• Electrical & Electronic Materials
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 1995

Solid solutions Sr$_{2}$(Ta$_{1-x}$ Nb$_{x}$)$_{2}$O$_{7}$, (x=0.0-1.0), composed of strontium tantalate(Tc=-107.deg. C) and strontium-niobate(Tc=1342.deg. C) were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method and the flux method(molten salt synthesis method). Phase relation, sintering temperature, grain-orientation and dielectric properties for sintered ceramic samples were investigated with different compositions. Both Curie temperature and dielectric constant at Curie temperature were increased, and sintering behavior and the degree of grain-orientation were improved with the increase of Nb content. The single phase Sr$_{2}$(Ta/sib 1-x/Nb$_{x}$)$_{2}$O$_{7}$ powder was synthesized by using the flux method at lower temperatures, and sintering temperature was also reduced by using the flux method-derived powder than using the mixed oxide-derived powder. Sintering characteristics and dielectric properties of the specimens prepared by the flux method were better than those derived through the conventional mixed oxide method.thod.hod.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.189-189
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• 2008

Due to the environmental issue vast research is going on to replace the widely used lead contented piezoelectric materials. Bismuth sodium titanate (abbreviated as BNT) based bismuth sodium titanate-barium titanate (abbreviated as BNBT) ceramic was prepared by using modified method rather than conventional mixed oxide method. This modification was made to improve the properties of BNT based ceramic. In this procedure $BaTiO_3$ (abbreviated as BT) was prepared using conventional mixed oxide method. Analytical grade raw materials of $BaCO_3$ and $TiO_2$ were weighted and ball milled using ethanol medium. The mixed slurry was dried and sieved under 80 mesh. Then the powder was calcined at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. This calcined BT powder was used in the preparation of BNBT. Stoichiometric amount of $Bi_2O_3$, $Na_2CO_3$, $TiO_2$ and BT were weighted and mixed by using ball mill. The used calcination temperature was $850^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Calcined powder was taken for another milling step. BNBT disks were pressed to 15 mm of diameter and then cold isostatical press (CIP) was used. Pressed samples were sintered at $1150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The SEM microstructure analysis revealed that the grain shape of the sintered ceramic was polyhedral and grain boundary was well matched where as the sample prepared by conventional method showed irregular arrangement and grain boundary not well matched. And sintered density was better (5.78 g/cc) for the modified method. It was strongly observed that the properties of BNBT ceramic near MPB composition was found to be improved by the modified method compare to the conventional mixed oxide method. The piezoelectric constant dB of 177.33 pC/N, electromechanical coupling factor $k_p$ of 33.4%, dielectric constant $K_{33}^T$ of 688.237 and mechanical quality factor $Q_m$ of 109.37 was found.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.8-12
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• 1994

Solid solutions $Sr_2$($Ta_{1-x}$$Nb_{x}$)$_2$$O_{7}$ (x = 0.0 - 1.0) composed of strontium-tantalate (low Curie temperature) and strontium-niobate (high Curie temperature) were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method and the molten salt synthesis method (flux method). Phase relation, sintering temperature, grain-orientation and dielectric properties were investigated for sintered ceramic samples with different compositions. Both Curie temperature and dielectric constant at Curie temperature were increased, and sintering behavior and the degree of grain-orientation were improved with the increase of Nb content. Single phase $Sr_2$$Nb_2$$O_{7}$ powder was synthesized by using flux method at lower temperatures, and sintering temperature was also reduced by using flux method derived powder than using mixed-oxide derived powder. Sintering characteristics and dielectric properties of specimens prepared by flux method were better than those derived through the conventional method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.879-884
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• 2001

In this paper, the structural and dielectric properties of (Sr$_{l-x}$Ca$_{x}$)TiO$_3$ (0$\leq$x$\leq$0.2) -based grain boundary layer ceramics were investigated by XRD, SEM and HP4194A. The ceramics were fabricated by the conventional mixed oxide method. The sintering temperature and time were 1420~152$0^{\circ}C$ and 4 hours, respectively. The average grain size and the lattice constant were decreased with increasing content of Ca. The average grain size was increased with increase of sintering temperature. The relative density of all specimens was 96~98%. The 2nd Phase formed by the thermal diffusion of CuO from the surface leads to very excellent dielectric properties, that is, $\varepsilon$$_{r}$>50000, tan $\delta$<0.05, $\Delta$C<$\pm$10%. The appropriate Ca content was under 15 ㏖%.s under 15 ㏖%.%.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• v.13 no.spc2
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• pp.341-345
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• 2012

[Li0.055(K0.5Na0.5)0.945](Nb1-xTax)O3 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) ceramics were prepared by the partial sol-gel (PSG) method to improve the microstructure homogeneity of Ta5+ ion and were compared to those prepared by the conventional mixed oxide (CMO) method. For the PSG method, Ta(OC2H5)5 was directly reacted with calcined [Li0.055(K0.5Na0.5)0.945]NbO3 powders and the specimens sintered at 1100 ℃ for 5 hrs showed a single phase with a perovskite structure. Compared to the specimens prepared by conventional mixed oxide powders, the relative ratio of tetragonal phase to orthorhombic phase of the sintered specimens prepared by Ta(OC2H5)5 was larger than that of the sintered specimens prepared by Ta2O5. The electromechanical coupling factor (kp), piezoelectric constant (d33) and dielectric constant (εr) of the sintered specimens were increased with Ta5+ content. These results could be attributed to the decrease of the orthorhombic-tetragonal polymorphic phase transition temperature (To-t), which could be evaluated by oxygen octahedral distortion. Strain of the sintered specimens prepared by the PSG method was higher than that of specimens prepared by the CMO method due to the increase of relative density. The effects of crystal structure on the strain characteristics of the specimens were also discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.12 s.271
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• pp.884-888
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• 2004

Effects of NiO were studied in aspects of dielectric properties and microstructure of $0.96(0.91Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-0.09PbTiO_3)­0.04BaTiO_3$ (PMN-PT-BT, PBT). The PBT was prepared by a conventional mixed oxide method using $(MgCO_3)_4{\cdot}Mg(OH)_2$ instead of MgO through Lewis acid-base interaction. NiO was added in the range of 0.5 to $3.0\;wt\%$ as thermally decomposable $2NiCO_3{\cdot}3Ni(OH)_2$ and it seemed to enhance densification to a large extent below $1000^{\circ}C$. But all the systems gave rise to ceramics with almost same relative sintered density of 96% by sintering at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. But it turned out that the addition of NiO was detrimental to dielectric constant but beneficial to the loss of dielectric constant.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2003

Ultrafine TiC-15%Co powders were synthesized by a thermochemical process, including spray drying, calcination, and carbothermal reaction. Ti-Co oxide powders were prepared by spray drying of aqueous solution of titanium chloride and $Ti(OH)_2$ slurry, both containing cobalt nitrate, fellowed by calcination. The oxide powders were mixed with carbon powder to reduce and carburize at 1100~125$0^{\circ}C$ under argon or hydrogen atmosphere. Ultrafine TiC particles were formed by carbothermal reaction at 1200~125$0^{\circ}C$, which is significantly lower than the formation temperature (~1$700^{\circ}C$) of TiC particles prepared by conventional method. The oxygen content of TiC-15%Co powder synthesized under hydrogen atmosphere was lower than that synthesized under argon, suggesting that hydrogen accelerates the reduction rate of Ti-Co oxides. The size of TiC-15%Co powder was evaluated by FE-SEM and TEM and Identified to be smaller than 300 nm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.337-341
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• 2016

In this study, $ Ni_{0.79}(Mn_{2.21-x}Cu_x)O_4$ (x=0~0.25) specimens were prepared by using a conventional mixed oxide method. All specimens were sintered in air at $1,200^{\circ}C$ for 12 h and cooled at a rate of $2^{\circ}C/min$ to $800^{\circ}C$, subsequently quenching to room temperature. We investigated the structural and electrical properties of $ Ni_{0.79}(Mn_{2.21-x}Cu_x)O_4$ specimens with variation of CuO amount for the application of NTC thermistors. As results of X-ray diffraction patterns, all specimens showed the formation of a complete solid solution with cubic spinel phase. The relationship between ln ${\rho}$ and the reciprocal of absolute temperature(1/T) for the NTC thermistors was shown linearity, which exhibited the typical NTC thermistor properties. With increasing the amount of CuO, resistivity at room temperature, B-value, and temperature coefficient resistance decreased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.221-224
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• 2000

The microwave dielectric properties of Ba(Mg$_{1}$3/Ta$_{2}$3/)O$_3$-xBa(Co$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_3$[BMT-BCN] ceramics were investigated. The specimens were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method. It was found that Ba(Mg$_{1}$3/Ta$_{2}$3/)O$_3$ and Ba(Co$_{1}$3/Nb$_{2}$3/)O$_3$ formed a solid solution with complex perovskite structure. Increasing the BCN content, dielectric constant was increased, but temperature coefficient of resonant frequency was decreased. In the range of x$\geq$0.4, dielectric constant was about 30. 0.55BMT-0.45BCN ceramics showed excellent microwave dielectric properties with $\varepsilon$$_{r}$=30.84, Q$\times$f$_{0}$=75,325[GHz] and $\tau$$_{f}$=-2.9015[ppm/$^{\circ}C$].X>].

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.32-37
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• 2015

In the fields of plant layout optimization, the main goal is to minimize the construction cost including pipelines as satisfying all constraints such as safety and operating issues. However, what is the lacking of considerations in previous researches is to consider proper safety and maintenance spaces for a complex plant. Based on the mathematical programming, MILP(Mixed Integer Linear Programming) problems including various constraints can be formulated to find the optimal solution which is to achieve the best economic benefits. The objective function of this problem is the sum of piping cost, pumping cost and area cost. In general, many conventional optimization solvers are used to find a MILP problem. However, it is really hard to solve this problem due to complex inequality and equality constraints, since it is impossible to use the derivatives of objective functions and constraints. To resolve this problem, the PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), which is one of the representative sampling approaches and does not need to use derivatives of equations, is employed to find the optimal solution considering various complex constraints in this study. The EO (Ethylene Oxide) plant is tested to verify the efficacy of the proposed method.