• Carbon letters
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In the present study, the removal of Pb (II) ions on oxidized activated carbons (ACs) was investigated. ACs were derived from activation of indigenous cotton stalks waste with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in two-stage process. The KOH-ACs were subjected to liquid-phase oxidation with hot $HNO_3$ and one untreated sample was included for comparison. The obtained carbons were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), slurry pH and $N_2$-adsorption at 77 K, respectively. Adsorption capacity of Pb (II) ions on the resultant carbons was determined by batch equilibrium experiments. The experimental results indicated that the oxidation with nitric acid was associated with a significant increase in mass of yield as well as a remarkable reduction in internal porosity as compared to the untreated carbon. The AC-800N revealed higher adsorption capacity than that of AC-800, although the former sample exhibited low surface area and micropore volume. It was observed that the adsorption capacity enhancement attributed to pore widening, the generation of oxygen functional groups and potassium containing compounds leading to cation-exchange on the carbon surface. These results show that the oxidized carbons represented prospective adsorbents for enhancing the removal of heavy metals from wastewater.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.251-263
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• 2014

The study contributes in the treatment of waste generated by the textile complex cotton of Draa Ben Khedda, Algeria. The azo dye "Direct Red Solophenyle 4GE" represents the base particle of the discharges and electrocoagulation with nanofiltration are used as a means of treatment. The solar photovoltaic is suitable for electrochemical process to reduce the energy cost. Several study parameters are considered in this work. The electrocoagulation batch gives the best reduction 37% for a dye concentration of 7.21 mg/L ($[NaCl]_{added}$=1g/L; $j=25.2mA/cm^2$). Coupling methods (electrocoagulation-nonofiltration) gives a complete discoloration rejecting concentration 52.4 mg/L (pHi = 7.6, $[NaCl]_{added}$=3g/L, $j=2.13mA/cm^2$). The result shows the coupling efficiency with a reduced amount of resulting slurry at the end of treatment.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2004

The study aimed to develop a mechanized mushroom growing system for the substrate materials mixing and wetting, materials fermentation and pasteurisation through the design of integrated cultivation machine system for oyster mushroom. The power requirement of the prototype during fermentation operation was measured in the range of 31$\~$33 kg-m and the torque has not so much differ by the kinds and quantity of materials. The work efficiency of conventional method for stacking the heap and turning the heap of cotton waste by tractor rotavator and manual wetting required 78 hours. But the watering, fermentation and sterilisation by the prototype use same operation required 25.5 hours, which can save the operation labour by $67\%$. The machine can be saved the requirement of heating energy by $63\%$, and the machine can also be saved the material cost by $44\%$. It is envisaged that the machine can effectively be used for large mushroom growing farms or joint use mushroom growing group-farmers in a village.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.783-795
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• 2017

This study measured consumer's recognition, reliability, emotion and images about current eco-marks as well proposed an eco-mark rating scale and mark designs to improve consumer's trust on the fashion product marks. We used a questionnaire survey to collect data from 150 persons about knowledge, interests, and practice on eco fashion products in relation to trustfulness and positive images for three domestic and three international eco-marks. We evaluated and gave eco scores to six fiber-type products (cotton, organic cotton, wool, polyester, biodegradable polyester and nylon) in terms of consumer's use, water & land consumption, waste amount, carbon footprint, and toxicity. We suggested a new 5-level rating scale for eco marks, which quantified the concept of environmental friendliness of fiber products. The design for eco-mark of rating scale showed the total grade with two sub scores of environmental sides and human sides developed with an improved visual understanding for consumers. The design is one through benchmarking the energy-consumption efficiency mark, which is familiar to consumers such as a half circle shape to save environment resources to alarm consumers to environment problems.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2002

To develope natural dyeing materials from the unused plant materials, we had several dyeing experiments to investigate the optimum conditions of dyeing fabrics with the waste grape juice. Dyeing experiments were done under different dyeing conditions of dyeing time, dyeing temperature, pH and concentration of dyebath and mordants which were treated after dyeing. Experimental fabrics were silk, cotton, ramie and hemp. Color difference(${\Delta}E$) and Munsell's HV/C of the dyed fabrics and color fastness of silk dyed fabrics to dry cleaning, washing, rubbing, perspiration and light were measured. The color differences of dyed experimental fabrics were very slightly increased with dyeing time and the color of dyed silk was light purple and the cotton, ramie and hemp was light red purple. The color differences of dyed experimental fabrics were decreased and the color became lighter with dyeing temperature increased. The color differences of dyed experimental fabrics were decreased and the color changed from light purple to blue with the pH of dyebath increased. The color differences of dyed experimental fabrics were slightly increased with the concentration of dyebath increased. The color of dyed fabric changed with the mordant treatment and were different among the experimental fabrics. On the whole, blue tone increased with the Al and Fe mordant and green tone increased with the Cu mordant. The color fastness of dyed silk fabrics to light, washing (change) and perspiration (change) was bad and color fastness to dry cleaning and rubbing were good.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2022

Lime stabilization has conventionally been listed amid the key techniques of chemical stabilization. Replacing lime with sustainable agro-based by-products have gained prominence in recent decades. Bagasse ash (BA) is one such potential alternatives, an industrial waste with abundance in production, and industries exploring sustainable solutions for its safe disposal. Supplementing BA with lime could be an ideal approach to reduce lime consumption. However, suitability of BA and lime for the stabilization of expansive clays, such as black cotton (BC) soil is yet to be explored. This paper therefore aims to investigate the suitability of BA-lime mixtures to stabilize BC soil with emphasis to compaction behaviors and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) using standard laboratory procedures. Suitability of BA-lime mixture is then assessed against addition of calcium sulphate which, from previous experience, is detrimental with lime stabilization. Experimental outcomes nominate 15% BA as the optimum value observed from both compaction and UCS data, while addition of 4% lime to 15% BA showed the best results. Mineralogical and microstructural analysis show the presence of cementitious compounds with addition of lime and calcium sulphate with curing periods. While, formation of Ettringite needles were noted with the addition of calcium sulphate in BA-lime mixtures (at optimum values) after 90-day curing, and UCS results showed a decrease at this point. To this end, addition of BA in lime stabilization showed encouraging results as assessed from the compaction and UCS results. Nonetheless usage of calcium salts, with utmost emphasis on calcium sulphate and equivalent should be avoided.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2009

곰보버섯의 자실체 색은 갈색 또는 회갈색이고 갓의 형태는 원뿔모양이며, 대의 색은 흰 크림색 또는 흰색이다. 자실체를 반으로 잘라보면 갓과 대는 속은 비어있다. 자실체의 현미경 관찰에서 자낭의 크기는 $113.5{\sim}114.2{\times}9.3{\sim}10.3{\mu}m$, 자낭포자의 크기는 $17.6{\sim}20.9{\times}9.4{\sim}10.7{\mu}m$, 측사는 $40.0{\sim}45.2{\times}5.8{\sim}6.4{\mu}m$, 대의 안쪽세포는 $7.5{\sim}15.1{\mu}m$이었다. 곰보버섯 자실체 발생지 환경조건은 온도 $13.8^{\circ}C$, 습도 75.8%, 광 538룩스이며, 토성은 sand 72.7%, silt 21.0%, clay 6.3%로 silt loamy 이며, 유기물 함량은 10.0%로 밭 토양보다 많고 인산함량은 낮았다. 균주별 균사배양 최적배지는 PDB 배지이며, 배양최적 온도는 $25^{\circ}C$, pH는 5.0이었으며, 합성배지인 Czapek에 배지에 조정된 무기태 성분의 최적농도는 potassium phosphate 1%, sodium nitrate 2%, potassium chloride은 대조구에서 좋았다. 영양원 선발에서 최적 탄소원은 mannose이었으며, 최적농도는 5%이었다. 질소원은 대조구에 비하여 균사생육이 극히 저조하였다. 곰보버섯 균핵 형성 촉진배지 선발시험에서 균사생장과 균핵형성이 좋은 배지는 폐면 이었으며, 톱밥에서는 참나무톱밥에서 균사생장이 빨랐다. 폐면과 참나무톱밥의 혼합비율은 참나무톱밥 20%+폐면 80% 혼합수준에서 균핵 형성이 좋았고 첨가제인 밀기울의 혼합비율은 15-20%, 황산칼슘은 2% 수준에서 균핵 형성이 좋았다. 토양종류별 균핵 형성은 피트모스 처리구에서 균사생장 및 균핵 형성이 가장 좋았으며, 피트모스의 혼합비율은 60-80%이나, 참나무를 혼합하면 50:50으로 혼합 처리한 구에 밀기울을 30% 첨가하면 균핵 형성이 가장 좋았다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2007

버섯산업의 활성화자료 제공과 버섯의 가정내 재배 학생들의 과학탐구용으로 사용키위해서 일반 가정주택의 실내에서 버섯류 재배가능성 검토의 일환으로 수행한 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 가정내 각실별 온 습도 측정결과는 세면실에서 64~72%, 온도 $20.2{\sim}26.0^{\circ}C$로 상대적으로 거실, 부엌등 타실보다 버섯생육에 유리한 조건을 나타내었다 (1999. 4. 25~7. 25). 나. 느타리버섯 상자재배에서 세면실의 경우 초발이소요 일수는 3일, 수량은 2,060g, 회수율은 90%였다. 다. 느타리버섯 봉지볏짚재배에서 세면실의 경우 초발이 소요일수는 2일, 수량은 90g, 회수율은 153%였다. 라. 느타리버섯 봉지톱밥재배에서 세면실의 경우 초발이 소요일수는 4일, 수량은 770g, 회수율은 89%였다. 마. 영지버섯 봉지톱밥재배에서 세면실의 경우 초발이소요일수는 11일, 수량은 172g, 회수율은 16%, 중량감소율은 61%로 나타났다. 바. 본시험에서 수행한 4처리 모두 거실, 침실, 부엌에 비해 세면실에서의 생산된 버섯의 수량이 우수하였다. 사. 본 실험의 결과를 일부 기술하여 "내손으로 재배하는 가정버섯 효능과 활용법"이란 제목의 책자를 공동저술하였다 (장 등, 2003).

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2003년도 가을 학술논문집
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• pp.101-104
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• 2003

저준위 방사성액체폐기물 처리방법으로 에너지 소모가 적은 경제적이고 효율적인 처리방법을 제시하기 위하여 면 과 Polyester 가 함유된 합성섬유를 증발매체로 하여 자연기상 상태의 건조한 공기를 유입하여 방사성 액체폐기물과 접촉시켜 증발하는 연구를 하였다. 본 연구에서는 자연상태의 공기를 강제 유입시켜 액체의 증발현상, 증발매체표면에서의 물질전달 등 이론을 토대로 방사성액체폐기물을 처리하는 연구를 수행하였다. 실험은 방사성폐액을 직접 사용하였으며, 증발에 영향을 미치는 변수에 따라 증발 단위 면적당 방사성 폐액의 증발량측정 및 제염계수를 조사하였다. 증발효과는 유입공기의 습도가 낮고 공기의 유속과 공급액의 유량이 증가하고 폐액의 온도가 높아질수록 증발량이 증가하였다. 실험결과 습도는 70% 이하, 공급폐액의 유량이 $3.4{\ell}/hr\cdotm^2$ 이상, 공기유속은 1.14~l.47 m/sec 범위가 조업조건이며, 이때 제염계수는 $5.1{\times}10^3$, 배출공기의 방사능 농도는 $4.7{\times}10^{-13}{\mu}Ci/\textrm{m}{\ell}{\cdot}air$로 측정되었다. 공급유량이 $4.6{\ell}/hr\cdotm^2$와 공기유속이 1.47 m/sec일때 최대 증발조건으로 확인되었으며 대기의 온.습도 및 풍속에 따른 실험을 통하여 달톤형의 증발식 Air factor $[\textit{Eh}=(0.018 + 0.0141\textitv) {\delta}textitH]$를 도출하였다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.163-180
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate the main characteristics of the environment-friendly design expressed in Koran fashion. Environment-friendly design can be categorized into choice of material, extension of products life cycle, and recycling design. In this study, Korean fashion designers can be found having the conciousness of environment for fashion design since 1990. First, in choice of material, the designers used Natural fibers which are cotton, linen, wool, and etc, and used natural dyes. Some of the designers have moved from using real fur to using fake fur for animal welfare. But fake furs produced from synthetic or regenerated fibers have the environmental problems during textile production processes. Some of the designers used fake leather made from the skins of an edible fish which are otherwise going to waste. Secondly, Design for extension of products life cycle can economize the resources and energy. Design for extension of products life cycle are classified into reversible clothing, many function clothing, modular style, patina clothing, simple style, and layered look. Finally, recycling design are classified into recycling of daily necessaries and expression techniques of recycling design which are designer's works used patchwork, mash techniques, and handmade of knits or buttonhole stitch.