• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2012

We have conducted three experiments to develop a fertilizer-dissolving apparatus used in fertigation or hydroponics cultivation in order to decrease the fertilizer dissolving time and labor input via automation. All of the experiments were conducted twice. In the first experiment, four selected treatments were tested to dissolve fertilizers rapidly. The first treatment was to dissolve fertilizer by spraying water with a submerged water pump, placed in the nutrient solution tank. The water was sprayed onto fertilizer, which is dissolved and filtered through the hemp cloth mounted on the upper part of the nutrient solution tank (Spray). The second treatment was to install a propeller on the bottom of the nutrient solution tank (Propeller). The third treatment was to produce a water stream with a submerged water pump, located at the bottom of the tank (Submerged). Finally, the fourth treatment was to produce an air stream through air pipes with an air compressor located at the bottom of the tank (Airflow). The Spray treatment was found to take the shortest time to dissolve fertilizer, yet it was inconvenient to implement and manage after installation. The Airflow treatment was thought to be the best method in terms of the time to dissolve, labor input, and automation. In the second experiment, Airflow treatment was investigated in more detail. In order to determine the optimal number of air pipe arms and their specification, different versions of 6- and 8-arm air pipe systems were evaluated. The apparatus with 6 arms (Arm-6) that was made of light density polyethylene was determined to be the best system, evaluated on its time to dissolve fertilizer, easiness to use regardless of the lid size of the tank, and easiness to produce and install. In the third experiment, the Submerged and Arm-6 treatments were compared for their dissolving time and economics. Arm-6 treatment decreased the dissolving time by 8 times and proved to be very economic. In addition, dissolving characteristics were investigated for $KNO_3$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and Fe-EDTA.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.5684-5691
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine effects of constraint-induced movement therapy(CIMT) and/or cognitive-perceptual training(CPT) on the change of hand function in cerebrovascular accident(CVA) patients and to evaluate the change in the amount and quality of use of the affected upper extremity in performing daily living tasks. The subjects of study were 10 patients who had been under rehabilitation for more than three months after CVA onset. They were all determined as mild cognition impairment according to NCSE or MVPT test. For CIMT group, to restrict the movement of the unaffected hand the subjects had been worn modified resting arm-splint in daytime for 4 weeks. For CIMT+CPT group, the subjects were performed CPT with CIMT and control group had been under conventional occupational therapy for the same period. CIMT+CPT group showed significant improvement in simulated feeding, lifting large light objects, and lifting large heavy objects of Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. CIMT group also showed significant improvement compared with control group. The mean changes of the amount of use(AOU) of the affected arm had a statistically significant difference among groups (p<.05). While CIMT+CPT group had the biggest change in the quality of movement(QOM) of upper extremity of the affected side, CTL group showed the smallest change. Both CIMT and CIMT+CPT groups had statistically significant difference in the change in the quality of movement in upper extremity of affected side with CTL group(p<.05), but there was not significant difference between CIMT group and CIMT+CPT group. CIMT performed to the patients of stroke, with mild impairment in cognitive perceptual abilities showed the improvement in hand movement and AOU and QOM of upper extremity in the affected side and the combination of CIMT with CPT showed synergic effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.163-173
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• 2001

The dynamic behavior characteristics of a small fishing crane for inshore and coastal fishing vessels was experimentally analyzed in order to improve the fishing operation and to reduce considerably manual work of fisherman. The small fishing crane was designed to be controlled electro-hydraulically by means of proportional valves and solenoid valves, and also to be controlled the speed of each operation. The dynamic behavior characteristics was investigated by measuring the changes of parameters such as oil pressure, swing angle of load, load tension, the lifting angle and the swing angle of crane arm when the arms extended in a side way was given a test load. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The designed small fishing crane can be proportionally controlled by means of proportional valves and rapidly by operating the solenoid valves, respectively. The capacity, turning angle, maximum reach of crane were 2 T-M, $180^\circ$, 3.7m, respectively. 2. The vertical change of crane arm on the extension of lifting cylinder was $1.2^\circ$/cm, and the swing speed of crane arm due to the extension of swing cylinder by on/off operations of solenoid valves was $15^\circ$/sec, with the swing period of 1.4 sec and the angle fluctuation of $\pm$11.0$^{\circ}$. 3. When changing simultaneously the horizontal and vertical positions of the lifting load by on/off operations of solenoid valves, the swing and lifting speeds of crane arm were $4.46^\circ$/sec and $6.4^\circ$/sec, respectively. 4. The movements of the designed crane were particularly smooth as they are controlled with the aid of proportional valves than by means of solenoid valves.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Recent cytogenetic studies indicated that long of the long arm of chromosome 5 is a frequent event in small cell lung canær (SCLC), suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in its place. To map the precise tumor-suppressor loci on the chromosome arm for further positional cloning efforts, we tested 15 primary SCLCs. Methods : The DNAs extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks with primary tumor and corresponding control tissue were investigated. Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite markers located in the long arm of chromosome 5 were used in the microsatellite analysis. Results : We found that ten (66.7%) of 15 tumors exhibited LOH in at least one of tested microsatellite markers. Two (13%) of 10 tumors exhibiting LOH lost a larger area in chromosome 5q. LOH was observed in five common deleted regions at 5q. Among those areas, LOH between 5q34-qter and 5q35.2-35.3 was most frequent (75%). LOH was also observed in more than 50% of the tumors at four other regions, between 5q14-15 and 5q23-31, 5q31.1, 5q31.3-33.3, and 5q34-35. Three of 15 tumors exhibited shifted bands in at least one of the tested microsatellite markers. Shifted bands occurred in 2.5% (7 of 285) of the loci tested. Conclusion : Our data demonstrated that at least five tumor-suppressor loci exist in the long arm of chromosome 5 and that they may play an important role in small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.597-611
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• 2003

Background : Loss of the short arm of chromosome 16 is a frequent event in various cancers, which suggests the presence of tumor suppressor gene(s) there. To map precise tumor suppressor loci on the chromosome arm for further positional cloning efforts, we tested 23 primary small cell lung cancers. Method : The DNAs extracted from paraffin embedded tissue blocks with primary tumor and corresponding control tissue were investigated. Twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers located in the short arm of chromosome 16 were used in the microsatellite analysis. Results : We found that six (26.1%) of 23 tumors exhibited LOH in at least one of tested microsatellite markers. Two (8.7%) of 6 tumors exhibiting LOH lost a larger area in chromosome 16p. LOH was observed in five common deleted regions at 16p. Among those areas, LOH between D16S668 and D16S749 was most frequent (21.1%). LOH was also observed at four other regions, between D16S3024 and D16S748, D16S405, D16S420, and D16S753. Six of 23 tumors exhibited shifted bands in at least one of the tested microsatellite markers. Shifted bands occurred in 3.3% (15 of 460) of the loci tested. Conclusion : Our data demonstrated that at least five tumor suppressor loci might exist in the short arm of chromosome 16 and that they may play an important role in small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.853-860
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• 2014

This paper introduces a Korean rescue robot and presents a whole body kinematic control strategy. The mission of the rescue robot is to move and lift patients or soldiers with impaired mobility in the battlefields, hospitals and hazardous environments. In order for a robot to rescue and assist humans, reliable mobility in various environments, large load carrying capacity, and dextrous manipulability are required. For these objects the robot has variable configuration mobile platform with tracks, dual arm manipulator, and two types of grippers. The electric actuators provide the strength to lift a wounded soldier up to 120 kg using whole body joints. To control the robot with multi degree of freedom, we need to synthesize complex whole-body behaviors, and to manage multiple task primitives systematically. We are to present a whole body kinematic control methodology, and demonstrate its effectiveness through numerical simulations.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.183-196
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted in order to find the effects of Gammaekdaejo-tang (Ganmaidazao-tang, GDT) by subjecting rats to immobilization stress, thereby inducing depression, anxiety and acquisition-retention defects. Method : Rats treated with normal saline, GDT 200mg/kg and GDT 400mg/kg were subjected to stress by immobilization. Afterwards, behavior changes were observed by elevated plus maze test, acquisition test and retention test in the Morris water maze. The results were obtained by immunohistochemically measuring stress hormone (corticosteroid) levels in the blood. Results and Conclusions : 1. The open arm test in the elevated plus maze showed that compared with the normal group, the time spent decreased in the control group and increased in the GDT 400mg/kg group. 2. The locomotor activity test in the elevated plus maze revealed that the control group showed significant activity decrease compared with the normal group but significant increase in the GDT 400mg/kg group. 3. The acquisition test in the Morris water maze showed that the acquisitive ability of the control group significantly deteriorated on the 3rd and 4th day compared with the normal group, but improved significantly in the GDT 200mg/kg and GDT 400mg/kg groups. 4. The retention test on the 7th day in the Morris water maze revealed that the retentive ability of the control group significantly deteriorated compared with the normal group, but the retentive ability of the GDT 400mg/kg group significantly improved. 5. The blood levels of corticosteroid in the control group increased significantly compared with the normal group but the levels of corticosterone in the blood of the GDT 400mg/kg group significantly decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The initiation of the trunk muscles in stroke patients is delayed because the muscles involved in reach arm are activated earlier than the trunk muscles. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mobility, balance, and trunk control ability through selective trunk exercise (STE) in patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: A randomized pre-test and post-test control group design was initially used, with subjects randomly assigned to the STE group (n=15) and a control group (n=14). All groups underwent physical therapy based on the neuro-developmental therapy (NDT) for 30 minutes a day, five times per week for four weeks. Additionally, the STE group did the trunk exercise for 30 minutes a day, three times per week for four weeks. The timed up and go test (TUG), Berg balance scale (BBS), and trunk impairment scale (TIS) were used for assessment. RESULTS: The scores of the TUG, BBS, dynamic sitting balance subscale, and coordination subscale of TIS improved significantly in both groups but the improvement was more pronounced in the STE group (p<.05). This study showed a large effect on the scores of the TIS coordination subscale (d=.93) (p<.05), TIS dynamic balance subscale (d=.81) (p<.05), TUG (d=.75) (p<.05), and BBS (d=.73) (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The combined STE and NDT program showed improvements in measures of mobility, balance, and trunk control in chronic stroke patients. These results suggest that STE should be considered to be included in the treatment program for patients with chronic stroke.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.1727-1736
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• 2006

In a fuzzy control system to vocess fuzzy data in high-speed for intelligent systems, one of the important problems is the improvement of the execution speed in the fuzzy inference and defuzzification stages. Especially, it is more important to have high-speed operations in the consequent Pan and defuzzification stage. Therefore, in this paper, to improve the speedup of the fuzzy controllers for intelligent systems, we propose novel integer fuzzy operation method without mulitplications and divisions by only integer addition to convert real values in the fuzzy membership functions in the consequent part to integer grid pixels $(400{\times}30)$ without [0, 1] real operations. Also we apply the proposed system to the truck backer-upper control system. As a result, this system shows a real-time very high speed fuzzy control as compared as the conventional methods. This system will be applied to the real-time high-speed intelligent systems such as robot arm control.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2018

Background: According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) accounted for 32% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases in 2014 among full-time workers. Our objective was to review and summarize the evidence linking occupational exposures to vibration and awkward posture with MSDs of the shoulder and neck. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the terms musculoskeletal disorders, vibration, and awkward posture. All types of observational epidemiologic studies, with the exception of case reports, published during 1998-2015 were included. Databases searched were MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Scopus, Ergonomic Abstracts, NIOSHTIC-2, and Health and Safety Science Abstracts. Results: Occupational exposures to whole-body or hand-arm vibration were significantly associated with or resulted in MSDs of the shoulder and neck. Awkward postures while working were also associated with MSDs in these locations. These findings were consistent across study designs, populations, and countries. Conclusion: Occupational exposure to vibration and awkward posture are associated with shoulder and neck MSDs. Longitudinal studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for these associations, and intervention studies are warranted.