• 제목/요약/키워드: Cortex-M3

검색결과 314건 처리시간 0.039초

In vivo evidence for brain-to-blood efflux transport of taurine and regulation of this transport by tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ at the blood-brain barrier

  • Lee, Na-Young;Kang, Young-Sook
    • 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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    • pp.69.2-69.2
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    • 2003
  • The purpose of this study is to examine whether the efflux system for taurine from brain to blood is present on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using the brain efflux index (BEl) method and taurine transport system is regulated by CNS cell damage with oxidative stress agent such as diethyl maleate (DEM) or tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) in vivo. [$^3$H]Taurine was microinjected into parietal cortex area 2 (Par2) of the rat brain, and was eliminated from the brain with efflux transport rate of 1.22 10$\^$-2//min, and the process is saturable with a $K_{m}$ of 43.5 ${\mu}$M. (omitted)

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구기자(Lycium chinence Miller)추출액을 첨가한 요구르트의 생리활성 효과 (Effects of the Biological Function of Yogurt Added with Lycium chinence Miller Extract)

  • 배형철;조임식;남명수
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제47권6호
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    • pp.1051-1058
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구는 구기자 요구르트의 생리활성 기능을 확인하기 위하여 항산화 활성, ACE 저해효과, $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해 활성을 조사하였고, 실험동물을 이용한 혈중 콜레스테롤 및 혈중 면역글로블린 함량도 조사하였다. 구기자 추출액 첨가 요구르트의 항산화 활성은 물 추출물보다 methanol 추출물에서 더 높은 항산화 활성능을 보였으며, 특히 구기엽 추출액 첨가 요구르트에서 83.85%의 높은 활성능을 보였다. ACE 저해효과는 구기자 추출액 첨가 요구르트의 경우 물 추출물과 methanol 추출물 모두가 ACE 저해능이 높은 것으로 나타났다. $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해 활성은 구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피 추출액 4% 첨가 요구르트에서 methanol 추출물의 경우 각각 8.6%, 7.3%, 8.8%의 $\alpha$-glucosidase 저해능을 나타냈다. 구기자 추출액 4% 첨가 요구르트 및 지골피 추출액 4% 첨가 요구르트를 섭취한 rat의 혈중 콜레스테롤 농도 측정 결과는 일반 요구르트 섭취군, 구기자 추출액 첨가 요구르트 섭취군 및 지골피 추출액 첨가 요구르트 섭취군은 대조구인 요구르트 무섭취군 혈중 콜레스테롤 농도보다 약 25% 정도 줄어 들었으나, 일반 요구르트 섭취군, 구기자 추출액 첨가 요구르트 섭취군 및 지골피 추출액 첨가 요구르트 간의 콜레스테롤 농도는 거의 변화가 없었다. 혈중 면역글로블린(IgG) 측정결과는 지골피 추출액 첨가 요구르트 섭취군은 무첨가 요구르트 섭취군과 구기자 추출액 첨가 요구르트 섭취군 보다 일정한 수준으로 30일간 혈중 면역글로블린 수치가 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다.

목단피의 NF-κB와 MAPKs 억제를 통한 Pro-inflammatory Cytokines 활성에 미치는 효과 (The Effect of Moutan Cortex on Pro-inflammatory Cytokines through NF-κB & MAPKs pathway in HMC-l)

  • 박주호;김경준
    • 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2009
  • Objective : Moutan Cortex (the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy for inflammation. However, as yet there is no clear explanation of how MC(Moutan Cortex) affects the production of inflammatory cytokine. This study was to determine the effects of Essence extracted MC on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Method : We observed the effect of MC on compound 48/80-induced histamine release of rat peritoneal mast cells and the effect of administering MC on PCA in rat. We measured the amount of inflammatory cytokine production induced by the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore(A23187) in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) incubated with various concentrations of MC. The TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels were analysised by Western blot. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted protein levels were measured by the ELISA assay. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were measured by the RT-PCR analysis. NF-$\kappa$B, phospho-I$\kappa$B and MAPKs were exmined by Western blot analysis. The NF-$\kappa$B promoter activity was examined by luciferase assay. Result : 1. Enzyme immunoassay indicated that MC suppressed histamine secretion of rat peritoneal mast cells. 2. In PCA dependent on IgE, MC had anti-allergic effect of the internal surface of rat skin. 3. Western blot indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels. 4. ELISA indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 but MC had no significant effect on IL-8 in HMC-1 cells. 5. RT-PCR indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$, IL-8 but MC had no significant effect on IL-6 in HMC-l cells. 6. Western blot indicated that MC suppressed the induction of MAPKs, NF-$\kappa$B & phospho-I$\kappa$B activity in HMC-1 cells. 7. Luciferase assay indicated that MC suppressed the PMA plus A23187-induced NF-$\kappa$B promoting activityin HMC-1 cells. Conclusion : In this study, we have found that MC is an inhibitor of NF-$\kappa$B, MAPKs & cytokines on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses.

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Sodium Dependent Taurine Transport into the Choroid Plexus, the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier

  • Chung, Suk-Jae;Ramanathan, Vikram;Brett, Claire M.;Giacomini, Kathleen M.
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제25권3호spc1호
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    • pp.7-20
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    • 1995
  • Taurine, a ${\beta}-amino$ acid, plays an important role as a neuromodulator and is necessary for the normal development of the brain. Since de novo synthesis of taurine in the brain is minimal and in vivo studies suggest that taurine dose not cross the blood-brain barrier, we examined whether the choroid plexus, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, plays a role in taurine transport in the central nervous system. The uptake of $[^3H]-taurine$ into ATP depleted choroid plexus from rabbit was substantially greater in the presence of an inwardly directed $Na^+$ gradient taurine accumulation was negligible. A transient in side-negative potential gradient enhanced the $Na^+-driven$ uptake of taurine into the tissue slices, suggesting that the transport process is electrogenic, $Na^+-driven$ taurine uptake was saturable with an estimated $V_{max}$ of $111\;{\pm}\;20.2\;nmole/g/15\;min$ and a $K_M\;of\;99.8{\pm}29.9\;{\mu}M$. The estimated coupling ratio of $Na^+$ and taurine was $1.80\;{\pm}\;0.122.$ $Na^+-dependent$ taurine uptake was significantly inhibited by ${\beta}-amino$ acids, but not by ${\alpha}-amino$ acids, indicating that the transporter is selective for ${\beta}-amino$ acids. Since it is known that the physiological concentration of taurine in the CSF is lower than that in the plasma, the active transport system we characterized may face the brush border (i.e., CSF facing) side of the choroid plexus and actively transport taurine out of the CSF. Therefore, we examined in vivo elimination of taurine from the CSF in the rat to determine whether elimination kinetics of taurine from the CSF is consistent with the in vitro study. Using a stereotaxic device, cannulaes were placed into the lateral ventricle and the cisterna magna of the rat. Radio-labelled taurine and inulin (a marker of CSF flow) were injected into the lateral ventricle, and the concentrations of the labelled compounds in the CSF were monitored for upto 3 hrs in the cisterna magna. The apparent clearance of taurine from CSF was greater than the estimated CSF flow (p<0.005) indicating that there is a clearance process in addition to the CSF flow. Taurine distribution into the choroid plexus was at least 10 fold higher than that found in other brain areas (e. g., cerebellum, olfactory bulb and cortex). When unlabelled taurine was co-administered with radio-labelled taurine, the apparent clearance of taurine was reduced (p<0.0l), suggesting a saturable disposition of taurine from CSF. Distribution of taurine into the choroid plexus, cerebellum, olfactory bulb and cortex was similarly diminished, indicating that the saturable uptake of taurine into these tissues is responsible for the non-linear disposition. A pharmacokinetic model involving first order elimination and saturable distribution described these data adequately. The Michaelis-Menten rate constant estimated from in vivo elimination study is similar to that obtained in the in vitro uptake experiment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that taurine is transported in the choroid plexus via a $Na^+-dependent,saturable$ and apparently ${\beta}-amino$ acid selective mechanism. This process may be functionally relevant to taurine homeostasis in the brain.

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Radiographic evaluation of the symphysis menti as a donor site for an autologous bone graft in pre-implant surgery

  • Bari, Roberto Di;Coronelli, Roberto;Cicconetti, Andrea
    • Imaging Science in Dentistry
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    • 제43권3호
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    • pp.135-143
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: This study was performed to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the cortical and cancellous bone graft harvestable from the mental and canine regions, and to evaluate the cortical vestibular thickness. Materials and Methods: This study collected cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 100 Italian patients. The limits of the mental region were established: 5 mm in front of the medial margin of each mental foramen, 5 mm under the apex of each tooth present, and above the inferior mandibular cortex. Cortical and cancellous bone volumes were evaluated using SimPlant software (SimPlant 3-D Pro, Materialize, Leuven, Belgium) tools. In addition, the cortical vestibular thickness (minimal and maximal values) was evaluated in 3 cross-sections corresponding to the right canine tooth (3R), the median section (M), and the left canine tooth (3L). Results: The cortical volume was $0.71{\pm}0.23mL$ (0.27-1.96 mL) and the cancellous volume was $2.16{\pm}0.76mL$ (0.86-6.28 mL). The minimal cortical vestibular thickness was $1.54{\pm}0.41mm$ (0.61-3.25 mm), and the maximal cortical vestibular thickness was $3.14{\pm}0.75mm$ (1.01-5.83 mm). Conclusion: The use of the imaging software allowed a patient-specific assessment of mental and canine region bone availability. The proposed evaluation method might help the surgeon in the selection of the donor site by the comparison between bone availability in the donor site and the reconstructive exigency of the recipient site.

Concentration-dependent in vitro Anti-osteoarthritis Effects of Mixed Formula - Pomegranate Concentrate Powder: Eucommiae Cortex: Achyranthis Radix 5:4:1 (g/g) on the Primary Cultured Rat Articular Chondrocytes

  • Choi, Beom Rak;Ku, Sae Kwang;Kang, Su Jin;Park, Hye Rim;Sung, Mi Sun;Lee, Young Joon;Park, Ki Moon
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제33권2호
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    • pp.131-140
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    • 2019
  • The objective of present study is to evaluate concentration-dependent in vitro anti-osteoarthritic (OA) effects of synergic mixed formula consisted of dried pomegranate juice concentrate powder, Eucommiae Cortex aqueous extract and Achyranthis Radix aqueous extract 5:4:1 (g/g) mixture on the primary cultured rat articular chondrocytes. First, any cytotoxic effect of mixture was observed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium Bromide) assay. Next, cyto-protective effect of test substances was evaluated by using the recombinant human interleukin $(rhIL)-1{\alpha}$ induced chondrocytes. In addition, anti-inflammatory effects were also observed on the lipopolysaccaride (LPS) treated chondrocytes through prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ productions and 5-lipoxygenase (LPO) activities, and inhibitory effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities were observed on $rhIL-1{\alpha}$ treated chondrocytes with their extracellular matrix (ECM) related mRNA expressions. No obvious cytotoxic effects of mixture were demonstrated. Inflammatory damages of chondrocytes and related ECM degradations induced by treatment of LPS or $rhIL-1{\alpha}$ were significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited by pretreatment of mixture from a concentration level of 0.001 mg/ml to 1 mg/ml. In addition, mixture showed $IC_{50}$ for $rhIL-1{\alpha}-induced$ MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities as 44.01 and $162.47{\mu}g/ml$, and also showed $EC_{50}$ for $rhIL-1{\alpha}-induced$ inhibition of collagen type II, SOX9 and aggrecan mRNA expression as 8.61, 10.79 and $4.47{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. It is observed that mixture showed concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective ECM preserved effects on the primary cultured rat articular chondrocytes without cytotoxicity.

구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피를 첨가한 요구르트의 발효 특성 (Fermentation Properties of Yogurt Added by Lycii fructus, Lycii folium and Lycii cortex)

  • 조임식;배형철;남명수
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.250-261
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    • 2003
  • 구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피에는 rutin, betaine, $\beta$-sitosterol, kukoamin A, sugiol등의 기능성 성분이 다량 함유되어 있고, 이를 이용한 다양한 구기자 가공제품 개발이 추진되고 있는 바, 된 연구에서는 생구기자, 분말형태의 구기자, 구기엽 및 지골피와 extract 형태로 구분하여 유산균을 이용한 발효유에 첨가하고 그 발효특성을 구명하였다. yogurt 제조시 0.5∼6.0% 첨가하여 15시간 배양하면서 pH, 적정산도. 유산균수, 유당함량, 유기산함량, 점도 및 관능검사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 구기자, 구기엽, 지골피의 각 첨가구는 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 pH, 적정산도와 유산균수의 증식을 촉진하였고, 생구기자와 분말형태의 첨가보다는 extract 형태의 첨가물이 유산균의 증식을 촉진하였다. 또한 extract 형태로 첨가시 배 양 3시간에 control구가 pH 5.64, 적정산도 0.85%, 유산균수 5.80${\times}$$10^{6}$ cfu/mL인데 비하여, 구기자 extract는 pH 4.10∼5.06, 적정산도 0.98∼l.27%, 유산균수 1.80∼9.60x$10^{7}$ cfu/mL 로서 현저한 pH 저하와 적정산도의 증가 그리고 가장 많은 유산균수를 나타내었다. 2. 각 첨가물을 이용하여 제조한 yogurt의 유당함량과 유기산조성을 HPLC로 분석한 결과, 첨가량이 높아짐에 따라 유당의 분해율도 높고 유기산의 대부분을 차지하는 lactic acid의 함량도 첨가비율에 따라 비례하여 증가하였다. Control구가 28.40%의 유당분해율을 나타낸 것에 비하여 extract 형태의 구기자와 구기엽 1% 첨가구에서 42.00%와 41.46%의 높은 유당분해율을 나타냈으며, 유기산 생성함량에서도 control구가 7.3배의 lactic acid가 생성된 것에 비하여 구기자와 구기엽 extract 1% 첨가구에서는 11.9배와 10.6배의 높은 유산을 생성하였다. 3. 발효후yogurt의 점도는control구에 비하여 생구기자와 extract 형태의 첨가구는 첨가량에 따라 점도가 증가한 것에 비하여 분말형태의 첨가구는 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 점도가 감소하였다. 발효 요구르트의 control구가 975 체인데 비하여 exoact형태의 첨가구는 1,027∼1,382 cp의 높은 점도를 나타내었다. 구기자, 구기엽, 지골피 분말을 첨가한 처리구는 760∼125 cp로서 매우 낮은 점도를 형성하였다. 4. 구기자, 구기엽, 지골피를 부위별로 첨가한 yogurt의 관능검사 결과, control구에 비하여 생구기자와 분말형태의 구기자, 구기엽, 지골피 첨가구는 모든 관능평가에서 낮은 점수를 얻었으나, extract 형태의 0.5∼l.0%내 구기자, 구기엽,지골피 첨가구는 향취, 맛, 입안에서의 느낌, 색과 기호도 모두 control과 유사한 결과를 나타내어 구기자 첨가 yogurt 제품으로서 이용가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

가토 신피질에서 PAH이동과 Na-K-ATPase활성에 미치는 Vanadate의 영향 (Effect of Vanadate on PAH Transport and Na-K-ATPase Activity in Rabbit Renal Cortex)

  • 정진섭;이상호
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.143-159
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    • 1983
  • Vanadate가 가토 신피질절편에서 PAH이동과 Na-K-ATPase활성에 미치는 효과를 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) Vanadate는 Na-K-ATPase활성을 농도에 따라 억제하였으며 $7.94{\times}10^{-7}M$에서 이 효소의 활성이 50% 억제되었다. 2) Vanadate는 PAH의 능동적이동을 농도에 따라 억제하였으며 50%억제농도는 대략 $10^{-4}M$ 이었고, 수동적이동에는 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 조직내 Na과 K의 양도 vanadate가 PAH이동을 억제하는 농도 범위에서 같이 변화하였고 산소소모량은 $10^{-4}M$까지는 약간 감소하였으나 $10^{-3}M$에서는 오히려 증가하였다. 3) 30분간 preincubation한 후에도 15분까지의 PAH이동은 30분 이후에 비해 vanadate에 의해 적게 억제되었다. 4) $10^{-4}M$ vanadate와 $10^{-4}M$ ouabain은 가역적으로 PAH 이동을 억제하였으며 $10^{-3}M$ vanadate는 비가역적으로 억제하였고 장시간 세척후에도 거의 같은 정도의 억제양상을 나타내었다. 5) Vanadate에 의한 PAH이동의 억제정도는 incubation용액내 $Na^+$의 감소, $K^+$의 증가에 의하여 증가하였고 $Ca^{2+}$의 농도 변화에 의해서는 영향을 받지 않았다. 6) Vanadate가 존재치 않을 때 Tris완충용액 사용시는 pH 8.2까지 PAH축적정도가 증가하였고 phosphate완충용액 사용시는 pH 7.4에서 최대축적치를 보였다. pH가 증가함에 따라 억제정도는 증가하였으며 같은 pH에서도 완충용액의 종류에 따라 vanadate에 의한 억제정도가 달랐다. 7) Vanadate와 ouabain은 PAH이등과 Na-K-ATPase활성에 부가적 억제작용을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 vanadate는 가토신장의 세포내부에서 Na-K-ATPase를 가역적으로 억제함으로써 PAH의 이동을 억제하는 것으로 생각되며 PAH의 이동은 Na-K-ATPase활성과 기능적으로 밀접히 연결되어 있는 것으로 생각된다.

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화담(化痰)·지해평천약(止咳平喘藥)이 Acetylcholine에 의한 흰쥐의 기관지평활근(氣管支平滑筋)의 수축(收縮)에 미치는 영향(影響) (The Effects of WhoaDam-JiHaePyungChunYak on Contracted Tracheal Smooth Muscle with Acetylcholine in Rat)

  • 김호현;신흥묵;김길훤
    • 동국한의학연구소논문집
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    • 제4권
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    • pp.267-311
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    • 1995
  • This study was performed to analyze the effects of WhoaDam-JiHae PyeongChunYak on contracted tracheal smooth muscle in rat. Transverse strips were used for the experiment using organ bath. The test strip was perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate solution which was aerated with 95% $O_2$-5% $CO_2$ mixed gas and kept at $37^{\circ}C$. WhoaDam-JiHae PyeongChunYak extract and acetylcholine infused tracheal strip that was contracted with acetylcholine. The results were as follows : 1. The contractile force of tracheal strip by acetylcholine was significantly increased by Pinelliae Rhizoma, Arisaematis Rhizoma, Sinapis Semen. Typhonii Rhizoma, Peucedani Radix, Eriobotryae Folium, Platycodi Radix, Bambusae Caulis Taeniam, Benincasae Semen, Armeniacae Amarum Semen, Asteris Radix, Periliae Fructus, Mori cortex and Lepidii Semen. 2. Arisaematis Rhizoma($1{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, $3{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, $10{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$) and Asteris Radix($1{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, $3{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$) slightly relaxed the contracted tracheal strip by acetylcholine. 3. Farfarae Flos significantly relaxed the contracted tracheal strip by acetylcholine. 4. The contractile force of tracheal strip by acetylcholine was significantly increased by Stemonae Radix at $30{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, on the other hand Stemonae Radix at $100{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$ significantly relaxed the contracted tracheal strip by acetylcholine.

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Screening Analysis of 10 Adrenal Steroids by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

  • Kim, Sun-Ju;Jung, Hyun-Jin;Chung, Bong-Chul;Choi, Man-Ho
    • Mass Spectrometry Letters
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    • 제2권3호
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    • pp.69-72
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    • 2011
  • Defective synthesis of the steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex has profound effects on human development and homeostasis. Due to the time-consuming chromatography procedure combined with mass spectrometry, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization method coupled to the linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-LTQ-MS/MS) was developed for quantitative analysis of 10 adrenal steroids in human serum. Although MALDI-MS can be introduced for its applicability as a high-throughput screening method, it has a limitation on reproducibility within and between samples, which renders poor reproducibility for quantification. For quantitative MALDI-MS/MS analysis, the stable-isotope labeled internal standards were used and the conditions of crystallization were tested. The precision and accuracy were 3.1~35.5% and 83.8~138.5%, respectively, when a mixture of 10 mg/mL ${\alpha}$-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in 0.2% TFA of 70% acetonitrile was used as the MALDI matrix. The limit of quantification ranged from 5 to 340 ng/mL, and the linearity as a correlation coefficient was higher than 0.988 for all analytes in the calibration range. Clinical applications include quantitative analyses of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The devised MALDI-MS/MS technique could be successfully applied to diagnosis of clinical samples.