• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.89-103
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• 2006

This study was performed to provide sources of nutrition education for female adolescents by identifying eating disorder patterns and their relationships with self-body image, weight control, and eating behavior. A total of 329 female middle school students were recruited and completed a general characteristics survey, the Eating Attitudes Test(EAT-26), a perception of self-body image survey, a concern for weight control survey, an eating behavior survey, and the Mini Dietary Assessment Index(MDA). Eating disorder patterns were identified to be obesity stress and weight control(OW), risk of binge eating(RB), and dietary restraint(DR) by factor analysis. OW pattern was related with stout body shape, body dissatisfaction, experience of weight control, skipping of dinner, and low MDA score. RB pattern was associated with lean body shape, body satisfaction, indiscreet snack behavior, and the eating time of snacks. The DR pattern was associated with normal body shape, regular meal times, desirable snack behavior, and high MDA scores. The results indicated that the eating patterns of adolescent were not identical to existing diagnostic categories. Furthermore, each eating pattern displayed different characteristics of perception on self-body image, concern for weight control, and eating behavior. In conclusion, nutrition education for female middle school students could reflect the different characteristics of each eating disorder pattern.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.695-698
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• 1992

Three Japanese Corriedale wethers were used in a $3{\times}3$ latin square design to determine the effect of soybean meal (SBM) supplementation on the eating and rumination behavior in sheep fed rice straw as a basal diet. Soybean meal was supplemented at three levels of 0 (control), 75 g and 150 g/day. Soybean meal supplementation had no significant effect on the daily time spent eating and rumination, whereas the rate of eating of rice straw was significantly faster (p<0.05) in sheep fed SBM-supplemented diets than in sheep fed control diet. However, when expressed per 100 g of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake, daily rumination time of sheep fed 75 and 150 g of SBM-supplemented diets was greatly reduced (p<0.01). The length of each rumination period, daily number of rumination periods and number of boli regurgitated were about constant for all SBM levels. Cyclic rate (rumination time per daily number of boli regurgitated) and rumination index (rumination time per 100 g of dry matter eaten) were significantly decreased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation. The number of chews per bolus was not affected, whereas the bolus time reduced (p<0.05) and the rate of chewing during rumination was increased (p<0.05) by SBM supplementation.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.6
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• pp.49-63
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the weight control behaviors, the degree of fatness and dance major on behalf of finding the effects of eating disorders. 779 female high school students, 283 dance major students and 496 general major students, were participated in the study. A self-reporting type of questionnaire survey was conducted during the period from $6^{th}$ May to $18^{th}$ April of 2005. Collected data were processed using SPSSW in 12.0; they were analysed through frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results of this study are as follows : 1. With regard to the level of eating disorders(EAT-26), 33.9% of risk group of eating disorder female dance students, and 13.7% of risk group of eating disorder female general major students. Weight-control behaviors in this research were 1) weight control concerns, 2) weight control trial, 3) weight control methods (prescription of M.D., ways of weight control), 4) eating habits. First, 56.6% of subjects had high concerns about weight control, and 92% of subjects had tried weight control. Second, only 5.1% of subjects were prescribed by M.D. Third, subjects had been using wrong methods(25.7%) of weigh control such as fasting, using drugs, vomiting, wearing laps etc. Fourth, 42.7% of the subjects had bad eating habits. The degree of fatness was as follows: 1) BMI(Body Mass Index), 2) self report about weight 3) distorted body image. Depending upon the BMI, the subjects with obesity were not found in female dance students; Comparatively, 36.9% of dance students were fat and 1.4% of the students were very fat. In terms of distorted body image, only 14.9% of all subjects were the same between the subjective degree of fatness and the objective degree of fatness. 2. As a result of multiple regression, six variables were found significant($R^2=11.6%$, P < 0.01). Concerns about the weight control significantly influenced on eating disorders(EAT-26). At the same time, major(dance), wrong methods of weight control, distorted body image, prescription of M.D, and eating habits had significantly influenced on eating disorders. This results indicates that the risk of eating disorders among female dancer students was very high. Therefore, professional intervention is needed for female dance students to prevent the eating disorders.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.791-800
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• 1993

Liquid feeding of hogs can be controlled by using feed-level-sensors in the troughs. In this way restricted feeding with computer control of the eating time is possible. For this purpose the feed supplied is adjusted according to the eating time of the previously fed portion. With ad libitum feeding the same sensors can provide for a clean trough once a day and thus help to overcome sanitary problems. The effect of the feeding systems on daily intake and performance of hogs are dealt with.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1469-1475
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of methods of feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 15 growing steers (13 months old) were assigned to the control (fed roughage and concentrate mix separately), TMR1 (fed restricted TMR), and TMR2 (fed TMR ad libitum) groups. Individual behaviors of steers were observed for 48 hours. Compared with the control, feeding restricted TMR (TMR1) resulted in short eating time, long ruminating time, short chewing time, high frequencies of defecation, urination, and drinking of water, great numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, high eating and chewing efficiencies (p<0.05). Compared with feeding restricted TMR (TMR1), feeding TMR ad libitum (TMR2) resulted in 1.2 kg more daily feed DM intake, long eating and chewing times, short resting time, great frequencies of defecation, urination and drinking of water, more numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, low eating and high ruminating efficiencies (p<0.05) and similar chewing efficiency (p>0.05). Considering all these results, the wet TMR feeding system induced generally more desirable eating and ruminating behaviors of growing Hanwoo steers, but made the barn floor wetter due to more defecation and urination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.599-606
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• 2019

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of high dietary cation and anion difference (DCAD) rations on diurnal variations in eating and meal patterns, water intake and urination patterns in dairy goats fed under high ambient temperature (HTa). Methods: Ten crossbred dairy goats during peri-parturition period were selected and divided into two groups of five animals each. Experimental diets were control DCAD (control, 22.8 mEq/100 g dry matter [DM]) and high DCAD (DCAD, 39.1 mEq/100 g DM). The composition of two diets consisted of 44% corn silage and 56% concentrate. From the 2nd week to 8th week postpartum, goats were fed ad libitum twice daily either with the control or DCAD total mix ration with free access to water. The spontaneous eating and drinking patterns were determined. Results: The environmental conditions in the present experiment indicated that goats were fed under HTa conditions (average peak THI = 85.2) and were in heat stress. In addition to the typical HTa induced tachypnoea in both groups, the respiratory rate in the DCAD group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Although the goats from both groups showed comparable level of eating, drinking and urination during experiment, the meal pattern and water intake were different. High DCAD apparently increased eating and meal patterns compared with the control. At week 8 postpartum, goats from high DCAD group had significant (p<0.05) bigger meal size and longer meal duration. Moreover, high DCAD appeared to increase night-time water intake (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both meal pattern and night-time drinking effects of DCAD suggested that feeding with high DCAD ration may alleviate the effect of heat stress in dairy goat fed under HTa conditions.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.855-858
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• 2003

The trends of recent developed a pet robot which interacts with people are increased gradually. There are a few pet robots that are a robot dog, robot cat, and robot fish. The pet robot is featured that it is possible to sympathize and give pleasure to human. The pet robots express delight, sorrow, surprise, and hunger through the artificial intelligence. Previously, the pet robot has to exchange the battery when it is exhausted. Commercialized robots have a self-recharging function, which express hunger. Robot dog AIBO, SONY in Japan, checks the battery for expressing hunger. They find an energy station for recharge. While operation time of AIBO is 1 hour 30 minutes, recharging time is 2 hours. Recharging time is longer than operation time. During the recharge, they don't operate. We obtain a motivation for eating the battery when find the problem. In this paper, introduce an Autonomous Eating Pet Robot and propose a design for realization. The Autonomous Eating Pet Robot has a function that is the most basic instinct that is finding a food and evacuating.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.368-375
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic informations for educating juveniles on desirable body image recognition by examining their body image recognition and comparing and finding problems according to gender and body mass index (BMI) in middle school students. The average age of the subjects was 15, their average height was 162.5 cm, their average weight was 53.5 kg, and their average BMI was $20.1\;kg/m^2$. Male students wanted to gain weight and female students wanted to lose weight. As for body shape, female students thought that they were fat more often than male students. Also the more overweight the students were, the higher their concerns and experiences toward weight control. Among weight control methods, exercise scored highest in all BMI groups. Over 80% of the respondents answered that their weight control effort were not systematic such as via professional counseling. As for the frequency of eating breakfast and dinner in female students, the more a student was overweight, the lower their frequency of eating breakfast and dinner. Many respondents answered that a typical meal time was '10~20 minutes'. The average eating habit score for all subjects was 38.0. The eating habit scores of male students were significantly higher than those of female students, and there were no significant differences among BMI groups. Eating habit score of 'I have more than two meals with rice everyday' in female overweight group was significantly higher than those of other two groups. These results indicate that the female students' degree of preference for a slim body shape were higher than those of male students. In addition, weight control by students is not systematic through professional counseling; instead they attempt to control their weight by themselves such as a meal skip, which lead to potential danger that they may lose weight carelessly. Therefore, correct body image recognition is greatly needed, and families and schools should make ceaseless efforts to help students properly control their weight and have correct eating attitudes.

• Archives of Obesity and Metabolism
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2022

Dietary therapy is one of the most important treatments for obesity. In general, it is difficult to maintain the recommended diet for weight control for a long time; therefore, it is difficult to achieve weight loss or maintain weight. Intermittent fasting has recently become one of the most popular diets for weight loss. Intermittent fasting is a strategy of repeating intermittent energy restriction and eating, unlike conventional diets of continuous calorie restriction. Studies on intermittent fasting have shown positive results not only in terms of weight loss but also improvement in metabolic indicators, such as glucose control and reduction of blood pressure. Therefore, it is important to maintain a long-term dietary strategy to prevent weight loss in obese individuals. The effect on weight loss was similar to that of an existing continuous energy-restricted diet. However, long term studies and safety data are still lacking, and large-scale studies with various populations are needed. If more evidence is secured for various individuals, it can be expected that intermittent fasting, including time-restricted eating, will be applied clinically in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.283-294
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• 1988

To study the factors related to childhood obesity, 75 subjects were selected as an obese group and 75 subjects were selected as a control group according to their obesity index and BMI among the 583 children of 5th and 6th grade in elementary school in Seoul. For each subject, skinfold thickness was measured, information on the characteristics of family, nutrient intake and activity time of the subjects were obtained by questionnarie. The results were summarized as following: 1) Parents' obesity indices of obese group were significantly higher than those of control group(Father's Obesity Index : P<0.01, Mother's Obesity Index : P<0.05). 2) Questions about eating rate and behavior showed that subjects in obese group were significantly faster in their eating rate(p<0.05) and always more eager to eat food(p<0.001) compared to control group. 3) Dietary intake data showed that average daily intake of all the nutrients exceeded Korean recommended dietary allowances for the age group. In female children, fat intakes of obese group were significantly higher than control group(P<0.05). There was no such significant difference in male subjects. 4) Activity time record of subjects reveal that there was a trend for males to spend more time in moderate and high activity and less time in light activity compared to females. Subjects in obese group spent significantly more time for light activity(P<0.001) and significantly less time for moderate activity (P<0.001) compared to subjects in control group. The difference of activity was more pronounced in male subjects. 5) Correlation matrix of the variables showed that obesity index, BMI, and skinfold thickness of the subjects were highly correlated with each other. These indices were positively correlated to parent's obesity indices and the time spent for light activity, but negatively correlated to the time spent for moderate activity. Nutrient intakes were not significantly correlated to obesity indices. Form the results shown above, although both obese and control groups are from high socioeconomic class, obese children tended to come from family with fat parents. They eat fast and are always eager to eat. They tend to eat more fat but are very different from controls in nutrient intake. Obese children are significantly lower in their actinity compared to controls. So, for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity, it seems to be more important to increase their activity levels.