• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.84-94
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• 1997

This study was done to examine changes of plasma homovanillic acid(HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA), and HVA/5-HIAA ratio during an 8-week clozapine trial and to investigate the relationship between the plasma monoamine metabolites and treatment responses. Twenty-seven chronic schizophrenic patiens were treated for 8 weeks with clozapine. The psychopathology was assessed at baseline just clozapine trial and then every 2 weeks until the end of 8-week clozapine treatment using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression scale(CGI). The plasma HVA and 5-HIAA levels were measured also biweekly using high preformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection method. Plasma HVA and 5-HIAA levels were significantly decreased during a 8-week clozapine treatment, although plasma HVA/5-HIAA ratio showed no significant change. The changes of plasma HVA levels were in significant correlations with the changes of PANSS positive scores, of general psychophathology scores, and changes of total socres. The changes of plasma 5-HIAA levels were in signfificant correlations with the changes of PANSS negative scores. But the changes of plasma HVA/5-HIAA ratio had no significant correlation with any PANSS subscale score changes. 48% of the patients treated with clozapine was categorized as responders, who showed at least a 20% decrease in PANSS total socre and a CGI severity score of mildly ill or less(${\leq}3$) at the end pint of the study. The baseline plasma HVA levels and HVA/5-HIAA ratio were significantly higher in responders(N=13) than in nonresponders (N=14). But no significant difference in baseline levels of plasma 5-HIAA was found between responders and nonresponders. At the end point of the study, there was significant difference in the change of plasma HVA between responders(40.3% decrement) and nonresponders(3.1% increment). But no signficant differences in the change of plasma 5-HIAA and the change of plasma HVA/5-HIAA ratio between responders and nonresponders were observed. These results suggest that the antipsychotic effect of clozapine on positive symptoms may be associated with dopaminergic blocking activity, and that on negative symptoms may be associated with serotonergic blocking activity. The baseline plasma HVA levels and the change of HVA levels from baseline may be useful predictors of treatment response with clozapine.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1997

Purpose : Aseptic meningitis mainly caused by enterovirus is common in pediatric population especially during summer & fall. Most of pediatric patients restore their health without any complications with proper management. Between May to August of 1996, Masan and surrounding areas of the Kyoungsangnamdo were epidemic areas for the aseptic meningitis. The purpose of this study was to determine causative virus and describe correlation between disease and clinical symptoms in aseptic meningitis patients and those with fever and characteristic rashes without apparent meningitis symptoms. Methods : Between May to August, 1996, 57 patients with high fever and characteristic feature of rashes were reviewed. From 22 cerebrospinal fluid & 57 stool obtained specimens, viral culture and detection of enterovirus RNA were conducted. Collected specimens were kept in $-30^{\circ}C$ environment until sending of specimens to labortory. The virus identified through indirect immunofluorescence. RT-PCR method was used to identify enterovirus RNA in cerebralspinal fluid. Results : 1) One hundred fifty five pediatric patients with viral infection required hospitalization. Disease occurred higher rate in male than female with ratio of 1.94:1. Examined patients' age ranged from 15days old to 15years old. But most of patients(74.8%) were under age of 5years old. The time of occurrence was between May to August of 1996. 2) All patients had high fever and physical symptoms in those patients include headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rashes. The rashes observed mainly in patients under age of 4 years and were predominantly commom patients under age of 18 months olds)<0.001). 3) Between sampled patients and non-sampled patients, clinical course was similar. Echovirus type 9 was cultivated in 41 out of 57 cases of collected stool specimens. RT-PCR that used on CSF showed positive results in 10 out of 22 cases. Three cases of positive cultivated of positive results in RT-PCR were echovirus type 9. Conclusions : Echovirus type 9 was thought to be the causative agent of aseptic meningitis that was prevalent throughout mid areas of Kyoungsangnamdo from May to August, 1996. Additionally causative agent that responsible for high fever with rashes without meningitis symptoms also thought to be the same echovirus type 9.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to detect spinosad which are difficult to analyze by multi-component simultaneous analysis of pesticide residues. We monitored spinosad due to the paucity of related information. The spinosad was determined using HPLC with UV detector at 250 nm. Correlation coefficient ($r^2$) for standard curve of spinosad A and D at standard concentration of 0.1-5.0 mg/kg were 0.999, respectively. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) of HPLC analysis was 0.005 mg/kg while limit of detection (LOD) was 0.001 mg/kg. Recovery experiments were conducted on five representative agricultural products to validate the analytical method. The recovery of proposed methods ranged from 74.9% to 104.0% and relative standard deviations were less than 10%. Spinosad residues were investigated in 16 commodities collected from 22 provinces. In this study, residues on all samples were not detected.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.183-196
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• 1991

In order to establish ELISA method to detect antibody against IBV various factors involved were examined. Antigen was prepared from Massachusetts type IBV which is known to be one of serotypes distributed most widely. The virus was grown in embryonated SPF chicken eggs. Allantoic fluid harvested was processed to ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to produce a purified antigen The antisera selected from the field samples based on hemagglutination inhibition test were used as the standard positive and negative sera for this study and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1 , It was found that ELISA test was satisfactory when the purified antigen was coated on the plate in the amount of about 40ng protein per well. In case of the phospholipase treated hemagglutinating antigen it gave satisfactory results when the each well wns coated with 1.2 to 2.5 hemagglutinating unit which was equivalent to 40 to 90ng of protein. 2. There was no significant difference in the ratio of optical density of positive to that of negative serum whether the coated antigen was held for 1 hour at 37$^{\circ}C$ or it was held overnight at 4$^{\circ}C$. The coated antigen could be kept in dried state without change of antigenecity for at least one month of experimental period at 4$^{\circ}C$. 3. There was a big variation in the optical density and P/N values depending on the maker of the plates and on the plate of the same maker. 4. It was found that background optical density was negligible when serum was diluted more than 1：50 and serum dilution of 1：100 appeared to be appropriate as a routine test dilution to screen the antibody. 5. Optical density was fairly constant 15 minutes afterward from the time substrate was treated and during the 4 hours after stopper was treated. 6. There was a low correlation(r＝0.42) between ELISA and HI test. However, when 74serum samples were tested for the IBV antibody, 98.7% were found to be positive by both tests in which titers of 2$^{6}$ or more by HI test and P/N values of 1.4 or more by ELISA were considered to be positive, 7 Day-old IBV vaccinated chickens shows a similar antibody decay and rising pattern until 8 weeks of age by the two tests, ELISA and HI.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 1997

Purpose: There have been some efforts to diagnose intracranial aneurysm through a non-invasive method using MRA, although the process may be difficult when the lesion is less than 3mm. The present study prospectively compares the results of high resolution, fast speed slice interpolation MRA and DSA thereby examing the potentiality of primary non-invasive screening test. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 cerebral aneurysm lesions from 14 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm (RA) and 5 patients with unruptured aneurysm(UA). In all subjects, MRA was taken to confirm the vessel of origin, definition of aneurysm neck and the relationship of the aneurysm to nearby small vessels, and the results were compared with the results of DSA. The images were obtained with 1.5T superconductive machine (Vision, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) on 4 slabs of MRA using slice interpolation. The settings include TR/TE/FA=30/6.4/25, matrix $160{\times}512$, FOV $150{\times}200$, 7minutes 42 seconds of scan time, effective thickness of 0.7 mm and an entire thickness of 102. 2mm. The images included structures from foramen magnum to A3 portion of anterior cerebral artery. MIP was used for the image analysis, and multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) technique was used in cases of intracranial aneurysm. Results: A total of 26 intracranial aneurysm lesions from 19 patients with 2 patients having 3 lesion, 3 patients having 2 lesions and the rest of 14 patients having 1 lesion each were examined. Among those, 14 were RA and 12 were UA. Eight lesions were less than 2mm in size, 9 lesions were 3-5mm, 7 were 6-9mm and 2 were larger than IOmm. On initial exams, 25 out of 26 aneurysm lesions were detected in either MRA or DSA showing 96% sensitivity. Specificity cannot be estimated since there was no true negative of false positive findings. When MRA and MPR were used concurrently for the confirmation of size and shape, the results were equivalent to those of DSA, while in the confirmation of aneurysm neck and parent vessels, the concurrent use of MRA and MPR was far superior to the sole use of either MRA or DSA. Conclusion: High resolution MRA using slice interpolation technique showed equal results as those of DSA for the detection of intracranial aneurysm, and may be used as a primary non-invasive screening test in the future.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.273-291
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• 2016

Some ceramic artifacts representing time-wise from comb pattern pottery in the Neolithic Age to white porcelain in Joseon Dynasty were selected from 7 sites in the north and south area of Charyeong Mountain Range in order to making techniques interpretation and development process of ancient ceramics through physicochemical and mineralogical quantitative analysis. Studied pottery samples in the Prehistoric times showed trace of ring piling in soft-type, and pottery in the Three Kingdoms Period had both soft and hard-type but kettle-ware and storage-ware were made with ring piling, but table-ware was made by wheel spinning. Different from pottery after the Three Kingdom Period when refinement of source clay was high, pottery in the Neolithic Age and in the Bronze Age exhibited highly mineral content in sandy source clay, which showed a lot of larger temper than source clay. Groundmass of celadon and white porcelain almost did not reveal primary minerals but had high content of minerals by high temperature firing. Ceramic samples showed some different in major and minor elements according to sites irrespective of times. Geochemical behaviors are very similar indicating similar basic characteristics of source clay. However, loss-on-ignition showed 0.01 to 12.59wt.% range with a large deviation but it rapidly decreased moving from the Prehistoric times to the Three Kingdom Period. They have correlation with the weight loss due to firings, according to burning degree of source clay and detection of high temperature minerals, estimated firing temperatures are classified into 5 groups. Pottery in the Neolithic Age and in the Bronze Age belongs from 750 to $850^{\circ}C$ group; pottery in the Three Kingdom Period are variously found in 750 to $1,100^{\circ}C$ range of firing temperature; and it is believed celadon and white porcelain were baked in high temperature of 1,150 to $1,250^{\circ}C$. It seems difference between refinement of source clay and firing temperature based on production times resulted from change in raw material supply and firing method pursuant to development of production skill. However, there was difference in production methods even at the same period and it is thought that they were utilized according to use purpose and needs instead of evolved development simply to one direction.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.848-854
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• 2007

Purpose : The present study examined the etiology and risk factors of the early breast-feeding jaundice and the usefulness of auditory brainstem response test as early predictor of kernicterus. Methods : Medical records of neonatal jaundice in newborn admitted to Daegu Fatima Hospital between September 2005 and May 2006 were analyzed prospectively. Infants were grouped according to feeding method : breast feeding group (breast feeding only, n=23), mixed feeding group (breast feeding mainly plus addition of fomula feeding, n=13). Results : There were no significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, sex, duration of phototherapy, serum bilirubin and hemolytic evidence between the two study groups. First visiting day of life at out patient department was significantly delayed in breast feeding group ($8.7{\pm}3.6day$) compared to mixed feeding group ($6.0{\pm}1.9$) (P=0.009). Weight loss was significantly severe in breast feeding group compared to mixed feeding group (P<0.05). In auditory brainstem response test, loss of Wave V in 3 cases was observed and recoverd after blood exchange transfusion in follow up test.Wave III latency had significant correlation to serum bilirubin in auditory brainstem response test (70 dB) (P=0.002). Conclusion : Our study suggest that further education about breast feeding and follow up within the first postnatal week would be necessary for early detection and prevention of early breast-feeding jaundice. Test of serum bilirubin and auditory brainstem response would be helpful in determination of blood exchange transfusion.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.537-544
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• 2008

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can detect bacteria more rapidly than conventional plate counting. However DNA-based assays cannot distinguish between viable and dead cells due to persistence of DNA after cells have lost their vitality. Recently, propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment has been introduced. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the PMA treatment and real-time PCR method for cell counting in comparison with plate counting and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of 2% CHX on E. faecalis using PMA treatment in combination with real-time PCR. Firstly, to elucidate the relationship between the proportion of viable cells and the real-time PCR signals after PMA treatment, mixtures with different ratios of viable and dead cells were used. Secondly, relative difference of viable cells using PMA treatment in combination with real-time PCR was compared with CFU by plate counting. Lastly, antibacterial efficacy of 2% CHX on E. faecalis was measured using PMA treatment in combination with real-time PCR. The results were as follows : 1. Ct value increased with decreasing proportion of viable E. faecalis. 2. There was correlation between viable cells measured by real-time PCR after PMA treatment and CFU by plate counting until Optical density (OD) value remains under 1.0. However, viable cells measured by real-time PCR after PMA treatment have decreased at 1.5 of OD value while CFU kept increasing. 3. Relative difference of viable E. faecalis decreased more after longer application of 2% CHX.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.653-661
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• 2001

Background: Retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) is one of the methods used for brain protection during aortic arch surgery. The author previously published the data, however, for the safety of it, there still remains many controversies. The author performed RCP and checked various parameters to clarify the possibility of early detection of cerebral injury. Material and Method: The author used pigs(Landrace species) weighing 25 to 30kg and performed RCP for 120 minutes. After weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass, we observed pigs for another 120 minutes. Rectal temperature, jugular venous oxygen saturation, central venous pressure were continuously monitored, and the hemodynamic values, histological changes, and serum levels of neuron-specific enolose(NSE) and S100$\beta$ protein were checked. Central venous pressure during RCP was maintained in the range of 20 to 25 mmHg. Result: Flow rates(ml/min) during RCP were 224.3$\pm$87.5(20min), 227.1$\pm$111.0(40min), 221.4$\pm$119.5(60min), 230.0$\pm$136.5(80min), 234.3$\pm$146.1(100min), and 184.3$\pm$50.5(120min). Serum levels of NSE did not increase after retrograde cerebral perfusion. Serum levels of S100$\beta$ protein(ng/ml) were 0.12$\pm$0.07(induction of anesthesia), 0.12$\pm$0.07(soon after CPB), 0.19$\pm$0.12(20min after CPB), 0.25$\pm$0.06(RCP 20min), 0.29$\pm$0.08(RCP 40min), 0.41$\pm$0.05(60min), 0.49$\pm$0.03(RCP 80min), 0.51$\pm$0.10(RCP 100min), 0.46$\pm$0.11(RCP 120min), 0.52$\pm$0.15(CPBoff 60min), 0.62$\pm$0.15(60min after rewarming), 0.76$\pm$0.17(CPBoff 30min), 0.81$\pm$0.20(CPBoff 60min), 0.84$\pm$0.23(CPBoff 90min) and 0.94$\pm$0.33(CPBoff 120min). The levels of S100$\beta$ after RCP were significantly higher than thosebefore RCP(p<0.05). The author could observe the mitochondrial swellings using transmission electron microscopy in neocortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus(CA1 region). Conclusion: The author observed the increase of serum S100$\beta$ after 120 minutes of RCP. The correlation between its level and brain injury is still unclear. The results should be reevaluated with longterm survival model also considering the confounding factors like cardiopulmonary bypass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.1097-1105
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• 2017

This study examined how much chicken meat was in sausage made with pork. Both real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and internal standard addition were used. Fifty ng of chicken DNA was added to the sausages as an internal standard. The addition of standard DNA increased the amplification efficiency of PCR and confirmed the possibility of quantitative analysis. A QIAamp DNA Micro Kit was used to improve the DNA recovery and amplification efficiency. The density of template DNA and primer were suitable for $3.0{\sim}5.0{\mu}L$ and $0.5{\mu}L$, respectively. Each DNA of pig and chicken was diluted in 10-fold from steps 50 ng to 0.05 ng. The detection limit of both pig and chicken meat was more than 0.05 ng and the correlation coefficient of the standard curve was at least 0.98. The result of the quantitative analysis after heat treatment of 3 samples of pigs and chickens mixed at 70:30 showed a 5.7% difference (64.3:35.7) between the expected value and measured value. The quantitative value was changed by affecting the DNA according to the heat treatment ($70^{\circ}C$, 10 min). An analysis of the pork and chicken content in sausages showed that it was difficult to detect chicken meat and the quantitative value of DNA according to the Ct value was very low. On the other hand, when adding standard material (50 ng of chicken DNA) to the sausages, the Ct value decreased gradually with increasing chicken mixing ratio. Thus, the mixing ratio of chicken in sausages could be estimated.