• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.781-789
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• 2007

Purpose: The study was conducted to investigate the skin hydration level in various body sites and identify the influencing factors in neonates. Methods: An exploratory comparison study was designed to measure the stratum corneum hydration, using a National DM-R2 on the forehead, abdomen, buttocks, and the back of the hands and feet of 198 neonates including 92 premature infants. Results: The results showed 32.7%-36.5% of stratum corneum hydration for all sites. Premature infants revealed a higher hydration level on the peripheral sites (dorsal hand and feet) than those of the full-term infants, possibly resulting from therapeutic regimens including an incubator or radiant warmer. Infants in an incubator showed a higher hydration level than those in radiant warmers, suggesting more attention to fluid management for infants in the open environment. In addition, all stratum corneum hydration measurements except one, from the forehead, showed a positive correlation with postnatal age in full-term infants while showing no relation to any measurements in premature infants. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the very low skin hydration levels in hospitalized neonates, particularly in premature neonates with more susceptible skin hydration instability despite therapeutic interventions for fluid balance. More vigilant fluid management is imperative in neonates, particularly those in the open environment.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1284-1293
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of aromatherapy on skin xerosis and pruritus in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Twenty one subjects of this study were selected from St. Paul's Hosipital in Seoul. All the subjects were received the mineral oil massage at the arm without fistular three timesper week for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks period of wash-out, the subjects were received the aromatherapy of lavender and tea tree essence oil in the same way. This study was carried out from March 20 to June 13, 1998. Pruritus score, skin pH and stratum corneum hydration were measured before and after each treatment. But, biochemical parameters were measured before the treatment of the mineral oil massage, after the treatment of the mineral oil massage and the aromatherapy. Data of this study were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni multiple comparisons and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were as follows ; 1. Pruritus score was significantly decreased after the aromatherapy, while no significant change after the treatment of the mineral oil massage. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the priritus score between the two treatments. 2. Stratum corneum hydration was significantly increased after the aromatherapy, while no significant change after the treatment of the mineral oil massage. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the stratum corneum hydration between the two treatments. 3. Skin pH was significantly increased after the treatment of the mineral oil massage, while no significant change after the aromatherapy. Therefore, there was no significant difference in the skin pH between the two treatments.4. After the aromatherapy, the serum calcium was significantly increased. Whereas the serum parathyroid hormone intact was significantly decreased compared with the treatment of the mineral oil massage. But the level of the serum Ca and PTH-intact were within the normal range. 5. Stratum corneum hydration was decreased corresponding to the duration of hemodialysis, while pruritus score and skin pH showed no change corresponding to the duration of hemodialysis and the age of the subjects. The correlation of pruritus score on skin pH, stratum corneum hydration and biochemical parameters was not significant. In conclusion, this findings indicate that aromatherapy may be effective in decreasing skin xerosis and pruritus score in uremic pruritus patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2004

Objectives : To study change of external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide through administering Sihocheonggan-san (SC) extract on to the control (CON). This study was done through forcing injury to mice's back skin which have lipid protection formation in stratum corneum. Materials and Methods : The CON to which damage was caused intentionally using the external application on the mice's back skin used the SC. The change of leukocytes in vasculature were identified through optima 5.2 and Student's t-test and the results were made into a dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing SC extract into the CON, dermal injury was decreased. Especially, recover of lipid protection formation, which includes lipid and ceramide in stratum corneum suppressing acute inflammation that some factors are PKC, TNF-α, IL-12B which controlled the secretion of relating inflammatory cytokine, also went onto decrease of angiogenesis, and a decrease of degranulated mast cells was noted. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cells to decrease in stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased and it could relate to decrease in CON. Conclusions : SC has effect on CON suppressing the dermal injury through recovering of lipid protection formation in stratum corneum.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2003

The skin is a barrier between the living organism and its environment, and this barrier function resides in the stratum corneum. The main function of the stratum corneum is to serve as a barrier preventing the penetration of irritants and transepidermal water loss(TEWL). The rate of transepidermal water loss is a convenient parameter for expressing barrier function. Impaired barrier function was manifested by a greatly increased rate of transepidermal water loss. In atopic dermatitis the rate of transepidermal water lossis greatly increased transepidermal water loss. Medication of Gagampalmultang restored to normal the abnormally high rates of transepidermal water loss in the 104 patients with atopic dermatitis. It specifically plays an important role in regulating barrier function.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1989

The clonidine transport mechanism through the skin was investigated with assumptions that epidermis is heterogeneous and two-layer membrane. Immobilization of clonidine was not found in stratum corneum but in viable epidermis. The sorption in the viable epidermis agreed with the dual sorption theory. Diffusion coefficient in stratum corneum was five order magnitude less than that in viable epidermis. In viable epidermis, the ratio of true diffusivity to apparent diffusivity increased initially then decreased as a function of clonidine concentration, and the true diffusivity was always larger than the apparent diffusivity.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.72-83
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• 2006

Objective : This study was designed to identify lipid protection formation in stratum corneum and anti-inflammatory effects of Sopungdojeok-tang(SD) on atopic dermatitis(AD). Materials and Methods : In Vivo, SD extract was orally administered to BALB/c mice at $2.5m{\ell}/kg/day$ for 2 days after 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate evoked atopic dermatitis in abdominal skin. Morphological changes were observed by immunohistochemical stain using monoclonal antibodies(BrdU, ceramide, MIP-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p50, IL-4, and STAT6) and TUNEL method. In vitro, the alterations of IL-4 mRNA expression were detected by RT-PCT in SD extract treated EL4 cells after phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and 4-tert-Octylphenol induce Th2 skewed condition. Results : SD is used in Oriental Medicine for its potential curative for atopic dermatitis. In this study, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory and lipid lamella repair effects of SD were investigated. SD decreased the number of eosinophil in atopic dermatitis induced mice. In the histological properties, the hyperplasia, edema, infiltration of lymphocytes, damage of intercellular space of stratum corneum, BrdU positive reacted cells in stratum basal, and degranulated mast cells and capillaries in dermal papillae decreased in mice with SD. Treatment of SD also decreased MIP-2, STAT6 and IL-4 in dermal papillae. The IL-4 mRNA expression decreased in a dose-dependant manner in SD treated EL4 cells. In addition, decrease of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p50 and increase of apoptotic cells in dermis were observed in SD treated mice. These data suggest that SD may beneficial for atopic dermatitis. Conclusions : These data suggest that SD is beneficial in treatment of atopic dermatitis, and that SD provides lipid protection in stratum corneum and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2017

본 연구는 보습상태에서 피부의 각질층에 변화상태를 구조적으로 모델링한다. 피부구조에 따라 진행되는 형태는 세포사이와 세포횡단의 조건으로 조절 할 수 있도록 하였고, 구조적인 모델링으로 시스템의 변화상태를 확인하였다. 보습조건에서 크기 형태 조합의 모형을 구성하고, 결과적으로 보습상태의 피부 임피던스는 각층에 따라 피부에 측정 임피던스가 ${\xi}-R-SC-RH$, ${\xi}-R-SL-RH$, ${\xi}-R-SG-RH$, ${\xi}-R-SS-RH$ 와 ${\xi}-R-SB-RH$ 로 다른 형태로 나타났다. 보습조건에서 S-Corneum, S-Lucidum, S-Granulosum, S-Spinosum 과 S-Basale의 변화의 차가 있고, 변환을 제어하는 전달시스템을 구성과 변환모델을 세분화하여 구축하였다. 이를 통하여 보습상태에서 피부의 기능적 효능조절이 가능한 보습조절시스템이 구성되어 지속적인 피부의 개선효과가 진행 될 것으로 예상된다. 투과 조절시스템이 구성되어 지속적인 피부의 개선효과가 진행 될 것으로 예상된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2005

Objectives : Applying herbal-acupuncture using Ursi Fet into Zusanli (UZ) on to the atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice to study changes in external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide. This study was done through forcing an injury to the mice's back skin which damages the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum. Methods : The AD which was caused intentionally using the external application on the mice's back skin was treated with VB; the change of leukocytes in the vasculature was identified through optima 5.2 and Student's t-test and the results were made into a dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing UZ into the AD, the dermal injury decreased. The recovery of the lipid protection formation which includes lipid and ceramide in the stratum comeum (for suppressing acute inflammation due to factors such as PKC, $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$, which controlled the secretion of the relating inflammatory cytokine) also went on to show a decrease of both angiogenesis and degranulated mast cells. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cells to decrease in the stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased na this could relate to a decrease in AD. Conclusions : UZ has an effect on AD by suppressing dermal injury through the recovery of the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2019

Carbonylated proteins (CPs)은 단백질의 염기성 아미노산 잔기들과 지질 과산화 중 생성되는 알데히드 화합물과의 화학적 반응을 통하여 만들어진다. CP는 UVA와 청색 광선 영역의 빛을 흡수하여 흥분하며, CP의 감광 반응을 통해 superoxide anion radicals ($^{\cdot}O_2{^-}$)이 생성되고 각질층(Stratum corneum, SC)에서 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 생성을 통해 새로운 protein carbonylation이 진행되는 것이 알려졌다. 또한, superoxide anion radicals이 SC에서 CP를 생성하며 색상과 수분 기능을 포함한 피부 상태에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되었다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 피부 각질층에 존재하는 stratum corneum carbonylated protein (SCCP)의 생성량과 피부 탄력 개선의 상관정도를 알아보는 것이었다. 이를 위하여 46명의 건강한 피험자들을 대상으로 8주간 피부임상실험을 진행하였다. 8주간 진행한 피부임상시험은 피험자를 두 그룹으로 나누어, 한 그룹은 아무것도 함유하지 않은 크림을 사용하고, 다른 그룹은 탄력개선 원료가 함유된 크림을 사용하였다. 임상시험 측정 항목은 DUB scanner를 이용한 진피 치밀도 측정, Primos를 이용한 주름 측정을 진행하였으며 탄력 측정은 dermal torque meter (DTM310)와 Balistometer (BLS780)를 통해 진행하였다. SCCP측정은 피험자의 뺨에서cyanoacrylate를 이용한 skin surface biopsy (SSB)방법을 이용하여 각질을 채취한 후, 비침습적인 검출 방법을 이용해 SCCP의 양을 조사하였다. 측정은 0주, 4주, 8주 총 3회에 걸쳐서 진행하였으며 각 주차의 측정값을 각각 분석하여 종합적인 결과를 비교하였다. 그 결과, SC에 존재하는 CP의 양은 피부 주름 및 피부 탄력성과 관련된 생물학적 인자의 수치가 개선됨에 따라 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 항노화 효과에 있어서 탄력 개선과 CP양의 상관관계를 확인하여, 차후 피부 항노화 시험방법에 응용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1990

It was investigated the morphological changes of differentiating epidermal cells in chick embryos. Ectodermal cells at 3 days after incubation were cuboidal, their nuclei were large, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were distributed in the cytoplasm. At 5 days after incubation, there were periderm and one basal layer in epidermis. The cells of basal layer were columnar, their nuclei were round, and rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes were developed. Also, peridermal cells were flat, chromatins were partially condensed and glycogen particles were abundant. No periderm showed and cells of basal layer formed intermediate layer at 9 days after incubation. Basal cells of intermediate layer were cuboidal, neighboring cells were anchored by desmosomes and tonofibrils and free ribosomes were evenly scattered. At 15 days after incubation, stratum corneum and stratum germinativum were distinguished. In cells of stratum germinativum, tonofibrils, free ribosomes and desmosomes were well developed. And then, the shedding of stratum corneum were showed at 17 days after incubation and stratum corneum were well developed after hatching.