 weeks after removal treatment but the latter was more in S 184 than in the others 8 weeks after removal treatment. Relationship between no. of nodules and shoot or root dry weight was analysed as linear mode while the earlier and severe removal, the steeper slope. It was concluded that severer damage of cotyledon and unifoliolate had detrimental effects on the shoot and root growth, nodule formation, and aftermath establishment of white clover.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.331-338
• /
• 1994

콩의 종실크기 및 종피색에 따른 침종후 수분흡수, 자엽손상 및 배축신장의 차이를 구명하고자, 황색 및 흑색 대소립종 각각 4품종씩을 공시하여 경시적인 수분 흡수및 발아양상을 조사하고 나아가서, 침종후 자엽손상률과 발아과정중의 배축신장력을 상호비교하였던바, 다음과 같은 몇가지 결과를 얻었다. 1. 유근의 중양은 대립종이 높았으나, 종실에 대한 유근의 비율에 있어서는 대립종이 1.8%, 소립종 2.9%로 소립종이 현저히 높았고, 종피색간에는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 종피율은 대립종 6.6%에 비하여 소립종은 9.2%로 뚜렷히 높았고, 흑색종은 황색종에 비하여 높은 종피율을 보여 흑색종의 종피가 두껍다는 것을 알 수있었다. 2. $25^{\circ}C$에서의 수분흡수를 보면 소립종이 초기 수분흡수력이 높았으나, 수분평형상태에 도달한 24시간에는 대립종의 수분흡수율이 다소 높았고, 흑색종피종은 침종후 3시간까지는 수분흡수가 황색종에 비해 크게 지연되었으나, 침종 24시간에는 오히려 높은 수분흡수율을 보였다 3. 종실의 경도는 대소립종 및 종피색간 차이가 없었고, 침종후 24시간에 조사한 자엽손상률은 대립종이 78%를 보인 반면, 소립종은 자엽손상이 전혀 발생되지 않았으며, 흑색종은 황색종에 비하여 자엽 손상률이 낮은 경향을 보였다. 4. 최종 발아율 및 발아속도는 소립종이 높았으며, 무색종은 발아속도는 느렸으나, 최종 발아율은 황색종과 차이가 없었다. 5. 발아기간중 조사한 배축장은 대체적으로 소립종이 큰 경향을 보였고, 자엽에 대한 배축의 생체중 비율도 소립중이 뚜렷히 높았으나, 배축 두께는 대립종이 더 두꺼웠다. 6. 100입중과 종피율, 배의 비율 간은 부의 상관이 인정되었고, 자엽손상률과 정의 상관을 나타내었으며, 침종후 3시간의 수분흡수율과는 부의 상관을 보였으나 수분흡수 평형상태에 도달한 침종후 24시간의 수분흡수율과는 정의 상관을 보였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제8권
• /
• pp.81-86
• /
• 1967

대두발아시(大豆發芽時)의 각기관단백질(各器官蛋白質)의 변동(變動)과 자엽(子葉) KNA 함량(含量)의 증감(增減)이 X 선조사(線照射)로 어떤 변화(變化)를 일으키는가를 분석연구(分析硏究)하여 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 자엽(子葉)을 제외(除外)한 타발아기관(他發芽器官) 즉(卽) 배축(胚軸), 유엽(幼葉), 유근(幼根) 등(等)은 발아(發芽)와 더부러단백질(蛋白質)이 증가(增加)하나 자엽(子葉)에서는 감소(減少)함으로 발아(發芽)에 있어서 전자(前者)들은 합성적(合成的)인 후자(候者)에서는 분해적(分解的)인 대사(代謝)를 영위(營爲)한다. 2) 발아성장중(發芽成長中)의 대두자엽(大豆子葉) RNA는 발아시작후(發芽始作後) 6일(日)까지는 감소(減少)하고 기후(其後)는 증가(增加)하는바, $300{\gamma}$의 X 선조사(線照射)로서 이 변화(變化)는 촉진(促進)되는 반면(反面) $600{\gamma}$, $900{\gamma}$의 X 선조사(線照射)로서는 오히려 손상적(損傷的)으로 작용(作用)한다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.480-488
• /
• 1994

White clover는 기존초지에 도입시 정착이 불량한 것이 단점으로 지적되어 왔다. 본시험은 white clover의 발아직후 자엽 및 단엽제거가 건물생산과 형태적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 기존초지로 도입되는 white clover의 유묘기 관리에 관한 정보를 제공하고자 잎의 크기가 다른 4개 품종(Regal, La. S-1, Huia, S184)을 자엽기에 1개 또는 2개의 자엽을 제거하거나, 단엽기에 단엽, 단엽과 1개의 자엽 또는 단엽과 2개의 자엽을 모두 제거한 후 8주동안 개체당 건물중과 형태적 형질(엽수, 엽면적, 엽병장, 포복경장 및 분지경수)의 변화와 개체당 건물중과 이들 형질과의 관계를 밝히고자 실시하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 무탈엽에 비하여 자엽 및 단엽제거는 clover의 개체당 건물중과 형태적 형질을 현저히 감소시켰다. 2. 건물중과 형태적 형질은 단엽기에 단엽과 자엽 제거에 의하여 더욱 감소되고 자엽제거가 많을수록 감소가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 3. 자엽 및 단엽제거 후 생장기간이 증가함으로써 건물중과 형태적 형질이 증가한다 할지라도 포복경장과 분지경수는 처리 6주후부터 급격히 증가하였다. 4. 건물중, 엽면적 및 엽병장은 대엽종일수록 크나, 포복경장, 분지경수 및 엽수는 소엽종일수록 큰 경향을 보였다. 5. 건물중 증가는 엽면적 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있었으나 자엽기에 자엽제거가 단엽기에 단엽과 자엽제거, 그리고 탈엽이 심할수록 증가율(기울기)감소가 큰 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
• /
• 제53권3호
• /
• pp.303-307
• /
• 2008

Cotyledon Black Decay (CBD) on soybean sprout mimics the black spot due to microbial infection. CBD, not visible or predictable at seedlot state, for some reason, shows up exclusively on cotyledon of soybean sprout during sprouting process. Such an incidence rate fluctuated from 0.8 to 19.5% over three years from 2004. We suspected some pod-infecting anthracnose fungi and/or pod-blight pathogen, or pod-sucking bean bug, one of the major pests of soybean, might have involved, of which we ruled out fungal pathogen because it was preventable through heat treatment, a proven method for seedlot disinfestation. The healthy seeds artificially fed by bean bug for one to seven days were sprouted, and 6 to 41% of the soybean sprout revealed the CBD mimic to those occurred in soybean sprout from previous commercial seedlot screening experiments. This finding is the first report to confirm that bean bug damage to pod at $R_8$ stage is directly responsible for the CBD, which did not concur with any other deleterious effects on sprouting such as reduction in hypocotyls elongation and rooting except unsightly sprout quality. However, earlier feeding either at green pod or greenish yellow pod stage ($R_6$ -early $R_7$ stage) resulted in rather severe damages, which strikingly reduced hypocotyls growth to about one forth to about two third, as well as the reduction in rates of seed germination.

• Journal of Photoscience
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1996

When cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledon discs were floated on $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid, oxyfluorfen, or rose bengal solution under light condition following 20 h dark incubation, rapid electrolyte leakage from the tissues occurred. The electrolyte leakage from the tissues was dependent on the compounds treated, their concentrations, and the duration of light exposure to the tissues. Dark incubation before exposure to continuous white light enhanced electrolyte leakage from the tissues treated with the compounds and reduced lag period for the activity of the compounds. Electrolyte leakage from the treated tissues was greatly influenced by the light intensity to which they were exposed. Higher light intensities stimulated electrolyte leakage and reduced lag period. Porphyrin biosynthesis inhibitors, gabaculine and 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid, completely inhibited electrolyte leakage from the oxyfluorfen-treated tissues. Protection against the activity of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid from electrolyte leakage was complete with 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid, but not with gabaculine. However, gabaculine and 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid gave no such protection against rose bengal activity. In summary, our results indicate that $\delta$--aminolevulinic acid, oxyfluorfen, and rose bengal exert their effects by causing electrolyte leakage from the treated tissues in a similar manner, except that oxyfluorfen has an apparent lag period for its action on electrolyte leakage increase. All above compounds require preincubation of treated tissues in darkness and subsequent light exposure with a high intensity for their maximal activities. Our results also support that in the presence of light, $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid and oxyfluorfen cause cellular damage through the indirect generation of singlet oxygen from accumulated tetrapyrroles of porphyrin pathway, whereas rose bengal causes cellular damage through the direct generation of singlet oxygen.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
• /
• pp.156-156
• /
• 2017

Most crop damages have been occurred by vermin(e.g., wild birds and herbivores) during the period between seeding and the cotyledon level. In this study, to minimize the damage by vermin and acquire the benefits such as protection against weeds and maintenance of water content in soil, immediately vinyl mulching after seeding was devised. Vinyl mulching has been generally covered with black color vinyl, that crop seeding locations cannot be detected by visible light range. Before punching vinyl, non-contact and non-destructive methods that can continuously determine the locations are necessary. In this study, a crop position detection method was studied that uses infrared thermal image sensor to determine the cotyledon position under vinyl mulch. The moving system for acquiring image arrays has been developed for continuously detecting crop locations under plastic mulching on the field. A sliding mechanical device was developed to move the sensor, which were arranged in the form of a linear array, perpendicular to the array using a micro-controller integrated with a stepping motor. The experiments were conducted while moving 4.00 cm/s speed of the IR sensor by the rotational speed of the stepping motor based on a digital pulse width modulation signal from the micro-controller. The acquired images were calibrated with the spatial image correlation. The collected data were processed using moving averaging on interpolation to determine the frame where the variance was the smallest in resolution units of 1.02 cm. For this study, the spline method was relatively faster than the other polynomial interpolation methods, because it has a lower maximum order of formulation when using a system such as the tridiagonal linear equation system which provided the capability of real-time processing. The temperature distribution corresponding to the distance between the crops was 10 cm, and the more clearly the leaf pattern of the crop was visually confirmed. The frequency difference was decreased, as the number of overlapped pixels was increased. Also the wave pattern of points where the crops were recognized were reduced.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농업기계학회 2017년도 춘계공동학술대회
• /
• pp.157-157
• /
• 2017

To minimize the damage by wild birds and acquire the benefits such as protection against weeds and maintenance of water content in soil, the mulching black color vinyl after seeding should be carried out. Non-contact and non-destructive methods that can continuously determine the locations are necessary. In this study, a crop position detection method was studied that uses infrared thermal image sensor to determine the cotyledon position under vinyl mulch. The moving system for acquiring image arrays has been developed for continuously detecting crop locations under plastic mulching on the field. A sliding mechanical device was developed to move the sensor, which were arranged in the form of a linear array, perpendicular to the array using a micro-controller integrated with a stepping motor. The experiments were conducted while moving 4.00 cm/s speed of the IR sensor by the rotational speed of the stepping motor based on a digital pulse width modulation signal from the micro-controller. The acquired images were calibrated with the spatial image correlation. The collected data were processed using moving averaging on interpolation to determine the frame where the variance was the smallest in resolution units of 1.02 cm. Non-linear integral interpolation was one of method for analyzing the frequency using the normalization image and then arbitrarily increasing the limited data value of $16{\times}4pixels$ in one frame. It was a method to relatively reduce the size of overlapping pixels by arbitrarily increasing the limited data value. The splitted frames into 0.1 units instead of 1 pixel can propose more than 10 times more accurate and original method than the existing correction method. The non-integral calibration method was conducted by applying the subdivision method to the pixels to find the optimal correction resolution based on the first reversed frequency. In order to find a correct resolution, the expected location of the first crop was indicated on near pixel 4 in the inversion frequency. For the most optimized resolution, the pixel was divided by 0.4 pixel instead of one pixel to find out where the lowest frequency exists.