• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of variety and planting year on the nutritive values of corn fed to growing pigs. Four corn varieties examined in this experiment were planted in the same village located in Longhua County, Heibei Province, China, in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. During each year, corn was hand-harvested in early October and sun dried to about 14% moisture content. Three batches of twenty-four barrows ($33.27{\pm}4.30$, $31.88{\pm}2.93$, $34.21{\pm}3.81kg$ body wight [BW] in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively) were used and allotted to a complete block design with 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were individually placed in metabolic crates. The four experimental diets were formulated by mixing each variety of corn and vitamins and minerals, respectively. A five-day collection period followed a seven-day diet acclimation period. The results indicated that variety of corn significantly influenced the available energy content (digestible energy [DE] on dry matter basis, p<0.05; metabolizable energy (ME) on dry matter basis, p<0.05, respectively), and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter (p<0.01), dry matter (p<0.05), gross energy (p<0.05), neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01), acid detergent fiber and ether extract (p<0.05). The planting year also significantly influenced the available energy contents (DE on dry matter basis, p<0.05; ME on dry matter basis, p<0.01, respectively) and the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.01), acid detergent fiber (p<0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), and ether extract (p<0.01). No interaction was observed between the variety and planting year in DE and ME contents in corn. In conclusion, the variety and planting year significantly influenced the available energy and nutrient digestibility of corn fed to growing pigs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out to determine the harvesting day after heading of barley for highest total forage yield in double cropping with corn at paddy field in middle region. The fresh barley yield was the highest at the harvest of 20 days after heading, but the dry matter yield and TDN yield were the highest at the harvest of 25 days after heading because of higher dry matter rate. The dry matter yield of corn after the harvest of 25 days after heading was decreased about 16 percent than that of the check, sowing on april 25. But total fresh yield of corn monoculture was lower about 31 percent, and decreased 28 percent of dry matter and 23 percent of TDN yield, respectively, than that of the double cropping system with corn and barley. In double cropping system at paddy field, the total forage yield was the highest at the harvest of 25 days after heading of barley and grew corn subsequently. Although yield of corn was reduced by late sowing, the total forage yield was increased by double cropping system compared with corn monoculture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 1997

For screening thermostable $\alpha$-amylase from thermophiles, various samples from extreme environments such as hot spring and sewage near them, and compoat, wereexamined microbial growth in enrichment culture medium at 55$\circ$C on the assumption that enzymes from thermophiles are inevitable thermostable. One strain showing higher $\alpha$-amylase activity was pure cultured and designated as Bacillus sp. TR-25 from the results of morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. The most important carbon sourses for the enzyme production were soluble starch, dextrin, potato starch and corn starch. Glucose and fructose had a catabolite repression on the enzyme production. The good nitrogen sources for the enzyme production were yeat extract, nutrient broth, tryptone, corn steep liquor and ammonium sulfate. The enzyme production was accelerated by addition of CaCl$_{2}$. $\cdot $ H$_{2}$O. The optimal medium composition for the enzyme production was soluble starch 2.0%, yeast extract 0.55, CaCl$_{2}$ $\cdot $ 2H$_{2}$O 0.015, Tween 80 0.001%, pH8.0, respectively. In jar fermenter culture, this strain shows a rapid growth and required cheaper carbon and nitrogen source. These properties are very useful to fermentation industry. The $\alpha$-amylase of this strain demonstrated a maximum activity at 80$\circ$C, pH 5.0, respectively. And calcium ion did not improve thermostability of the enzyme. At 10$0^{\circ}C$, this enzyme has 235 of relative activity. Transformation was carried out by thermophilic Bacillus sp. TR-25 genomic DNA. As a result, the transformant has increased thermostable $\alpha$-amylase activity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 1996

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), known as an effective anticarcinogen in several aminal models, on the egg production and egg weight of laying hens, and the weight gains of broilers were investigated. CLA was synthesized from corn oil by the alkaline isomerization method and purified by the low-temperature precipitation method. Diets for laying hens and for broilers were synthesized to meet the specification of their NRC standard rationals. Two separated experiments(Experiment I and II) were conducted for laying hens. in experiment I, 45 hens(300 days of age) were divided into 15 hens per treatment group; each hen was housed in wired cage located in a temperature and humidity-controlled house and adopted to the control diet. One week later, each group was subjected to one the four treatment groups for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA and 5.0% CLA diets. Diet and water were ad libitum. The condition of experiment II was the same as that of experiment I except for the addition of 5% corn oil diet and the extension of feeding period to 7 weeks. Egg production, egg weight and feed intake were recorded every week. Forty-five broilers(10day of age) were adopted to the control diet for a week and then switched to the treatment diets for 5 weeks : control, 1.0% CLA, 2.5% CLA, 5% CLA and 5% corn oil, Body weight and feed intake of broilers were measured every week. Diets supplemented with various amounts of CLA enhanced the egg production and increased the egg weight regardless laying hen's age(150 days or 300 days) as compared to control diet. The most effective diet for the egg production and egg weight of young hens(150 days of age) was found to be 1.0% CLA diet, but relatively higher CLA diet(2.5% CLA) was required for old hens (300 day of age) to obtain similar results as seen in younger hens. All hens treated with CLA ate greater amount of feed than control hens. Broilers treated with various amount of CLA ate less feed as compared to control ones, but the body weight gain was greater than the control broilers. These results indicate that CLA enhanced the egg production and agg weight of laying hens, and increased the body weight gain of broilers with less diet consumption.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Mixed cropping of legume and grass was effective system in view point of providing organic matter and nitrogen or reducing the nitrogen starvation of following crop. The relation of the change of N and P constituents depending on the cropping types and those effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of the following crop were observed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three cropping types, hairy vetch mono cropping, barley mono cropping, and mixed cropping of hairy vetch and barley were applied. Soil properties, growth characteristics, and nitrogen production of green manure crops were observed. In additions, the effect of cropping types on the growth pattern of corn as the following crop was observed. In the mixed cropping system, creeping type hairy vetch climbed to the erect type barely for light utilization resulting in improvement of light interception rate and higher LAI (Leaf Area Index) than in mono cropping. Mixed cropping showed higher biomass production and soil nitrogen availability among the cropping types, indicating relatively much more nutrient supply and higher yield production of following crop. CONCLUSION: Mixed cropping showed relatively higher LAI (dry matter) mainly because of intense competition for light utilization usually after flowering stage. Mixed cropping also showed relatively higher yield of corn, the following crop rather than other types, mainly due to the more biomass production potential and higher N and P production ability. Therefore, mixed cropping was adaptable method to reduce or replace chemical fertilizer application for environmentally-friendly agriculture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 1999

The corn is mostly planted in mid-April in single-cropping silage system if possible, however, in a double-cropping silage system, the corn planting date is delayed until after the mid-May. The objective of this study was to evaluate agronomic characteristics and forage performance of the eight government recommended corn hybrids for silage at two dates of planting. Split-plot design replicated three times was used, that is, main plots were planting dates, sub-plots were eight hybrids at Suweon in 1997. Days from planting to silking of optimum planting was 84 days and that of late was 69 days. The difference in silking day among the hybrids was 6 days at optimum planting and 2 days at late planting. Plant height of optimum planting corn was higher than that of late one, however, ear height and stem diameter of optimum planting were lower than those of late planting corn. Among the corn hybrids tested, plant heights of 'P3156' and 'P3163' were higher than those of the other hybrids. Ear height of 'DK713' was the lowest among the corn hybrids and stem diameter of 'P3394' was thicker than that of the other hybrids. European corn borer(ECB) damage(16.6%) at optimum planting was lower than that(49.9%) of late, however, there were no significant ECB damage differences among the corn hybrids tested. Whole plant dry matter(DM) contents of 'P3525', 'P3394' and 'P3352' hybrids were higher than those of the other corn hybrids at harvest. Ear percentages of the total dry matter(DM) of 'P3394' and 'P3156' were higher than those of the other corn hybrids. Dry matter(DM) and total digestible nutrients(TDN) yields(19,696 and 14,621kg/ha) at optimum planting were higher than those (17,163 and 12,570kg/ha) of late planting, while there were no significant differences in DM and TDN yields among the corn hybrids tested. And those hybrids with greater proportion of grain in the whole plant have higher DM and TDN yields. Correlation coefficients for days from planting to silking with DM and TDN yields were $0.84^{**}$ and $0.87^{**}$, and those for ear percent were $0.86^{**}$ and $0.87^{**}$. Results of this study indicate that optimum planting date(15 April) is better than late planting date(16 May) in agronomic characteristics and forage production of silage corn. Days from planting to silking and ear percent as welI as other characters are important factors screening the corn hybrid for silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.538-544
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• 1998

One hundred and twenty-eight finishing pigs (51.3 kg average initial body weight) were used to determine the effects of adding cellulase enzymes and lactobacillus acidophilus to sorghum-based diets on growth performance, carcass merit, and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. Treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal-based positive control; 2) sorghum-soybean meal-based negative control; 3) Diet 2 with celluloytic enzymes; and 4) Diet 2 with a bacterial feed additive (lactobacillus acidophilus). There was a trend for greater average daily gain (ADG) in pigs fed com versus the sorghum treatments for day 0 to 28 (p < .09), but there was no effect of treatment (p > .15) on overall ADG (i.e., day 0 to 63). Feed consumption was not affected by treatment during the experiment (p > .19). Pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet had 3.5% greater overall gain/feed than pigs fed the other diets (p < .009). Dressing percentage was not affected by treatment (p > .22), but there was a trend for backfat thickness at the last rib to be greater for pigs fed com versus the sorghum treatments (p < .09). Pigs fed the sorghum treatments had 1 % greater fat free lean index (p < .10) compared to pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based positive control. Pigs fed com had greater apparent digestibilities of DM, N, and GE than pigs fed the sorghum treatments (p < .03), and greater DE intake (p < .07) suggesting that the increased carcass fatness for pigs fed the corn-based control diet resulted from greater energy status of those pigs. In conclusion, pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based control diet had no improved growth performance but tended to be fatter than pigs fed sorghum. Adding cellulolytic enzymes or a bacterial feed additive to diets for finishing pigs did not affect growth performance, carcass merit, or nutrient utilization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1201-1205
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• 2009

Corn starches with different amylose contents were enzymatically modified using Thermus aquaticus 4-$\alpha$-glucanotransferase ($TA{\alpha}GTase$). Upon the enzyme treatment, the chain-length distributions of isoamylolytically debranched products became broader [degree of polymerization (DP): 3-40] than those of untreated corn starches. In addition, a variety of cycloamyloses (CAs) with different sizes were formed by the glucanotransfer activity of $TA{\alpha}GTase$. CAs with DP 5-40 were detectable in all of the $TA{\alpha}GTase$-treated corn starches. From the results of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analyses, it was suggested that the amount of CAs produced by the enzyme treatment increased as the amylose content of the starches increased. Thus, we concluded that the extent of modification of starch molecules was enhanced in proportion to amylose content by the transfer activity of $TA{\alpha}GTase$. This finding could be useful for developing an efficient process of CA production using this enzyme.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1327-1334
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• 2015

The current study determined the apparent or standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AID or SID of AA) in growing pigs fed diets containing three protein feedstuffs with different fiber characteristics at two dietary crude protein (CP) levels. Twenty boars ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) with average initial body weight of $35({\pm}2.6)kg$ were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum. These pigs were offered six diets containing soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (corn-DDGS) that were either adequate (19%) or marginal (15%) in CP using a triplicated $6{\times}2$ Youden Square Design. Except for Met, Trp, Cys, and Pro, AID of AA was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the CM diet. Apparent ileal digestibility for Gly and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the corn-DDGS diet. The AID of Ile, Leu, Phe, Val, Ala, Tyr, and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the corn-DDGS diet compared with the CM diet. Standardized ileal digestibility of AA was greater (p<0.05) in the SBM diet compared with the CM diet for all AA except Trp and Pro. The SID of Ile, Leu, Val, Ala, Tyr, and Asp was greater (p<0.05) in the corn-DDGS diet compared with the CM diet. It was concluded that protein feedstuff affects ileal AA digestibility and is closely related to dietary fiber characteristics, and a 4-percentage unit reduction in dietary CP had no effect on ileal AA digestibility in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of surface spraying of antimicrobial solutions, oil and application of both on performance of broiler chicken under heat stress and reared on leaves and ground corn cobs as two alternative bedding materials. Six hundred seventy five day-old straightrun Arian broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 45 pens (at density of $0.09m^2/bird$) in an open sided partially-controlled shed. Three bedding materials viz. wood shavings (WS), ground corn cobs (GCC) (1.5 cm in length) and leaves were subjected to surface spraying of oil ($0.4L/m^2$ animal food grade sunflower oil), anti microbial solutions (3%) and mix treatment of both. Data on performance traits, incidence of breast and food pad lesions and litter characteristics were gathered and analysed in an appropriate factorial arrangements. Body weight at 56 d, feed intake up to 14 d, litter moisture at 28 d, litter pH at 14 d and litter temperature at 14 and 56 d were significantly influenced by litter type (p<0.05). Litter treatment revealed significant impact on body weight at 28, 42 and 56 d, feed intake during 29-42 and 1-42 d, mortality up to 56 d, litter temperature at 28 and 56 d, and litter pH at 28 and 56 d. Leaves and ground corn cobs have shown good potential as alternative bedding materials for rearing broilers. Surface spraying of antimicrobial solutions, oil and applying both were not effective tools to promote the broiler's health and performance. Meat type poultry growers and integrators are considered as primary audiences of the results achieved.