• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to know prospect and present state of new variety breeding of Forage and Grassland in South Korea. The industry of forage in Korea is going up to expend through utilization of good quality forage, Italian ryegrass, forage corn and oat rather than rice straw. Especially, since 2007, Italian ryegrass(IRG) had been very important major winter forage crop in South Korea and developed 13 varieties including very early maturity variety (three varieties), early maturity variety (three varieties), medium maturity variety (one variety) and late maturity variety (six varieties). But the disadvantage of Italian ryegrass was weak winter hardness and drought but has good advantage of forage nutritive value, high-yielding and high sugar content, and like livestock as like hanwoo, dairy cattle, goat so on. The Ko-variety (Korea developed variety) of Italian ryegrass has high cold-tolerant and adaptability more than any other country developed variety, and expend to cultivation area from southern area (below Daejeon) to middle-northern area (upper Han river). Although the cultivation area of Italian ryegrass of South Korea was 21,700 ha in 2007, right now, that of Italian ryegrass is about 123,600ha due to expend cultivation area and know famer to good forage crop and have a various maturity varieties (very early, early, medium, late) according to local situation (before-crop harvesting stage or double cropping system). The seed market of Italian ryegrass in South Korea becoming extended to around 100 million Korean won and seed export get nearer to foreign country. We are going to develop of new variety for stress tolerant and high yield and quality forage variety, good adaptability to the Korean environmental conditions including reclaimed area, make self-sufficiency system for forage seed (Italian ryegrass), export our seed to foreign countries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.862-867
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• 1999

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of administration of exogenous progesterone early in gestation on uterine levels of IGF-I mRNA and on embryo survival at day 25 of gestation in the pig. Forty-one prepubertal gilts were induced into oestrus with PG600 and artificially inseminated at their subsequent naturally occurring oestrus. Gilts were then randomly assigned to one of three groups. Gilts in the two treatment groups were injected intramuscularly with 50 mg of progesterone either from day 2 to 14 (N=14) or from day 4 to 14 (N=15) after breeding while those in the control group (N=12) were given corn oil (0.5 ml) from day 2 to 14. Between days 25 and 28 of gestation, gilts were slaughtered and reproductive tracts were recovered. Endometrial tissue (1 g) was collected and analysed for IGF-I mRNA levels using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Progesterone treatment, starting either on day 2 or 4 after breeding, neither significantly increased embryo survival rate by day 25 of gestation nor altered IGF-I mRNA levels in uterine tissue. However, across all samples, the IGF-I mRNA level in the uterus was highly correlated with embryo survival rate (r=0.8193, p<0.01), supporting the involvement of IGF-I in the regulation of porcine embryo development.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2013

Andaok, a new single cross variety, is a yellow dent maize hybrid (Zea mays L.) developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2011. This hybrid, which has a high yield of grain, was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS161 and KS162. KS161 is the seed parent and KS162 is the pollen parent of Andaok. Silking date of Andaok is 3 days later than that of the check hybrid, Jangdaok. Plant height of Andaok is longer than that of Jangdaok. Ear numbers per 100 plants of Andaok is more than that of Jangdaok. Ear length of Andaok is shorter than that of Jangdaok. The weight of 100 seeds of Andaok is heavier than that of Jangdaok. It has moderate resistance to southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis), black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV) and corn borer. It has strong resistance to northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). It has resistance to lodging. Andaok was evaluated for its yield of grain at three locations from 2009 to 2011. The grain yield of Andaok was 7.80 ton/ha. Seed production of Andaok has gone well due to a good match during crossing between the seed parent, KS161, and the pollen parent, KS162, in Yeongwol.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.266-287
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• 1998

Environmental conditions and expected profit are the major criteria to select crops to be cultivated in any region. Traditionally, miscellaneous crops have been cultivated as alternative crop in case of unfavorable climate or supplementary crop in marginal lands. Since the successful breeding of high yielding varieties of staple crops and development of cultural techniques in 1970s in Korea, production of miscellaneous crops decreased markedly due to the rapid commercialization of agriculture and increased productions of horticultural crops, although yields have been doubled during the last $2\~3$ decades. On the other hand, animal husbandry has been developing remarkably parallel with national economic development and the increased consumption of animal products. As a result, imports of feed grains such as corn have increased rapidly, while roughage production became lower than demand. Among miscellaneous crops, corn production increased markedly through the development of hybrids and due to its importance as silage crops. Acreage of corn production including grains, fresh corns and feeding is about 120,000 ha, while acreage of buckwheat is about 5,000 ha and those of other miscellaneous crops decreased to a level of about 1,000 ha. Although miscellaneous crops have low yield potential and are unprofitable due to low price and imports of cheap foreign products, they should be kept to cultivate. Miscellaneous crops are important components that maintain diversity among upland crops as well as alternative crops in case of unfavorable climate. The low yield potential of miscellaneous crops might be due to lack of efforts to breed high yielding varieties and to develope cultural techniques. Continuous investment in research, exploitation of new utilization for miscellaneous crops as sustainable crop, honey crop and sightseeing crop, and development of healthy and special foods will promote their cultivation. Animal feeding in Korea depends mainly on formula feeds. As the number of animals increases to meet demand of animal products, there is no alternative way but to import grains to feed them. But roughage production, which is necessary for normal growth of ruminant animals, should be increased. However, lack of arable land and pasture land limits the production of good roughages. It is estimated that number of course for meat and milk production will be $2.5{\~}2.6$ million and total of $6.2{\~}7.5$ million tons of roughages should be produced. This implies that more than 1 million tons of roughage are needed, although pasture land, upland for forage crops, forage crops after rice cultivation and rice straw are utilized. Therefore, new reclamation of pasture land, increased roughage production in cultivating land, increased cultivation of forage crops after rice, more utilization of rice straw and active exploration of indigenous plant species as roughage resources should be promoted

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.326-333
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• 1985

The genetic information was required to improve several plant characteristics of the two modified opaque-2 synthetics, which were synthesized in 1980 at the Chungnam National University. Genetic analysis to obtain the information was carried out by the method of Hallauer and Wright. The information obtained from the analysis indicates that plant characteristics such as plant height, ear height, kernel weight and yield of the two synthetics can be improved by proper breeding procedures, since these characteristics were showing high estimates of genetic and additive variance. The study also shows that some characteristics such as ear length or kernel row number may be not improved effectively and with ease.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2001

In order to reserve abundant germplasm for breeding new corn varieties, major characteristics of ears and kernels were evaluated with a total of 210 Korean indigenous maize lines collected from various parts of Pusan City and Kynugnam Province, Korea The average ear length and ear diameter of indigenous maize lines collected was 12.52cm and 3.33 cm, respectively. The average ear weight of the maize lines was 63.70g. The ears collected from the north-west mountainous region were the heaviest, and The ears from the south coastal region were the lightest. The average kernel weight per ear was 50.54g, and the kernel weight per ear by region showed a tendency similar to the ear weight. The kernels of maize lines collected in the north-west mountainous region were the longest, and kernel width and thickness were the largest in the west plain region. 100 kernel weight and embryo weight the largest in the lines collected in the north-west mountainous region. The degree of pericarp thickness was the smallest in the lines collected in the south coastal region, and largest in the lines collected in the west plain region. Except for the correlation coefficient width and 100 kernel weight, all correlation coefficients between the characteristics of the lines showed highly significant differences.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2001

Meloidogyne arenaria race 2 (59%) is widely distributed, followed by M. incognita race 1 (23%), and an unknown race of M. incognita (18 ％) in greenhouses in southern Korea. The key character to distinguish between M. arenaria and M. incognita is excretory pore in female head. When oriental melon, Cucumis melo L., grafted on Shintozoa (Cucurbit maxima x Cu. moschata) is transplanted in February in a plastic tunnel inside a greenhouse infested with M. arenaria, nematodes produced egg masses on roots at 40 days after transplanting and the soil juveniles (J2) population reach maximum in July to 3,817/100 ㎤. Juveniles are distributed relatively uniform over the 180-cm-wide row horizontally and the highest density occurs at 0-25 cm soil depth. For the control of root-knot nematodes, rice rotation, solarization, and soil addition treatments are the most effective (P=0.05); treatments reduce number of J2 over 90% and increase yield two times. Corn retation, fosthiazate, and soil drying treatment are moderately effective, while sesame and green onion rotations are not effective. The relationship between M. arenaria and yield of oriental melon is adequately described by a linear regression model. In the test with wild Cucumis genetic sources introduced from U.S.Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), one of C.heptadactylus, two of C.anguria, two of C. anguria var. longaculeatus, nine of C. metuliferus are resistant to both species of root-knot nematodes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.645-652
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• 2023

The aleurone layer in maize is crucial as it contains essential nutrients such as minerals, vitamins, and high-quality proteins. While most of the maize varieties are known to possess a single aleurone layer, several multi-aleurone layer mutants and landraces have been suggested for hierarchical genetic control of aleurone development. Conventional microscopy analysis often involves using immature seeds or sampling only a portion of the kernel sample, and whole kernel section analysis using a microtome is technically difficult and time-consuming. Additionally, the larger size of maize kernels posed challenges for comprehensive cross-sectional analysis compared to other cereal crops. Consequently, this study aimed to develop an efficient method to comprehensively understand the aleurone layer characteristics of the entire cross-section in maize. Through observations of diverse maize genetic resources, we confirmed irregular aleurone layer patterns in those with multiple aleurone layers, and we discovered a landrace having multiple aleurone layers. By selectively identifying genetic resources with multiple aleurone layers, this method may contribute to efficient breeding processes in maize.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2019

'Hwangdaok', a new maize F1 hybrid (Zea mays L.), was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2016. The high-yielding yellow dent hybrid named 'Hwangdaok' was obtained by crossing between two inbred lines, 'KS203' and 'KS190'. After advanced yield trial in Suwon in 2012, regional yield trial was subsequently carried out to evaluate the growth and yield of 'Hwangdaok' at three different locations from 2014 to 2016. The number of days to silking of 'Hwangdaok' is 76. The plant height is 262 cm and ear height ratio is 51%, which are similar to those of 'Jangdaok'. It has resistance to lodging. The number of ears per 100 plants is 95. The ear length is 21.3 cm and weight of 100 seeds is 34.7 g, similar to those of 'Jangdaok'. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The grain yield (10 ton/ha) of 'Hwangdaok' is 6% higher than that of 'Jangdaok'. The seed production rate of 'Hwangdaok' is acceptable due to good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS203, and the pollen parent, KS190, in Yeongwol. F1 seed yield was 1.68 ton/ha. 'Hwangdaok' can be a suitable cultivar to plain areas in Korea. (Variety registration No. 7502).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out to obtain genetic information for future corn breeding. The materials used for the study were obtained from the nationwide collection of Korean local corn lines. A total of 262 lines were used for the study of morphological characters and for the classification of lines. Results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The days to flowering of lines ranged from 57 days to 87 days. Most lines had an average of 67 days of flowering days. 2. The number of tillers of lines showed a lot of variation among lines with 49.2% of coefficient of variation. 3. The coefficients of variation computed based on the phenotypic observation or measurement of each line were 36.1%, 27.2%, 20.0%, 16.4% and 16.3% for kernel weight per ear, 100 kernel weight, ear height, plant height and ear length, respectively. 4. Ear height, ear length, ear diameter, tiller number and days to flowering were highly and positively correlation with the plant height. Kernel size, ear size, and plant height were highly correlated with 100 kernel weight and kernel weight per ear. 5. The 262 corn lines were possibly classified into four major groups by the Euclidean distance. Group I comprised 110 lines, group II 74 lines, group III 66 lines and group IV 12 lines, respectively. Group I was characterized as having early maturity, medium plant height large kernel size and large ear size. Group II had medium maturity, short plant height, medium kernel size and small ear size. Group III had medium maturity, medium plant height, large kernel size and medium ear size. Group IV had late maturity, long plant height, small kernel size, small ear size and many tillering. 6. The plant height showed significant difference between group I and II, II and III, and II and IV group. No statistical differences were observed between group III and IV. The ear size of group I was significantly different from those of group II, III and IV. Also difference of ear size between group II and III was significant. The kernel size, 100 kernel weight and kernel weight per ear were all significantly different among all groups classified. The row number was different between group I and II. The row number of lines in group IV was significantly different with group I, II, III respectively. The number of tillers and flowering days of lines in group IV were greatly different from those of group I, II and III. 7. The corn lines collected from northwest plain regions and middle hilly regions in Korea had medium maturity, medium plant height, large ear and large kernels. The corn lines from middle eastern hilly regions had medium size of ear kernels. The corn lines from middle southern hilly regions had late maturity, small kernel size and many tillers. The corn lines from southwest plain areas had late maturity, long plant height and many tillers.