• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.394-407
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• 2016

The spatial air pollution distribution of the Ulsan metropolitan region (UMR) was analyzed using monitoring data and high-resolution numerical simulations. A three-year (2011~2014) analysis for the average concentrations from the 13 air quality monitoring sites in the UMR showed that $SO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ levels in industrial regions were much higher than those in other regions, whereas spatial differences of $NO_2$ and CO concentrations were not significant. In particular, elevated $O_3$ concentrations were clearly found at urban sites near petrochemical complex area. Results from high-resolution simulations by CMAQ model performed for four months of 2012 showed large spatial variations in grid-average pollutant concentrations between industrial areas and other areas in the UMR, which displayed significant changes with wind pattern by season. It was noted that the increases of $SO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ levels were limited in costal industrial areas or over the area nearby the sea in all seasons. Modeled $O_3$ concentrations were quite low in industrial areas and main urban roads with large $NO_x$ emissions. However, the model presented that all pollutant concentrations were significantly increased in the urban residential areas near the industrial complexes in summer season with increase of southerly wind.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

Recent increase of large scale construction near costal area has also increased the application of soft ground treatment. As a result, solidification with cement and lime which increases stability and durability of soils, is frequently used for surface layer stabilization in soft ground site. While stabilization of very soft clay with high plasticity and compressibility has widely been studied, studies on silty clay with low plasticity and compressibility are relatively rare. In this study, after stabilizing low plasticity silty clay of Songdo area with cement and lime under various water contents, mixing ratio, and curing time, uniaxial compression test and plate load test were performed. Strength properties from both tests were considerably consistent. And trackability of construction equipment on the treated surface layer of dredged land was estimated. Finally, optimum mixing condition for Songdo silty clay was proposed.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.303-318
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• 2014

The rising global demand for energy resources may lead to greater interest in the Arctic region. Since it has various resources, such as oil and gas, and large potential as a strategic location in exploration and production (E&P), there is likely to occur island sovereignty issues between the five arctic costal states and other countries. While global warming has led to the opening of the Northeast Passage and the Northwest Passage, several obstacles may impede the development of this area such as the low temperature environment, infrastructure problems in a limited area, flow assurance, environmental regulations, etc. To overcome these problems, various techniques have been applied in the exploration, development, production, transportation, and environment fields and it seems to be made technical development in extreme environment. In this study, the E&P status of representative states and development technologies in the Arctic region have been summarized with regard to carrying out E&P related to drilling, development, production, and operation in oil and gas fields. Furthermore, environmental factors have been taken into account to enhance progress with regard to E&P and ensure sustainable development in the Arctic. On that basis, it will be possible to secure oil and gas field development, production technology and R&D infrastructure in the Arctic.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.685-695
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• 2011

Through the analyses of the distribution characteristics and management practices of the wildlife protection areas, this study intends to present basic data for improving the management of protected areas. 1) Based on the aggregate results of the protected areas, the average ratio of the metro-city and provincial areas to the designated protected areas was 1.49%; except for Chungcheongbuk-do (8.83%) and Gyeongsangnam-do (3.43%), most regions showed specified percentages of about 1%, whereby the analysis suggested that the designated protected areas were too small. 2) Considering the fact that most (86.16%) of the wildlife protection areas are in the regions that are of ecological nature level of grade 1, green nature level of grade 8 or better, and of legal conservation regions and districts, it was shown that these reserves are distributed in regions with excellent natural environmental conditions. 3) Designation of protected areas for the protection of wildlife and fish is deemed to be necessary. Although there are 588 wildlife & plant reserves, there are absolutely no designated areas for protecting plant and fish species. 4) Based on the results of an analysis of the current distribution by types, 92.47% of protected areas were concentrated in the mountains, 0.24% in the agricultural lands, and 7.29% distributed in the lakes/rivers/costal areas. 5) As major improvement projects, proposed were: advancement of management systems for protected areas, expanded designation of protected areas, overhaul of managed areas, designation of protected areas for the protection of wild plants and fish, need for management measures for private property and the surrounding areas, need to secure appropriate management personnel and collaboration, locally-adapted management, eco-information-based management, total management of protected areas, etc.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2000

This study was carried out to elucidate the preliminary ecosystem of the heterotrophic bacterial flora in Kunsan Bay located in western costal area of Korea. Samples were collected at 5 sampling stations. Among 123 bacterial isolates, 9 genera of bacteria were appeared as follows; Vibrio spp.(44 isolates/35.7%), Pseudomonas spp.(42 isolates/34.1%), Aeromonas spp.(11 isolates/8.9%), Moraxella spp.(9 isolates/7.3%), Enterobacteria spp.(6 isolates/4.8%), Bordetella spp.(3 isolates/2.4%), Alkaligenesis spp.(3 isolates/2.4%), Flavobacterium spp.(2 isolates/1.6%), and Staphylococcus spp.(3 isolates/2.4%) respectively. Total viable heterotrophic bacteria was ranged from $5{\times}10^3$ to $1{\times}10^5$ CFU/ml and the most abundant viable counts of bacterial population were showed at the stations 2 and 3. This result indicates that the coastal area around Kunsan bay is getting to contaminate far more by municipal wastewaters and industrial byproducts. and so the outbreak of the bacterial diseases will be increased in fish farms.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.53-69
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to explore the ecosystem service and benefit indicators of natural seaweed beds. Ecosystems of natural seaweed beds provide a wide range of services and benefits to human society including provisioning services, regulating services, supporting services, and cultural services. Indicators for each of the ecosystem services are chosen by marine plants ecologists and as follows. Ecosystem indicators of natural seaweed beds for provisioning services are well-being food(amount of seaweed harvested/amount of fish landed, fish biomass, area of natural seaweed beds, the number of species, contribution to the second production), raw materials(amount of biomass by breed, amount of aquaculture feed), genetic resources(amount of genetic material extracted, amount of genetic material contained by age and habitat), and medicinal resources(amount of medicinal material extracted). Ecosystem indicators of natural seaweed beds for regulating services are air purification(amount of fine dust/NOx or $SO_2$ captured), climate regulation(amount of $CO_2$ sequestered), waste treatment(amount of N, P stored, biochemical degradation capacity COD), and costal erosion prevention(length and change of natural coast line, amount of sediment prevented). Ecosystem indicators of natural seaweed beds for supporting services are lifecycle and maintenance(primary production, contribution to the second production) and gene pool protection(amount of compositional factors in ecosystem, introduced species). Ecosystem indicators of natural seaweed beds for cultural services are recreation and tourism(the number of visits of an area) and information for cognitive development(amount of time spent in education, research and individual learning about ecosystem of natural seaweed beds).

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2018

The target area of the proposed study, Mamaia beach, is a narrow stretch of sand barrier island that sits between the Siutghiol Lake and the Black Sea. In the northern part of the bay, is located the Midia Port, where between 1966 and 1971 a long extension of 5 km of the offshore was built. Because of this extension, the natural flow of sediments has been significantly changed. Thus, the southern part of the Mamaia Bay had less sand nourishment which meant that the coast was eroding and to prevent it a protection of six dikes was built. After approximately forty years of coastal erosion, the south of the Mamaia Bay had in 2016 a new protection scheme, which includes first of all the beach nourishment and a new dike structure (groins scheme for protection) to protect it. From this perspective, the objective of the proposed study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the old Master plan against the new one by modeling the outcome of the two scenarios and to perform a comparison with a third one, in which the protection dikes do not exist and only the artificial nourishment has been done. In order to assess the wave processes and the current patterns along the shoreline, a complex computational framework has been applied in the target area. This joins the SWAN spectral phase averaged model with the 1D surf model. Furthermore, new UAV technology was also used to map out, chart and validate the numerical model outputs within the target zone for a better evaluation of the trends expected in the shoreline dynamics.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 1995

The scapular flap, described by dos Santos in 1986, has been used successfully for the reconstruction of a variety of defects of oro-mandible. Some have defined the gross and vascular anatomy of the lateral border of the scapula, yet useful anatomical information and a complete description of area and contour of each cut surface of lateral border of scapula, which is very important for esthetic and functional reconstruction using dental implants, are missing. These prompted us to clarify the cross-sectional area of lateral border of scapula. Twenty three scapulas of 15 fixed adult Caucasian cadavers were sectioned in every 1cm interval along the lateral border of scapular, and the metric relations and the shape of cut surface were assessed. The lateral border of the scapula, consisting of cortico-cancellous bone measuring $7.86{\pm}0.97mm$ in width, $19.6{\pm}2.86mm$ in height and $12{\pm}1.78cm$ in length, could be harvested as an osteocutaneous scapular flap or as a single vascularized bone flap. The mean thickness of cortical bone of lateral, medial, dorsal and costal surface was $0.46{\pm}1.48mm$, $1.78{\pm}1.34mm$, $1.54{\pm}1.11mm\;and\;1.35{\pm}0.87mm$, respectively. So we have thought that all scapular transplants could be supported osseointegrated implants for fixation of dental prosthesis.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.618-623
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• 1999

A relationship between SST (Sea Surface Temperature) fronts and formation of fishing grounds was examined using the data on fishing conditions obtained from 41 Korean purse-seiners during the period of 1991 to 1996. Good fishing grounds observed in the southern sea of Korea and the nothern area of the East China Sea were yearly found around the frontal zone and around the marginal area of Tsushima Current which was the periphery of fronts, Also, there were several fishing grounds, which are not related to the fronts. They can be classified into the following four types : The first type was found in the warm water pocket located in the western area of Cheju Island in winter. The second type was made in a intensive bending of isobathytherm with a higher temperature in the main stream of Tsushima Current between Cheju Island and the Goto Islands in winter. The third type was formed by the topographical vortex motion near the Tsushima Island in winter and spring. The fourth type was found at the area of the reflow Sea Warm Current in southwest sea of Korea between the costal front zone and the Yellow Bottom Cold Waters in summer and autumn.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 1983

Two methods were tested to establish the cropping period for rice cultivation using the meteorological data. The Hanyu-Uchijima method was based on the normal average temperature to select the earliest possible transplanting date (ETD), the earliest heading date (EHD), the optimum heading date (OHD) and the latest maturing date (LMD). The probability method was based on the temperature occurrence probability. The cropping period based on the probability method gave higher stability than H-U method for year variability. The ETD by the probability of 75 to 90 percents was May 12 to 22 for northern part of Korea, May 15 to 25 for east coastal area and May 4 to 16 for southern part, respectively. In Chuncheon area, the rice varieties requiring more than 1700 degree-days from transplanting to heading might not be appropriate due to low temperature condition and those requiring 1900 degree days were not allowable in Kangreung area. The OHD was July 30 to August 8 in northern part of the country and August 11 to 16 in southern part for Tongil varieties which demand higher temperature than common Japonica varieties. The OHD for Japonica varieties were 5 to 7 days later than Tongil varieties. The LMD was September 30 to October 2 in northern part, October 13 to 14 in east costal area and October 7 to 14 in southern part, and was earlier than the first frost date.