• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.205-222
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• 2004

Objective: To investigate the effects of acupointed Choksamni(ST36), Kokchi(LI11) and Arbitrary acupoint on NADPH-diaphorase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS), neuropeptide Y(NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) in the cerebral cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods: The experimental groups were divided into four groups: Normal, Choksamni(ST36), Kokchi(LI11), arbitrary group. Needles were inserted into acupoints at the depth of 0.5 cm with basic insertion method. Such stimulation was applied continuously for 10 minutes, every other day, for 10 sessions of treatments. Thereafter we evaluated changes in NADPH-d-positive neurons histochemically and changes in nNOS, NPY and VIP-positive neurons immunohistochemically. Results : The optical densities of NADPH-d-positive neurons of all the Choksamni & Kokchi groups were significantly different in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to arbitrary group. In motor1, sensory2, cingulate2, insular, peripheral, visual cortex there was a significant difference between Choksamni & Kokchi group. The optical densities of nNOS-positive neurons of Choksamni group were significantly different in all areas except for auditory, visual and pisiform cortex and Kokchi group in all areas except for auditory and pisiform cortex as compared to arbitrary group. And there was a significant difference in cingulate1, cingulate2, ectohinal, visual cortex between Choksamni & Kokchi group. The optical densities of NPY neurons of Choksamni group were significantly different in cingulate2, insular, pisiform cortex and Kokchi group in motor1, motor2, sensory1, cingulate2, ectorhinal cortex as compared to arbitrary group. And there was no significant difference between Choksamni & Kokchi group. The optical densities of VIP neurons of Choksamni group were significantly different in all areas except for motor1, auditory cortex and Kokchi group in sensory1, insular, ectorhinal, perirhinal, visual, pisiform cortex as compared to arbitrary group. And there was a significant difference in cingulate1, cingulate2, retrosplenial, auditory corterx between Choksamni & Kokchi group. Conclusion : Our results demonstrated that acupuncture on Choksamni(ST36) & Kokchi(LI11) changes the control activities of the NO system in the cerebral cortex of SHR and according to areas there were significant difference between two groups. In all cerebral cortex areas there were distributed NPY & VIP and there were no significant difference among Choksamni(ST36), Kokchi(LI11) and arbitrary group.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate applications of 122 prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex in Dongeuibogam. Methods : 122 prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex which have been used separately or concurrently in Oriental Medicine for a long time as a treatment for various disease in Dongeuibogam were studied through order of frequency, symptoms, dosages, and etc. Results : 1. 19(15.57%) prescriptions are recorded in fatigue chapter, 11(9.02%) in mental or emotional disorder as a result of repressed anger or stress chapter, 9(7.38%) in urine and cough chapters respectively and 8(6.56%) in eyes, ears and glycosuria chapters respectively, which are arranged in order of frequency. 2. Burning stress resulted from Yin deficiency treat herbs are ranked top, Yin deficiency treat herbs, dim eyes, Yin-yang deficiency treat herbs, kidney function deficiency treat herbs are ranked in order of frequency among 78 symptoms in prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex. 3. The dosages of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma which is more used than Phellodendri Cortex are ranged from 5 puns:4 puns ~ 2 nyangs:1 nyang. 1 jeon:5 puns is recorded 3(30.00%), 1 jeon:7 puns is 2 times(20.00%), the others are 1 (10.00%) used among 10 prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex. 4. The dosages of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma which is used same amount Phellodendri Cortex are ranged from 3 puns each ~ 4 nyangs each, same amount each or unidentified dosages. Same amount each or unidentified dosages each is recorded 36 times(38.71%), 5 puns each is 15 times(16.85%), 1 nyang each is recorded 12 times(13.48%), 0.7 jeon each is recorded 7 times (7.87%) and 1 jeon each is recorded 6 times(6.74%) used among 89 prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex. 5. The dosages of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma which is less used than Phellodendri Cortex are ranged from 3 puns:1 jeon ~ 4 nyangs:8 nyangs. 1 nyang:2 nyangs is recorded 4(17.39%), 0.5 jeon:1 jeon is 3(13.40%) each, the others are 1 time(4.35%) used among 23 prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex. 6. The less using dosage of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex has a more percentage of decoctions groups, The more using dosage of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex has a more percentage of the other groups except decoctions. The less using prescriptions have an effects of controlling yin and blood deficiency, enhancing Qi, etc, as a whole. The more using prescriptions as a form of compound powder have an effects in incurableness disease, chronic diseases, and etc. Conclusions : The 122 prescriptions including Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex in Dongeuibogam are mainly composed of Gamree-hwan, Samool-tang, Naebo-hwan, Sagoonja-tang and Gobangpoong-tang, and etc.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Objectives : The goal of this study was to investigate the antidepressant effects of Mixture of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Moutan Cortex on the change of HPA-Axis and Catecholamic system. Methods : We were performed the Forced Swimming Test. The expressions of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and c-Fos at paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC) were evaluated by immunohistochemical method. Results : The duration of immobility in the Forced Swimming Test was significantly decreased in A100, A400(p<0.05~p<0.01). CRF expressions at PVN was significantly decreased in A400(p<0.05).No other group showed significant difference in expression of c-Fos at PVN comparing with control group. TH expressions at VTA was significantly decreased in A100 and A400, respectively(p<0.001). TH expressions at LC was significantly decreased in A100(p<0.01). Conclusions : According to the above results, Mixture of Lycii Radicis Cortex and Moutan Cortex has antidepressant effects via the reduction of CRF expression and the Catecholamine System activity.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.107-113
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate an effect of Mori Cortex in the cardiac injury following dermal scald burn in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were induced scald bum (15％ of total body surface area). Heart was removed at 5 h postburn and examined with biochemical assay, ultrastructural observations and stereological analysis. The activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine was increased at 5 h postburn compared with them of control. Administration of heat extracts of Mori Cortex after scald burn inhibited the production of KC (neutrophil chemoattractant cytokine) and increased the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) in heart tissue. The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in heart tissue was decreased both at 5 h postburn and in case of Mori Cortex administration after scald burn. Ultrastructurally, many contraction bands and separation of intercalated disk induced by scald burn were decreased by administration of heat extracts of Mori Cortex. In stereological analysis, administration of Mori Cortex after scald burn resulted the volume densities of myofibril and mitochondria were increased compared with them of burn control. These data suggest that Mori Cortex may be a useful stuff to the range of available treatments for cardiac injury induced by skin burn.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회 and 제3회 신약개발 연구발표회
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• pp.244-244
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• 1994

Cortex Mori, the root bark of mulbery tree has been used as an antiphlogistic, diuretic, and expectorant in herbal medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate chicken gamma globulin (CGG)-specific IgE-induced morphologic and functional changes in rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC), and to determine whether Cortex Mori could inhibit the CGG-specific IgE-depeildent mast cell degranulation and histamine release from RPMC. Results are 1) the degranuration and histamine release from RPMC were not induced within 1 hour after addition of Cortex Mori alone, 2) the CGG and CGG-specific IgE-Induced degranulation from RPMC was observed within 10 minutes, 3) the histamine release from RPMC sensitised with CGG-specific IgE was induced by tile addition of CGG, 4) CGG-specific IgE-dependent degranulation rate in RPMC pretreated with Cortex Mori was significantly Inhibited, compared to that of control group without Cortex Mori pretreatment, and 5) the CGG-specific IgE-dependent histamine release from RPMC was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with Cortex Mori. These data suggest that Cortex Mori contains some substances with capabilities to inhibit CGG-specific IgE-dependent degranulation and histamine release from RPMC.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.129-132
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• 2004

Single unit responses of the ventral posterior medial (VPM) thalamic neurons to stimulation were monitored in anesthetized rats during activation of contralateral primary somatosensory (SI) cortex by GABA antagonist. The temporal changes of afferent sensory transmission were quantitatively analyzed by poststimulus time histogram (PSTH). Mainly, afferent sensory transmission to VPM thalamus was facilitated (15 neurons of total 23) by GABA antagonist (bicuculline) applied to contralateral cortex, while 7 neurons were suppressed. However, when ipsilateral cortex was inactivated by GABA agonist, musimol, there was significant suppression of afferent sensory transmission of VPM thalamus. This suppressed responsiveness by ipsilateral musimol was not affected by bicuculline applied to contralateral cortex. These results suggest that afferent transmission to VPM thalamus may be subjected to the interhemispheric modulation via ipsilateral cortex during inactivation of GABAergic neurons in contralateral SI cortex.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.237-248
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• 2003

Recent evidence on behaviors in macaque monkeys indicate that the medial temporal cortical areas such as the entorhinal cortex (EC), perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) are importantly involved in limbic and sensory memory function. Neuroanatomical studies also have demonstrated that the medial temporal cortical areas are connected with the ventral striatum, although comparatively little is known about the precise topography of these connections. We investigated the topographic organization of connections between the medial temporal cortical areas and the ventral striatum by placing retrograde tracers into five different regions of the ventral striatum: the ventromedial caudate nucleus, ventral shell, central shell, dorsal core of the nucleus accumbens (NA), and ventrolateral putamen. We found that the shell of the NA was the main projection site from the medial temporal cortical areas. Within the shell of the NA, there were also differential connections: EC diffusely innervates shell of the NA, while the projections from the perirhinal cortex and PHC concentrate on the ventral shell of the NA. Taken together, it is possible that the ventral shell of the NA is the main integration site of the limbic and sensory memory coming from the EC, perirhinal cortex, and PHC.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2010

The application of PCR analysis on the herbal medicine Moutan Cortex (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) was evaluated by the comparison of the genetic relationship based on the DNA sequence with Paeoniae Radix (Paeonia lactiflora Pallas) following development of specific primers. Moutan Cortex and Paeoniae Radix were distinguished through the PCR analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-PCR) from nuclear ribosomal DNA region. The 294 bp PCR products both of Moutan Cortex and Paeoniae Radix was amplified by MIF1 and MIR1. And a Moutan Cortex specific 225 bp PCR amplification product was amplified by MIF2 and MIR1 primers. The 225 bp sequence could be successfully amplified from Mortan Cortex of dried herbal preparations. PCR analysis based on ITS (ITS-PCR) may be an efficient tool for the discrimination of Moutan Cortex.

• 약학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.460-467
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• 2001

Heavy metals, such as Al, As, Cd, Cr Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, V and Zn, were analysed on kidney cortex and medulla of Korean obtained from 154 forensic medical autopsy cadavers. Heavy metals were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry In kidney cortex, the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Si and Zn were significantly higher than in the kidney medulla (Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn : p<0.01, AA, Pb, Se, Si : p<0.05). No significant local differences were found between kidney cortex and kidney medulla in the concentrations of As, Cr Fe, Hg, Ni, Sn and V. In kidney cortex and kidney medulla, Cd concentrations correlated positively with age, but Mn concentrations correlated negatively with age. A significantly positive correlation between Cd and Zn, Cd and Cu, Zn and Cu, Al and Si, Se and As was found in kidney cortex and kidney medulla. A significantly positive correlation between Hg and Se was only observed in kidney cortex. These results indicate that the distribution of hazardous heavy metals is similar to that of essential elements in the tissues.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.524-529
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• 2016

Controlling the production of diverse cell/tissue types is essential for the development of multicellular organisms such as animals and plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana root, which contains distinct cells/tissues along longitudinal and radial axes, has served as an elegant model to investigate how genetic programs and environmental signals interact to produce different cell/tissue types. In the root, a series of asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) give rise to three ground tissue layers at maturity (endodermis, middle cortex, and cortex). Because the middle cortex is formed by a periclinal (parallel to the axis) ACD of the endodermis around 7 to 14 days post-germination, middle cortex formation is used as a parameter to assess maturation of the root ground tissue. Molecular, genetic, and physiological studies have revealed that the control of the timing and extent of middle cortex formation during root maturation relies on the interaction of plant hormones and transcription factors. In particular, abscisic acid and gibberellin act synergistically to regulate the timing and extent of middle cortex formation, unlike their typical antagonism. The SHORT-ROOT, SCARECROW, SCARECROW-LIKE 3, and DELLA transcription factors, all of which belong to the plant-specific GRAS family, play key roles in the regulation of middle cortex formation. Recently, two additional transcription factors, SEUSS and GA- AND ABA-RESPONSIVE ZINC FINGER, have also been characterized during ground tissue maturation. In this review, we provide a detailed account of the regulatory networks that control the timing and extent of middle cortex formation during post-embryonic root development.