• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in cottonseed meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed com-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% cottonseed meal. For the growth trial, 128 crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) growing pigs (21 kg) were fed com-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8 or 12% cottonseed meal. Four pens (4 gilts and 4 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. The digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of cottonseed meal in the diet increased. There was good agreement between the amino acid digestibilities for methionine, threonine and tryptophan determined using the regression technique and amino acid digestibilities previously published for cottonseed meal. However, for lysine, the value of 67% ileal digestibility obtained in the present experiment was higher than most previously published estimates which ranged from 42 to 73%. During both the growing (21-43 kg) and finishing (43-84 kg) periods, the addition of cottonseed meal decreased average daily gain and feed conversion in a linear manner (p<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. The overall results suggest that cottonseed meal can be used at levels of up to 8% in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs provided that the diet. has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2006

The gossypol existed in cottonseed meal is a well known antispermatogenic agent which can impair reproductive performances of male fish as well as mammals. Two feeding experiments were conducted to examine a toxic effect of dietary supplementation of cottonseed meal on reproduction in juvenile olive flounder (the first experiment) for 19 weeks and growing olive flounder (the second experiment) for 26 weeks. After each feeding study, females and males were sampled for histological examination in gonads and liver to verify any negative effects by the dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal on reproduction. After two feeding trial, the gonad somatic index (GSI) of male and female (from the first feeding trial) were not significantly different among all the dietary treatments. The GSI values of female (from the second feeding trial) were not significantly different among all the dietary treatments. However, males fed cottonseed and soybean meal containing diets exhibited significantly lower GSI than that fed the control diet after the second feeding trial. Histological examination of gonads and liver of fish fed cottonseed and soybean meal did not show any negative effects compared to those of fish ffd the control diet. Hepatosomatic index of fish in the first and second feeding trials were not significantly different among all the dietary treatments. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal up to 40% fish meal replacement might not deteriorate the gametogenesis of juvenile and growing olive flounder. However, the supplementation in diets over 30% fish meal replacement might reduce GSI of male in growing olive flounder.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal on growth performance of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Nine hundred fish $(0.74{\pm}0.11g)$ in the early juvenile stage were randomly divided into 15 groups, and 3 groups were fed one of five isonitrogenous (56% CP) and isocaloric $(16.3\;MJ\;kg^{-1})$ diets replacing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of fish meal protein by equal proportion (1:1, w:w) of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) (designated by Control, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40, respectively). A solvent extracted cottonseed meal containing high crude protein (44%) and low fiber content (<12%) was used in this study. After 10 weeks of feeding trial, the growth offish fed diets CS10, CS20, and CS30 were not significantly (P>0.05) different compared to that of fish fed the control diet. However, diet CS40 exhibited significantly lower (P<0.05) growth performance than the control diet. No differences were observed in whole body composition of fish fed all the experimental diets. This study indicates that mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with lysine and methionine supplementation can replace up to 30% fish meal protein in diet for olive founder at the early juvenile stage. However, we suggest that 20% of fish meal protein replacement by cottonseed (10%) and soybean (10%) meal can be the optimum level for commercial use in safety according to the growth performances.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.46-50
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• 1967

The pathologic studies on the cottonseed meal poisoning in chicken were performed by feeding a diet containing 50 per cent cottonseed meal. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The specific effect of cottonseed meal on chicken was apparently limited to the parenchymatous tissue and blood vessels, where its major pathologic manifestations were degenerative changes in acute cases fed for a period of 7 days, while necrosis of portal and central veins of liver and consequent perivascular hemorrhage and coagulative necrosis of liver and intra-glomerular hemorrhage were characteristic lesions in chronic cases fed for a period 20, 40 and 60 days. In addition, specific cottonseed pigment cells were observed in small number in villus of small intestine in acute cases and in large number in villus, liver and spleen in chronic cases.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.785-790
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• 2000

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of solvent and mechanical extracted cottonseed meal on the performance, digestibility and nitrogen balance was assessed in lambs. Four total mixed rations viz., A, B, C and D containing 40% untreated and treated solvent and mechanical extracted meal were prepared. Sixteen male lambs with average BW of 20-22 kg were randomly allocated to experimental rations and were fed individually during ninety days growth trial. The treatment of solvent extracted cottonseed meal resulted in a linear decrease in ruminal protein degradation. Maximum decrease (64%) in protein degradation was observed at 4 h incubation time with 0.3% formaldehyde treatment. Highest daily BW gain was observed in lambs fed on rations Band D compared to lambs fed on rations A and C. Daily BW gain was higher on rations having 0.3% for fromaldehyde treated cottonseed meals. Higher DM digestibility was observed on ration D compared to other rations. Higher (p<0.05) CP and CF digestibility was observed on rations Band D compared to rations A and C. Nitrogen retention as % age of nitrogen intake was (p<0.05) higher for lambs fed rations B and D compared to rations A and C. Similar pattern was observed for nitrogen retention as percent of nitrogen absorbed. The present study suggested that oil extraction methods of cottonseed did not alter their meal utilization in lambs, however, formaldehyde (0.3%) treatment of meals enhanced its efficiency for growth, digestibility and nitrogen balance in lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.356-359
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• 2000

The study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of seeds and various seed fractions of different varieties of cotton (MNH 147, CIM 240, NIAB 78, FH 87, CIM 109, MNH 93, FH 682, GOHAR 87, SLS I and B 557). Linter, hull, kernel and meal were obtained from cottonseed by physical and chemical methods. Free gossypol and available lysine contents of seed and it's fractions were determined. In vitro protein digestibility of cottonseed meal was also determined. Free gossypol and available lysine contents ranged between 0.22-2.26% and 0.64-1.32% in seed, and 0.03-0.29% and 1.38-2.36% in meal, respectively. FH 87 was highest both in free gossypol and available lysine content, and NIAB 78 was lowest in free gossypol content and FH 862 was lowest in available lysine content. In vitro protein digestibility of cottonseed meal ranged between 66,02-79,96%. Statistical analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) varietal differences in free gossypol, available lyslne and in vitro protein digestibility of cottonseed and derived products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.537-546
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of six different plant protein sources such as soybean meal, extruded full-fat soybean, canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal as a sole protein source of diets on growth performance and amino acid bioavailabilities in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 54 pigs with average 25 kg of body weight were used as experimental subjects for a 65-d feeding trial. Digestion trial was carried out with seven ileal-cannulated pigs. The most rapid rate of weight gain was observed in pigs fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean, the moderate one in pigs fed canola meal and cottonseed meal and the least one in pigs fed rapeseed meal and perilla meal (p<0.005). Feed efficiency was better for groups fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean than other protein meals (p<0.05). The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids of soybean meal and full-fat soybean (82.5% and 81.6%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other protein sources (61.2 to 69.4%). Regardless of protein sources, the apparent ileal digestibility of arginine was highest, whereas that of histidine was lowest among essential amino acids. Proline had the lowest digestibility among non-essential amino acids. True amino acid digestibilities tended to be higher than apparent amino acid digestibilities. The differences between true and apparent ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal than other protein sources. The differences was greatest in praline except for cottonseed meal. The fecal digestibility appeared to be higher than the ileal digestibility. The differences between fecal and ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal than in soybean meal and full-fat soybean. In general, praline was the most disappeared amino acid in the hind gut, while the net synthesis of lysine in the large intestine was observed in all protein sources except perilla meal. It is appropriate that swine feeds should be formulated based on true ileal amino acid digestibility of protein sources for pig's normal growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 1989

Twenty-four Hereford steers, 22 months old and a mean liveweight (${\pm}\;s.e.$) of $250\;{\pm}\;7\;kg$ were used in an experiment to evaluate over 42 days two rates of copra meal supplementation to cattle on a low N ($8.6\;{\pm}\;0.9$ g N/kg dry matter (DM)), low digestible ($45\;{\pm}\;5.2%$ DM) native pasture hay. Steers given the two rates (500, 1000 g/steer/day; i.e. 500C, 1000C) were compared to steers on a non-supplemental diet and to the effects on steers of supplemental urea (30g/steer/day; 30U) or with copra meal (500 g/steer/day; 500C.U), or of cottonseed meal (500 g/steer/day; 500S). Liveweight change was increased (P<0.01) by all of the supplements except by supplemental urea. The most effective treatment, 1000C, increased significantly (P<0.01) liveweight change (946 g/day) in steers above all supplements except those steers given 500C.U (718 g/day). Hay intake per unit liveweight was increased (P<0.05) by 7% by the 30U and 500C.U treatment, and by 9% by 500C; this group having the highest supplements, being greatest (P<0.05) for the 1000C group (6.0 g feed intake/g gain) and least for the 500S supplemented group (11.5 g/g gain). Efficiency was lowest (18.6 g/g gain) for the non-supplemented steers on the basal hay diet. Copra meal N was less degradable (i.e. 29%) in nylon bags over 15 hours in the rumen than was cottonseed meal N (37%), and rumen ammonia concentrations were lower (P<0.05) in cattle supplemented with copra meal (25, 27 mg N/L) than in cattle given urea (36 mg N/L) or cottonseed meal (39 mg N/L). It is concluded that copra meal at a daily rate of 500 g/head, and with rumen soluble nitrogen from urea, is an effective supplement for improving growth of cattle on a low quality forage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.659-662
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• 2004

A growth trial of 60 days with 16 male buffalo calves (10 to 11 months age; 100${\pm}$7 kg live weight mean) was conducted to investigate comparative efficacy of cottonseed meal (CSM) and sunflower meal (SFM). Cottonseed meal was substituted isonitrogenously with SFM at 0, 12, 24 and 36% levels in four rations viz. A, B, C and D. Daily feed consumption was 5.07, 4.30, 4.17 and 3.20 kg, while daily weight gain was recorded to be 0.98, 0.74, 0.57 and 0.33 kg under rations A, B, C and D, respectively. In the digestibility and nitrogen balance trial using eight calves, digestibility of organic matter was 63.2, 62.9, 62.1 and 61.7, respectively. Nitrogen retained as percent of intake did not differ significantly. Sunflower meal was purchased at half the price of CSM but economics of weight gain did not favor SFM inclusion in rations. Results suggested that SFM should not be fed to buffalo calves gaining more than 0.7 kg/day.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1791-1799
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• 2018

In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of oligopeptide (CP) derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal were investigated in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice models by treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). Results indicated that oligopeptide increased the thymus and spleen indices of CY-treated mice. The count of plague forming cells (PFC) and the content of half serum hemolysis ($HC_{50}$) in immunosuppressive mice were restored to the normal level in CP-10 and CP-20 groups while the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) were increased significantly in CP-20 group. Similar increasing the immunoglobulin of IgG and IgM content in the serum of CP-10 group were also observed. These findings indicated that oligopeptide derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal had a strong immune-enhancing activity as well as a protective effect against immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.