• 제목/요약/키워드: Cooking Loss

검색결과 843건 처리시간 0.025초

식재료 아웃소싱이 경제적 주방에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - 특1급호텔 양식조리를 중심으로 - (Study on economic effects of outsourcing of food materials on the hotel kitchen - Focus on cooking Western food in the first class hotel -)

  • 성태종
    • 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.45-69
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    • 2002
  • This study is designed to examine feasibility and limitation of outsourcing in cooking Western food in a hotel, to interpret importance of outsourcing(eg. outside order, outside procurement, outside supply) in a broad sense in order to reinforce the core capacity in the cooking department, and to know whether the cooking human power is efficiently used and how much the chefs recognize outsourcing of food materials. As many companies conduct restructuring to cut down its size, the reduction of human power led the Western food cooking in the hotel to lower core capacities, lower quality, and lower efficiency. In addition, the sagging morale of chefs undermined creativity. To change from the traditional kitchen to an economic kitchen needs to look into importance of outsourcing, cognitive attitude of chefs, relation with outside suppliers. Here suggests performance of positive changes in the structure The study examined feasibility and limitation of outsourcing in the hotel kitchen as well as chefs' cognitive attitude toward outsourcing of food materials to reinforce core capabilities of the hotel kitchen. 1. Companies of outsourcing are selected according to variability of price conditions, flexibility of contract conditions, popularity of the outsourcing company, and reputation of the outsourcing company. 2. The importance of outsourcing in the Western food cooking is divided into 4 factors such as standard of selecting outsourcing companies, policies of cooking manu, quality of cooking, and quantity of cooking. 3. The most feasible section in outsourcing of food materials is a process of kneading flour for bread, which shows that many Western-food chefs expect to put higher possibility of outsourcing on the kneading. In other words, when it comes to confectionery and bakery, there are many outside expert processing companies supplying high quality products. In the order of outsourcing feasibility, sauce is followed by processed vegetable, garnish of main dish, and soup. The least feasible section in outsourcing of food materials is appetize. Appetize includes a concept of a improvised dish and needs speed. Due to its color, freshness, and sensibility of taste, the appetize plays a key role in the Western food cooking. 4. When outsourcing is taken in place, the highest risk is to lower the inner cooking skills. Therefore chefs in charge of the Western food sequently recognize both internal problems including storage of cooking skills, unstability of layoffs, and loss of cooperation between departments, and external problems including inferior goods, difficulty of differentiating manu, delay of delivery, and expiration date. It shows that most of the Western food chefs consider risks of the internal problems at first. 5. A effective outsourcing needs appropriate selection of outsourcing companies, maintenance of credibility, active communication, check and management of hygiene. However regardless of their position or career, chefs in charge of the Western food have the same cognitive attitude toward selecting successful outsourcing companies after the outsourcing system is enforced. The core of cooking, or a final stage in the full process of so-called artistic cooking, should be treated with insourcing. Reduction of several cooking processes resulted in shortened cooking time, increased efficiency, faster cooking, cutting the waiting-lines, and finally more room for customers. The outsourcing system can reduce or eliminate the following processes in cooking: buying various food materials, checking, storing, preparing, and processing. Especially in the Western food cooking department of a hotel, the outsourcing system should be enforced to make an economic kitchen and to efficiently manage it. Wow it's time to change from the traditional kitchen to an economic kitchen in the hotel cooking department. For that, the cooking department should become a small but strong organization by outsourcing except its core work.

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감자의 Vitamin C의 변화에 대한 Blanching 온도 및 조리 방법의 영향 (The Effects of Blanching Temperature and Cooking Methods on the Changes in Vitamin C of Potato)

  • 정현미;이귀주
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제21권6호
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    • pp.788-794
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    • 1989
  • 감자의 vitamin C함량에 대한 blanching온도 및 조리방법의 영향을 알아보고 저장기간이 다른 감자에 대한 영향도 조사하였다. 또한 조리방법이 다른 감자에 대한 관능 평가를 비교 검토하였다. 감자의 vitamin C 함량에 대한 blanching온도의 영향은 원료감자의 경우 40에서는 감자내 잔여 AA 및 TAA 함량이 가장 높았으며 $50-65^{\circ}C$에서는 급격히 감소하였다. 한편 산화된 AA 함량 및 가수분해된 DHA 함량은 $50-65^{\circ}C$에서 급격히 증가하였다. 그리고 조리수로 용출된 AA및 TAA 함량은 온도 증가에 따라 계속 증가하였다. 저장한 감자의 경우 vitamin C 함량에 대한 blanching 온도의 영향은 원료감자의 경우와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 한편 blanching 과정 중 vitamin C의 손실은 AA의 산화반응을 통한 가수분해 반응에 의하므로 원료감자를 1-4주간 저장함에 따른 잔여 TAA, 용출된 TAA 및 가수분해된 DHA함량의 변화를 살펴보면 $40^{\circ}C$에서 잔여 TAA는 85-71.2%로서 지속적인 감소를 나타내었고 조리수로 용출된 TAA 함량은 2.9-7.7%로서 증가하였으며 가수분해 된 DHA함량은 5.5-18.2%로서 꾸준히 증가하였다. $65^{\circ}C$에서는 가수분해 된 DHA 함량은 저장기간에 따라 43.8-47.4%로 감소하였다. 저장기간이 다른 감자의 vitamin C 함량에 대한 조리방법의 영향은 원료감자의 경우 감자내 잔여 TAA 함량은 pressure cooking> microwave cooking> boiling의 순서로 감소하였으며 TAA 잔존율은 각각 58.6%, 53.2%, 28.2%이었다. boiling 및 microwave cooking시 조리수로 용출된 TAA함량은 각각 49.5%와 36.4%이었으며 가수분해 된 DHA함량은 각각 22.3%와 4.2%이었다. 한편 저장한 감자의 경우 잔여 TAA 함량에 대한 조리방법의 영향은 원료감자와 유사한 경향을 보였으며 각 조리방법에 따른 잔여 TAA 함량은 저장기간에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 용출된 TAA와 가수분해 된 DHA는 장기간에 따라 지속적인 증감은 나타내지 않았다. 조리방법에 따른 감자의 관능평가 결과는 견고성은 대조감자> pressure cooking, boiling>microwave cooking순서로 감소하였으며 씹힘성은 대조감자> pressure cooking> boiling, microwave cooking순서로 감소하였다. 접착성은 pressure cooking> microwave cooking, boiling4>대조감자의 순서로 감소하였으며 종합적인 기호도는 pressure cooking>microwave cooking>boiling>대조감자의 순서로 감소하였다(p<0.05).

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Quality Evaluation of Pork with Various Freezing and Thawing Methods

  • Ku, Su Kyung;Jeong, Ji Yun;Park, Jong Dae;Jeon, Ki Hong;Kim, Eun Mi;Kim, Young Boong
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.597-603
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    • 2014
  • In this study, the physicochemical and sensory quality characteristics due to the influence of various thawing methods on electro-magnetic and air blast frozen pork were examined. The packaged pork samples, which were frozen by air blast freezing at $-45^{\circ}C$ or electro-magnetic freezing at $-55^{\circ}C$, were thawed using 4 different methods: refrigeration ($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), room temperature (RT, $25^{\circ}C$), cold water ($15^{\circ}C$), and microwave (2450 MHz). Analyses were carried out to determine the drip and cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), moisture content and sensory evaluation. Frozen pork thawed in a microwave indicated relatively less thawing loss (0.63-1.24%) than the other thawing methods (0.68-1.38%). The cooking loss after electro-magnetic freezing indicated 37.4% by microwave thawing, compared with 32.9% by refrigeration, 36.5% by RT, and 37.2% by cold water in ham. The thawing of samples frozen by electro-magnetic freezing showed no significant differences between the methods used, while the moisture content was higher in belly thawed by microwave (62.0%) after electro-magnetic freezing than refrigeration (54.8%), RT (61.3%), and cold water (61.1%). The highest overall acceptability was shown for microwave thawing after electro-magnetic freezing but there were no significant differences compared to that of the other samples.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Deterioration and Lipid Oxidation of Beef Muscle Affected by Freeze-thaw Cycles

  • Rahman, M. H.;Hossain, M. M.;Rahman, S. M. E.;Amin, M. R.;Oh, Deog-Hwan
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제35권6호
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    • pp.772-782
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    • 2015
  • This study was performed to explore the deterioration of physicochemical quality of beef hind limb during frozen storage at −20℃, affected by repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The effects of three successive freeze-thaw cycles on beef hind limb were investigated comparing with unfrozen beef muscle for 80 d by keeping at −20±1℃. The freeze-thaw cycles were subjected to three thawing methods and carried out to select the best one on the basis of deterioration of physicochemical properties of beef. As the number of repeated freeze-thaw cycles increased, drip loss decreased and water holding capacity (WHC) increased (p<0.05) till two cycles and then decreased. Cooking loss increased in cycle one and three but decreased in cycle two. Moreover, drip loss, WHC and cooking loss affected (p<0.05) by thawing methods within the cycles. However, pH value decreased (p<0.05), but peroxide value (p<0.05), free fatty acids value (p<0.05) and TBARS value increased (p<0.05) significantly as the number of repeated freeze-thaw cycles increased. Moreover, significant (p<0.05) interactive effects were found among the thawing methods and repeated cycles. As a result, freeze-thaw cycles affected the physicochemical quality of beef muscle, causing the degradation of its quality.

동결온도가 해동 쇠고기의 품질에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Freezing Temperature on Quality of Thawed Beef)

  • 남주현;송형익;김미숙;문윤희;정인철
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제11권5호
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    • pp.482-487
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    • 1998
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of freezing temperature on quality of thawed beef loin. In case of thaw drip loss, the freezing of -3$^{\circ}C$ and -2$0^{\circ}C$ were higest by 3.4% to 30 days and by 1.8% to 60 days, respectively. And the thaw drip loss of -3$^{\circ}C$ freezing was more than -2$0^{\circ}C$ freezing. The cooking loss of water bath and pan boiling were increased significantly during freezing than the beginning of freezing, but were not different -3$^{\circ}C$ and -2$0^{\circ}C$. The salt soluble protein extractability was decreased during freezing, the -2$0^{\circ}C$ freezing was higher than -3$^{\circ}C$ freezing. The water soluble protein extractability of -3$^{\circ}C$ freezing was not significant different during freezing storage, that freezed at -2$0^{\circ}C$ was increased during freezing. The "L" value of the beginning of freezing was higher than during freezing, the "a" value was not different during freezing, and the "b" value during freezing was higher than the beginning of freezing. The myoglobin denatured percentage of the -3$^{\circ}C$ and -2$0^{\circ}C$ freezing were highest by 94.4% to 45 days and by 94.0% to 15 days, respectively. The shear force value during freezing was higher than the beginning of freezing, the myofibrillar fragmentation index was not significant different during freezing. The pH was increased to freezing 30 days, after that was decreased.ays, after that was decreased.

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Comparison of Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality between Duroc and Crossbred Pigs

  • Choi, Jung-Seok;Lee, Hyun-Jin;Jin, Sang-Keun;Choi, Yang-Il;Lee, Jae-Joon
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제34권2호
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    • pp.238-244
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to compare the carcass characteristics and meat quality characteristics of Duroc breed and crossbred pigs (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc, LYD). Duroc and crossbred pigs did not show differences in carcass characteristics. Crossbred pigs had higher moisture and protein content than Duroc breeds. However, Duroc breeds had a higher fat content than the crossbred pigs. In meat quality characteristics, crossbred pigs showed higher values of drip loss and cooking loss over Duroc breeds, while Duroc breeds showed higher ultimate pH value compared to that of crossbred pigs. However, there were no differences in water holding capacity and shear force value. In myoglobin content, crossbred pigs had higher content compared to that in the Duroc population. In subjective evaluation and sensory characteristics, Duroc breeds showed significantly higher scores in all categories except for tenderness over the crossbred pigs. However, in storage characteristics, Duroc breeds showed reduced tendency relative to crossbred pigs. Crossbred pigs had higher unsaturated fatty acid content than Duroc breeds did. In these results, Duroc breeds showed excellent meat quality characteristics with its higher intramuscular fat content and pH value, lower drip loss and cooking loss and higher juiciness and flavor, compared to the crossbred pigs.

Electric Field Induced Super-cooling System for Long Term Dry-aged Beef Loin

  • Park, Sin-Young;Kim, Hack-Youn
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제40권2호
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    • pp.286-296
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    • 2020
  • This study investigates the utilization of an electric-field-induced super cooling system in long-term dry aging of beef loin. Analyzed quality properties of dry-aged beef loin applied with electric field refrigeration (EFR) versus commercial refrigeration (CR). Quality properties was including aging loss, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, color, warner-bractzler shear force (WBSF), total plate count (TPC), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Aging loss of wk 1 EFR was significantly lower than CR (p<0.05). pH of EFR was slow change tendency compared CR. WHC of both aging methods were higher with increase in aging duration. Cooking loss of wk 1, 2, 4, and 10 EFR were significantly lower than CR (p<0.05). Lightness and redness of EFR was slow change tendency compared CR. However, yellowness of EFR was increased until wk 2, 3, and significantly decreased at wk 10 (p<0.05), but yellowness of CR was decreased until wk 3 and significantly increased with an increasing aging weeks (p<0.05). Both aging methods of WBSF was decreased with increase in aging weeks; however, wk 10 of CR was significantly lower than EFR (p<0.05). TPC after wk 3 EFR groups were significantly lower than CR groups (p<0.05), and TBARS of EFR groups were significantly lower than CR (p<0.05). The present results show that application of the EFR system for dry aging beef loin can extends its shelf life and induce changes of several aging properties in similar to commercial aging.

Meat Quality and Physicochemical Trait Assessments of Berkshire and Commercial 3-way Crossbred Pigs

  • Subramaniyan, Sivakumar Allur;Kang, Da Rae;Belal, Shah Ahmed;Cho, Eun-So-Ri;Jung, Jong-Hyun;Jung, Young-Chul;Choi, Yang-Il;Shim, Kwan-Seob
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제36권5호
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    • pp.641-649
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    • 2016
  • In this study, we compared qualities and physiochemical traits of meat from Berkshire (black color) pigs with those of meat from 3-way Landrace (white color) × Yorkshire (white color) × Duroc (red color) crossbred pigs (LYD). Meat quality characteristics, including pH, color, drip loss, cooking loss, and free amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, and mineral contents of longissimus dorsi muscles, were compared. Meat from Berkshire pigs had deeper meat color (redness), higher pH, and lower drip loss and cooking loss than meat from LYD pigs. Moreover, meat from Berkshire pigs had higher levels of phosphoserine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, asparagine, α-aminoadipic acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, and carnosine and lower levels of glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and ammonia than did meat from LYD pigs. The fatty acids oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were present in significantly higher concentrations in Berkshire muscles than they were in LYD muscles. Additionally, Berkshire muscles were significantly enriched with nucleotide components (inosine), minerals (Mg and K), and antioxidant vitamins such as ascorbic acid (C) in comparison with LYD muscles. In conclusion, our results show that in comparison with LYD meat, Berkshire meat has better meat quality traits and is a superior nutritional source of all essential amino acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C, and minerals (Mg and K).

조리방법에 따른 고등어(Scomber japonicus) 및 전갱이(Trachurus japonicus)의 일반성분 및 지질성분의 변화 (Changes in Proximate Composition and Lipid Components in Chub Mackerel Scomber japonicus and Japanese Jack Mackerel Trachurus japonicus with Various Cooking Methods)

  • 문수경;강지연;김인수;정보영
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제46권6호
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    • pp.708-716
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    • 2013
  • Changes in the proximate composition, lipid classes, and fatty acids were studied in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus and Japanese jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus muscles cooked using a frying pan, oven, and microwave oven. The moisture content was high in the raw samples (chub mackerel 65.5%, Japanese jack mackerel 60.5%) and decreased with cooking, especially in the frying pan method (chub mackerel 49.2%, Japanese jack mackerel 49.8%). In contrast, the protein, lipid and ash contents increased significantly with cooking in chub mackerel muscle (P<0.05). However, the lipid content of Japanese jack mackerel muscle showed no significant difference between the samples using the three cooking methods and the raw sample. The dripped lipid contents from the cooked muscles showed the highest levels in the frying pan samples and the lowest levels in the microwave oven samples. The percentage of non-polar lipid (NL) in the total lipid content was over 95% in the muscle lipids (10.43-21.86 g/100 g sample). Prominent fatty acids were 16:0, 18:1n-9, 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), 16:1n-7 and 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) in both fish muscles and dripped lipids. There was no change in the EPA level in any of the fish muscles, by any cooking method. The percentage of DHA in the muscle of chub mackerel showed the lowest level in the frying pan sample and the highest level in the microwave oven and raw samples, and an intermediate level in the oven sample. However, the percentage of DHA in the Japanese jack mackerel muscle was not significantly different between the various cooking methods. From these results, the microwave oven and oven cooking methods showed relatively low levels of dripped lipid content and loss of n-3 PUFA compared with the frying pan cooking method.

Effect of a c-MYC Gene Polymorphism (g.3350G>C) on Meat Quality Traits in Berkshire

  • Oh, J.D.;Kim, E.S.;Lee, H.K.;Song, K.D.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제28권11호
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    • pp.1545-1550
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    • 2015
  • c-MYC (v-myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homologue) is a transcription factor that plays important role in many biological process including cell growth and differentiation, such as myogenesis and adipogenesis. In this study, we aimed to detect MYC gene polymorphisms, their genotype frequencies and to determine associations between these polymorphisms and meat quality traits in Berkshire pigs. We identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 2 of MYC gene by Sanger sequencing, i.e., g.3350G>C (rs321898326), that is only found in Berkshire pigs, but not in other breeds including Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire pigs that were used in this study. Genotypes of total 378 Berkshire pigs (138 sows and 240 boars) were determined using Hha I restriction enzyme digestion after polymerase chain reaction. Observed allele frequencies of GG, GC, and CC genotypes were 0.399, 0.508, and 0.093 respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the g.3350G>C polymorphism was significantly associated with $pH_{45min}$ and cooking loss (p<0.05), suggesting that g.3350G>C SNP can be used for pre-selection of $pH_{45min}$ and cooking loss traits in Berkshire pigs.