• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analysis total number of 123 SSI programs by SSI criteria. The criteria was consisted of subject, school level, starting point, scientific evidence, social content, use of scientific knowledge, level of conflict of interest, and evaluation and reflection. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, elementary school programs were the most and middle school programs were relatively few. Second, starting point was mainly in the actual situation, the fiction and nonfiction situation, and the situation including the controversy and conflict was less than 10%. Third, it was based on scientific evidence but mainly influenced by individual values and perceptions. Fourth, social contents were developed mainly in ethics/morality/value, political/social life/economy, environment contents. Fifth, the use of scientific knowledge mainly consisted of scientific decision making, scientific critical thinking, and information search. However, science inquiry, risk assessment, and cost effectiveness were less than 10%. Scientific inquiry is the essential factor of science education, and one of core competencies of national science curriculum. SSI program should be able to experience various kinds of conflicts, and to evaluate and reflect through reflection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1069-1076
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• 1997

There remains controversy regarding the appropriate surgical treatment for coarctation of the aorta because of relatively high rate of recoartation and high mortality in the cases associated with complex anomalies. We evaluated 31 consecutive patients who underwent surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta from May 1992 through June 1996. Nineteen patients(61.3%) were neonates and 26(83.9%) were under three months. Nine patients did not have major associated anom lies(Group I), 15 patients had ventricular septal defect(Group II), and 7 patients had major complex anomalies(Group III). 35.5% of the patients had arch hypoplasia. Surgical procedures performed were as follows: extended end-to-end anastomosis in 17 patients, combined resection-flap procedure in 7 patients, and subclavian flap aortoplasty in 7 patients. Residual coarctation occurred in 7(25%) of 28 patients; 2 after subclavian (lap aortoplasty(2/6, 33.3%), none after combillrd resection-flap procedure(0/7, 0%), and 5 after extended end-to-end anastomosis(5/15, 33.3%). Higher incidence of residual coarctation was noticed in the group with arch hypoplasia. The incidence of postoperative coarctation at a mean follow-up of 20.5 months in survivals was 12.0%(3/25); 2 cases after subclavian flap aortoplasty(2/6, 33.3%), none after combined resection-flap procedure(017, 0%), and one after endtoend anastomosis(1/12, 8.3%). The mortality rate related to coarctation repair was 9.7%(3 patients all in Group III). This study revealed that isolated coarctation of aorta and coarctation with ventricular septal di3fect(groups I & ll) can be repaired with low mortality, but repair of coarctation with complex anomaly had a high operative mortality Also the patients with arch hypoplasia had higher incidence of post-operative residual coarctation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.53
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• pp.211-228
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• 2017

In May 2012, the police was empowered to electronically obtain location information of mobile devices from the telecommunication service provides for the purpose of rescue by the Act on the Protection, Use, ETC. of Location Information, after years of pressure with repeated serious violent crime outbreaks and controversy concerning the risk of breaching privacy. This study examines the environmental, legal, and technological challenges related to location tracking at the time of five years after the amendment of the law. The bottom line of police's locating power is to secure the lives of people in deadly emergent circumstance. Therefore, location tracking using given information should be swiftly proceeded after consideration and judgment of justification in timely manner to electronically request information to mobile carriers, and it is necessary to have somewhat flexibility of interpretation to be applied to diverse situation. In addition, location tracking technology should be continuously updated through cooperation with the stake-holders. Recognizing substantial problems in practice, we identified and explored the issues including obtaining prior consent for tracking the user's location in case of emergency, confirmation of emergency situation requiring police presence, qualification of legitimate requester, and limited applicability in various circumstances, which are required to reconsidered in conjunction with the personal information protection laws. Additional practical issues may include the expenses for information provision and other incentives to promote active cooperation by the telecom companies.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2013

The purpose of this paper is to appraise Bogeumzari Housing Program(BHP) which is providing public housing of different types for the target brackets on a matching system basis. Especially, on government's announcing BHP plan with the designation of several Bogeumzari districts in Seoul Metropolitan area, they raised a question about target groups' receiving the benefits of BHP plan and this paper focuses on the question. We tried to analyze two topics. First one is about the exorbitant windfall profits to the future potential residents derived from low price or rental cost of Bogeumzari Housing in comparison with neighborhood's market price. Second one is the low possibility of low-moderate income household's access to absolutely high price Bogeumzari Housing that is because the market price is so high in some area. BHP includes not only long-term public rental hosing(Permeant rental housing, National rental housing) for low income households but also other types of public rental housing(10-year rental housing, shared-ownership rental housing) for moderate income households. So, in this study we tried to find out the affordability of each bracket in three public housing types, which are public sales housing(condominium), 10-year rental housing and shared-ownership rental housing. Through analyzing the housing affordability by types, regions, size, we tried to seek the answer to the controversy and propose policy implications related to the future public housing programs.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.46
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• pp.207-231
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• 2017

Printmaking is a field of fine arts and is placed on a vague boundary that is perceived as a commercial product with a popular character due to the speciality of editions. Advances of modern science and technology has developed a new technique of printmaking, and the fusion of printmaking and computer has shown the possibility of reproduction art. Reproduction printmaking has been heavily influenced by photography and extended areas, and the various forms of printing have brought about many changes and attempts by stimulating the possibilities of indirect art at various angles. As the history of printmaking and technology closely relate, the development of computer makes widespread expansion of plural artistry, technological and artistic change. A new conceptual shape can be created on the copied image simply by placing the material of the print on the smoothly flat surface expressed in digital form. The process and the result of such work show the area of unique work which is different from the value of the $\grave{a}$ la carte art or the characteristics of the material given by the print. The deprecated perception of reproducibility evaluated the value of the work in a direct sense of printmaking. It is undeniable that it is devalued by a bundle of works regardless of the value of each edition. However, the physical properties of the prints on the paper are brought up with hand drawings drawn on the canvas by hand. And it becomes an opportunity to show new aspect and change through the process of combining digital print information on paper. The diversity of media is sometimes a controversy of identity between art and technology. In the future, it should be discussed how the limit of the media which can be enjoyed in the field of art can be set as a standard.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.113-120
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• 2020

Safety accidents, called industrial accidents in construction work, are causing a lot of casualties, property damage and social controversy in the event of an accident, causing the construction to lose public confidence. The risk of safety accidents at construction sites may continue to increase as the construction of high-rise, large-scale, and multi-purpose complex buildings has increased in recent years. In particular, the most frequently constructed apartment construction among reinforced concrete buildings is designed and constructed with a wall-like structure with no beams for each floor, while the lower floors are made of lamen with columns and beams. As a result, the transfer beam or transfer slab to withstand the upper load is installed on the upper part of the Ramen structure, so the system Dongbari, which is installed as a temporary material during concrete laying construction, may collapse at any time during plowing and curing. The purpose of this study is to apply IT convergence technology to prevent the collapse of the system Dongbari during concrete installation, and to apply many of the variables that may occur during construction on a case-by-case basis to check the stability of the system Dongbari and to propose a model of the anti-conducting prediction system.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.485-493
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• 2007

Introduction: Although several types of calcium-phosphate coumpound have been frequently applied to osseous defects at maxillofacial area for many years, there is a controversy about its efficiency on bone conductivity comprared to xenograft bone substitute. Alloplastic carbonapatite has been introduced to improve disadvantages of hydroxyapatite and to mimic natural bone containing carbon elements. However, a preclinical study about its efficiency of osteoconductivity has not been reported. This study was performed to evaluate the early osteoconductive potential of synthetic carbonapatite with multiple pores relative to anorganic bovine xenograft. Materials and methods: Total 5 beagle dogs were used for maxillary augmentation model. The control (anorganic bovine xenograft) and experimental groups (synthetic carbonapatite) were randomly distributed in the mouth split design. After bone graft, all animals were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery. Histological specimens with Masson Trichrome staining were made and histomorphometrically analysed with image analyser. The statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. Results: In both groups, all animals had no complications. The experimental group showed relatively much new bone formation around and along the bone substitutes, whereas it was clearly reduced in the control group. The ratios of new bone area to total area, to material area and to the residual area excluding materials were higher in the experimental group ($0.13{\pm}0.03,\;0.40{\pm}0.13,\;0.20{\pm}0.06$ respectively) than in the control group ($0.01{\pm}0.01,\;0.03{\pm}0.02,\;0.03{\pm}0.03$, respectively). And the differences between both groups were statistically significant (p<0.001, <0.01, <0.01, respectively), while the ratio of material area to total area in two groups was not significant. Conclusion: Carbonapatite showed a high osteoconductivity in the early stage of bone healing compared to bovine derived anorganic bone substitute. This study suggests that this bone materials can be applied as a reliable bone substitute in the clinical treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.545-559
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• 2002

There has been increasing use of IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ owing to easy fabrication method, high esthetics similar to natural teeth, good marginal accuracy, and sufficient fracture strength. However, in clinical application, although a luting agent and the tooth cementation bonding procedure influence the marginal accuracy and fracture strength restoration, there has been a controversy in the selection of proper luting agent. This study was to measure the marginal fidelites and fracture strength of IPS Empress crowns according to three cement types, Protec $cem^{(R)}$, Variolink $II^{(R)}$ and Panavia $21^{(R)}$. After construction of 12 experimental dies for each group, IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ crowns were fabricated and luted the metal master die prepartion of the maxillary right premolar. Marginal gaps before cementation and after cementation were measured. Buccal incline on the functional cusp of specimens were loaded until the catastrophic failure and fracture strength was measured. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The range of gap was $34.04{\pm}4.84{\mu}m$ before cementation and $37.88{\pm}5.00{\mu}m$ after cementation, which showed significant difference by paired t-test (p<0.05). The difference in the results from marginal accuracy according to measuring point proved to be not statistically significant by two-way ANOVA test (p>0.05). 2. The difference in the results from marginal accuracy according to three cement types Proved that The Variolink $II^{(R)}$ cement group had the least gap, $35.43{\pm}5.03{\mu}m$, and showed superior marginal accuracy while there existed statistic significance in Protec $cem^{(R)}$ cement group, $39.06{\pm}4.41{\mu}m$ or Panavia $21^{(R)}$ cement group, $39.16{\pm}4.39{\mu}m$ by two-way ANOVA test & multiple range test (p<0.05). 3. The difference in the results from fractures strength testing according to three cement type groups proved to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The Variolink $II^{(R)}$ cement group shows highest fracture strength of $1257.33{\pm}226.77N$, Panavia $21^{(R)}$ cement group has $1098.08{\pm}138.45N$, and Protec $cem^{(R)}$ cement group represents the lowest fracture strength of $926.75{\pm}115.75N$. 4. Three different cement groups of different components showed acceptable marginal fidelity and fracture strength. It is concluded that IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ crowns luted using Variolink $II^{(R)}$ cement group had stronger fracture strength and smaller marginal gap than the other cement groups. Although Variolink $II^{(R)}$ resin cement seemed acceptable to clinical applications in IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ system, the IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ system still requires long-term research due to the lack of data in clinical applications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2011

Background: The rising prevalence of asthma worldwide may be associated with the rising prevalence of obesity in developed nations. Although several studies have suggested a relationship between asthma and obesity, controversy still remains. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and asthmatic factors such as atopy, eosinophilia, serum total Ig E and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic cough patients. Methods: This study was a retrospective, observational study in two centers done between January 2007 and June 2008. The subjects included individuals who had a chronic cough. We examined body mass index (BMI) to measure obesity and pulmonary function. We did a metacholine provocation test for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a skin prick test for atopy, and tests for blood eosinophils and serum IgE. Results: A total of 1022 subjects were included. Airway hyperresponsiveness was not related with obesity (p=0.06), and atopy incidence was significant higher in non obese patients (p=0.00). There was no significant difference in serum IgE and blood eosinophil counts between obese and non obese patients. Forced expiratory volue in one second ($FEV_1$)/forced vital capacity (FVC) was significantly reduced in obese patients (p=0.03), but FEV1 and FVC were no significant difference between obese and non obese patients. Conclusion: There is no relationship between obesity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The nonobese group appears to have more atopy. The relationship between obesity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy need further investigation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.92-99
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• 2002

There have been efforts that inhibit development of dental caries by sugar substitution. But, it is controversial if xylitol has anticariogenic effect in the presence of sucrose. And there are few papers dealing with the combined action of xylitol and sucrose. For the purpose of resolving this controversy, the author investigated the effect of xylitol on enamel demineralization and on adhesiveness of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite in the presence of sucrose. Five experimental solutions were prepared as follows: (S: sucrose, X: xylitol) Group 1: BHI broth Group 2: BHI+1% S Group 3: BHI+0.75% S+0.25% X Group 4: BHI+0.5% S+0.5% X Group 5: BHI+0.25% S+0.75% X Group 6: BHI+1% X Each solution was inoculated with $100{\mu}l$ of S. mutans JC-2. And saliva coated hydroxyapatite beads were put into each experimental solution. And then each solution was incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ under anaerobic condition. After incubation, the adhesiveness of S. mutans on hydroxyapatite was evaluated. The Vickers hardness numbers were measured on extracted human primary teeth, and these teeth were dipped into the same experimental solution and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ under anaerobic condition for 48hours. Surface microhardness were measured again after incubation. The obtained results were as follows; 1. In the presence of sucrose, xylitol can reduce the adhesiveness of S. mutans on hydroxyapatite surface from the ratio of 25% sucrose to 75% xylitol(P<0.05). 2. In the presence of sucrose, xylitol can reduced demineralization of primary teeth enamel surface from the ratio of 50% sucrose to 50% xylitol(P<0.01).