• 한국산업정보학회논문지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2016

최근 세계 각국은 교통난, 주택난, 에너지 부족 등 많은 도시 문제를 해결하고 삶의 질을 높이기 위해 스마트시티 프로젝트를 적극적으로 추진하고 있다. 이는 사물인터넷의 발달로 인해 도시 자원의 효율적 통제 및 재사용을 통한 지속가능성, 편리성 및 친환경성을 갖춘 스마트시티의 구축이 가능해졌기 때문이다. 본 연구의 목적은 사물인터넷 기술 동향을 분석하고 사물인터넷 활용분야 가운데 하나인 스마트시티 구축을 위한 방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 비정형 데이터 분석의 하나인 텍스트마이닝 기법을 활용하여 2013년부터 2015년까지 전자신문 기사를 분석하였고 외국의 스마트시티 구축 사례를 조사하였다. 분석결과 빅데이터, 클라우드, 플랫폼, 센서 등이 스마트시티와 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 스마트시티의 성공적 구축을 위해서는 첫째, 도시내 이해관계자들이 모두 협력하여 가치사슬 전 과정에서 새로운 가치를 창출해내야 한다. 둘째, 빅데이터를 적극 활용하여야 하고 공공분야 데이터를 지금보다 더 적극적으로 개방하여야 한다. 본 연구는 빅데이터 분석 방법을 제시하여 후속 연구를 유발하였다는 학문적 기여도가 있다. 또한 실제 지방정부 및 행정기관에서 스마트시티 구축을 위한 정책 수립의 자료로 활용될 수 있는 실무적인 기여도가 있다. 본 연구에서는 사물인터넷 기술 동향을 분석하기 위해 '전자신문' 기사만을 선정하여 분석하였기 때문에 전체 동향을 반영하는 데 제한이 있을 수 있다.

• 임상간호연구
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.335-346
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify patient satisfaction about nursing care provided by Advanced Practice Nurses (APN) using the La Monica-Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale (LOPSS). Methods: The investigation was conducted including 263 patients who experienced care provided by 41 APNs at a tertiary hospital in Korea. Patient satisfaction with nursing care was measured using 41-item LOPSS. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: Overall patient satisfaction with APN care was high. The LOPSS scores for APNs were 52.26 for good impression, 61.75 for interpersonal support, 81.32 for dissatisfaction and 195.93 for total score. "APNs talk down to me" was a reverse coding item which demonstrated the highest score for patient satisfaction. Among patients' characteristics, age and type of main caregiver were independent factors related to patients's satisfaction. Among APN's characteristics, work experience was significantly related to patients' satisfaction. Conclusion: This study identified patient satisfaction regarding nursing care provided by APNs. High patient satisfaction in APN services demonstrated APNs' contribution to quality improvement in health care services. It is recommended that various outcome research about APN service needs to be performed.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.239-244
• /
• 2017

How does the presence of an AGN influence the total SFR estimates of galaxies and change their distribution with respect to the Galaxy Main Sequence? To contribute to solving this question, we study a sample of 1133 sources detected in the North Ecliptic Pole field (NEP) by AKARI and Herschel. We create a multi-wavelength dataset for these galaxies and we fit their multi-wavelength Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) using the whole spectral regime (from 0.1 to $500{\mu}m$). We perform the fit using three procedures: LePhare and two optimised codes for identifying AGN tracers from the SED analysis. In this work we present an overview of the comparison between the estimates of the Infrared bolometric luminosities (between 8 and $1000{\mu}m$) and the AGN fractions obtained exploiting these different procedures. In particular, by estimating the AGN contribution in four different wavelength ranges ($5-40{\mu}m$, $10-20{\mu}m$, $20-40{\mu}m$ and $8-1000{\mu}m$) we show how the presence of an AGN affects the PAH emission by suppressing the ratio $\frac{L_{8{\mu}m}}{L_{4.5{\mu}m}}$ as a function of the considered wavelength range.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.429-449
• /
• 1992

The consumption of foods rich in TDF should not be associated with impaired mineral absorp-tion and long-term mineral status. In surveys of populations consuming high amounts of TDF e.g Third World populations and vegetarinas gross deficiencies in mineral nutrition have not been noted. If mineral status is low among these groups it is most likely caused by the inadequacy or imbalance of the diet and not by the TDF. The key word is interaction which should be inte-rpreted in dietary imbalances that produce nut-rient deficiencies. There are no strong data to support the concept that TDF inhibits mineral absorption through a binding chelation mechanism. Limited data sug-gest that positively charged groups on polymers such as chitosan and cholestyramine will decrease iron absorption in humans and animals. Because TDF does not contain positively charged groups future research should be directed at the possible role of protein consumed along with TDF and the combination of effects on mineral nutrition Phytic acid is acknowledged as a potent chela-tor of zinc. However its association with zinc and its propensity to lower Zn bioavaiability may enhance the absorption of other elements notably copper and iron. The importance of interactions among nutrients including TDF will gain addi-tional attention in the scientific community. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber function di-fferently in the intestine. Insoluble fibers accele-rate movement through the intestine. Soluble die-tary fibers appear to regulated blood concentra-tions of glucose and cholesterol albeit by some unknown mechanism. In creased viscosity produ-ced by the SDF in the intestine may provide an explanation of how this class of polymers affects plasma glucose cholesterol and other nutrients. Employing a double-perfusion technique in the rat we demonstrated that viscosity produced by SDF will delay transfer of zinc into the circulatory system. This delayed absorption should not be interpreted as decreased utilization. A great deal of additional research is required to prove the importance of luminaly viscosity produced by SDF on slowing nutrient absorption or regulating bllod nutrient homeostasis. Increased intake of TDF in the total human diet appears desirable. A dietary intake of 35g/day should not be considered to have a negative effect on mineral absorption. It is important to educate people that an intake of more than 35g TDF/day may cause an imbalance in the diet that can adve-rsely affect mineral utilization. Acknowledgments. Appreciation is given to Dr. George V. Vahouny(deceased) who was intense a great competitor in and out of science and who gave the author inspiration Portions of this work were supported by the University of Missouri Ag-ricultural Station and by a grant from the Univer-rch Support Grant RR 07053 from the National Institutes of Health. Contribution of the Missouri Agriculatural Experiments Station Journal Series No. 10747.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 2022

본 연구에서는 한라봉 3농가, 절화장미 3농가를 대상으로 시설하우스 내부 농작업 종류와 특성에 따른 시설 내 작업자의 미세먼지 노출 현황과 특성을 파악하기 위하여 미세먼지 모니터링을 수행하였다. 한라봉 시설하우스 내부 경운작업의 경우 작업자가 지역시료에 비해 개인시료 측정 농도가 TSP 4.9배, PM-10 2.7배, PM-2.5 1.5배로 더 높게 나타났다. 절화장미 작업자는 개인시료의 경우 지역시료에 비해 TSP 농도 7.4배, PM-10 농도 3.2배 높은 것으로 나타나 시설 내부 작업 시 작업자는 전반적으로 더 높은 분진 환경에 노출되는 것으로 나타났다. 시설하우스 미세먼지 입경별 기여도 분석 결과, 10㎛ 이상의 큰 입자 분포를 가진 미세먼지가 경운작업 시 기계적 분쇄과정을 거쳐 한라봉 시설하우스에서 발생한 것으로 추정된다. 절화 장미 옆순 정리 작업 시 상대적으로 PM-10의 입경 분포를 가진 미세먼지 농도가 발생하는 것으로 판단되며, PM-2.5 크기를 가지는 입자에 의한 영향은 상대적으로 크지 않을 것으로 사료된다. 시설하우스 내부 작업동선에 따른 미세먼지 노출 특성 분석 결과, 경운작업 시 10㎛ 전·후의 미세먼지 농도가 증가한 것으로 나타났고, 시설하우스 작업시기와 이동시기와 비교하여 입경별 미세먼지 농도는 유의한 차이가 있으며, 작업 시 미세먼지 농도가 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p < 0.001). 한라봉 시설하우스 내부 이동시기 대비 경운작업시기의 경우 TSP 농도 3.8배, PM-10 농도 2.1배, PM-2.5 1.3배, PM-1.0 1.1배가 증가하였다. 절화장미 농가에서 이동 시 작업자에게 노출되는 미세먼지 농도의 경우 일반 대기환경 농도와 유사한 수준인 것으로 나타났지만, 이동시기 대비 작업시기에 TSP 농도가 3.4배, PM-10 3.2배, PM-2.5 1.6배, PM-1.0 1.1배 증가하였다. 작업동선별 미세먼지 농도 증가 추이 분석 결과, 미세먼지의 입경이 큰 범위에 속하는 TSP, PM-10의 경우 작업 시 TSP와 PM-10 평균 농도의 편차가 크게 나타났으며, 이는 농가별 작업의 종류, 시설 규모, 환기량, 농가의 운영관리상태 등에 따라 미세먼지 발생 영향에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 시설하우스 내부 작업자의 미세먼지 노출현황과 특성 분석을 기반으로 시설하우스 내부 미세먼지 저감 프로그램 개발 및 작업 환경 개선 방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.21-43
• /
• 2008

The task network which is formed of different individuals can be recognized as a social network. Therefore, the way to communicate with people inside or outside the network has considerable influence on their outcome. Moreover, the position on which a member stands in a network shows the different effects of the information systems supporting communication with others. In this paper, it is to be studied how personal CMC (computer-mediated communication) tools affect the mission that those who work for a network perform through diverse task networks. Especially, we focused on synchronicity of CMC. On this score, the perspective of Media Synchronicity Theory was taken that had been suggested by criticizing Media Richness Theory. It is the objective, from this perspective, to find which characteristics of networks make the value of IT supporting synchronicity high. In the research trends of social networks, there have been two traditional perspectives to explain the effect of network: embeddedness and diversity ones. These differ from the aspect which type of social network can provide much more economic benefits. As similar studies have been reported by various researchers, these are also divided into the bonding and bridging views which are based on internal and external tie, respectively, Size, density, and centrality were measured as the characteristics of personal task networks. Size means the level of relationship between members. It is the total number of other colleagues who work with a specific member for a certain project. It means, the larger the size of task network, the more the number of coworkers who interact each other through the job. Density is the ratio of the number of relationships arranged actually to the total number of available ones. In an ego-centered network, it is defined as the ratio of the number of relationship made really to the total number of possible ones between members who are actually involved each other. The higher the level of density, the larger the number of projects on which the members collaborate. Centrality means that his/her position is on the exact center of whole network. There are several methods to measure it. In this research, betweenness centrality was adopted among them. It is measured by the position on which one member stands between others in a network. The determinant to raise its level is the shortest geodesic that represents the shortest distance between members. Centrality also indicates the level of role as a broker among others. To verify the hypotheses, we interviewed and surveyed a group of employees of a nationwide financial organization in which a groupware system is used. They were questioned about two CMC applications: MSN with a higher level of synchronicity and email with a lower one. As a result, the larger the size of his/her own task network, the smaller its density and the higher the level of his/her centrality, the higher the level of the effect using the task network with CMC tools. Above all, this positive effect is verified to be much more produced while using CMC applications with higher-level synchronicity. Among the a variety of situations under which the use of CMC gives more benefits, this research is considered as one of rare cases regarding the characteristics of task network as moderators by focusing ITs for the operation of his/her own task network. It is another contribution of this research to prove empirically that the values of information system depend on the social, or comparative, characteristic of time. Though the same amount of time is shared, the social characteristics of users change its value. In addition, it is significant to examine empirically that the ITs with higher-level synchronicity have the positive effect on productivity. Many businesses are worried about the negative effect of synchronous ITs, for their employees are likely to use them for personal social activities. However. this research can help to dismiss the concern against CMC tools.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제10권7호
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.153-161
• /
• 2010

충청지역권내 지하수를 사용하는 집단급식소의 식품용수 82시료의 norovirus 검출빈도를 조사한 결과 7시료에서 검출 되었으며, 이는 8.5%에 해당 하였다. Norovirus가 검출된 집단 급식소에 대해서는 식중독 발생이 우려됨에 따라 소독, 관정개발, 오염원제거 및 상수도 보급 등의 위생환경 개선과 유지관리가 필요하다. Norovirus의 검출에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 암모니아성질소, 총고형분, 과망간산칼륨 소비량으로 나타났다. Norovirus 양성 검출군과 음성 검출군의 수질특성을 비교한 결과 수소이온농도는 큰 차이가 없었고, 탁도, 암모니아성질소, 일반세균수, 총고형분 항목에 있어서 norovirus 양성 검출군 평균값이 음성 검출군 평균값 보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. Norovirus 검출과 관련성이 높은 환경인자의 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 집단 급식소 식중독예방에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.610-618
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 대구 경북지역 학교급식소 조리종사자들의 감정노동이 직무 소진 및 직무 열의에 미치는 영향을 확인함으로써 이들의 감정노동에 대한 기초자료를 확보하고 조리원의 감정노동에 대한 적절한 대책 및 개입요소를 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 조사는 2014년 3월 3일부터 2014년 4월 25일까지 총 358명을 대상으로 실시되었으며 350부를 분석에 사용하였다. 조리종사자의 일반적 특성에 따른 표면행동과 내면행동, 직무 소진과 직무 열의의 전체 평균 점수를 살펴보면 표면행동 2.38/5.00점, 내면행동 3.46/5.00점, 직무 소진 2.67/5.00점, 직무 열의 3.41/5.00점으로 나타났다. 표면행동 점수는 일반적 특성 가운데 조리사 자격증의 유무(P<0.001)와 이직 횟수(P<0.001), 연봉(P<0.001), 근무학교(P<0.01) 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 보였고, 다른 항목에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 내면행동 점수는 학력(P<0.001), 조리사 자격증 유무(P<0.001), 고용형태(P<0.001), 연봉(P<0.001), 근무학교(P<0.01), 1일 급식 횟수(P<0.05) 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 나타냈으나 다른 항목에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 직무 소진 점수는 학력(P<0.01), 조리사 자격증 유무(P<0.05), 고용형태(P<0.001), 근무학교(P<0.001), 1일 급식 횟수(P<0.001) 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 보였고, 다른 항목에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 직무 열의 점수는 조리사 자격증 유무(P<0.01), 고용형태(P<0.001), 근무학교(P<0.001), 1일 급식 횟수(P<0.001) 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 나타냈으나 다른 항목에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 학교급식 조리종사자의 감정노동이 직무 소진과 직무 열의에 미치는 영향을 살펴 본 결과 그들이 사용하는 감정노동의 두 가지 전략에 따라 매우 상이한 결과를 유발하는 것으로 나타났다. 다시 말해 이들이 표면행동을 사용할수록 직무 소진이 높아졌으나 직무 열의는 변화하지 않았으며, 이들이 내면행동을 사용할수록 직무 열의가 높아졌으나 직무 소진은 변화하지 않았다. 특히 조리원의 감정노동은 표면행동이 내면행동에 비해 강한 영향력을 보여주었는데, 이는 감정노동 상황에서 주로 관심을 기울여야 할 변인은 표면행동으로 인한 직무 소진임을 말해주는 것이라 하겠다. 하지만 표면행동이 직무 열의를 낮추지는 않는다는 점과 내면행동과 표면행동의 상관관계가 매우 높지는 않았다는 점을 통해 표면행동 상황에서도 내면행동이 유발될 수 있으며, 내면행동의 증가로 직무 소진을 낮추지는 못하지만 직무 열의를 증가시킴으로써 긍정적인 직무태도를 유지시킬 수 있다 하겠다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 시사점을 살펴보면 먼저 이론적인 측면에서 감정노동의 두 가지 전략, 즉 표면행동과 내면행동을 직무장면의 주요 결과변인인 직무 소진과 직무 열의에 대하여 분석하였으며 그 결과 감정노동 전략의 차별적 영향력을 확인했다는 점이다. 다음으로 실제적인 측면에서 감정노동자의 감정노동 행위가 부정적인 결과로만 나타나는 것이 아니라 긍정적인 결과를 유발할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 향후 조리원을 대상으로 내면행동의 의미, 필요성, 결과에 대한 교육을 통해 긍정적 감정노동 전략을 학습시킴으로써 감정노동 종사자의 직무태도를 긍정적으로 전환시키는 노력을 수행할 기초자료를 확보하였다. 또한 표면행동이 직무 소진에 강하게 영향을 미치는 결과를 바탕으로 볼 때 주기적인 감정노동 진단을 통해 낮은 내면행동과 높은 표면행동을 주로 사용하는 종업원의 경우 직무 소진으로 진행하지 않도록 사전에 개입할 필요가 있다 하겠다. 본 연구는 몇 가지 제한점을 지니는데 먼저 자기보고식 설문조사 연구가 지닌 공통방법편의(common method bias)의 제한점을 본 연구 역시 지니고 있다. 즉 독립변인과 종속변인을 동일한 설문지에서 측정함으로써 변인의 영향 관계가 역전될 수 있는 가능성이 존재한다. 또한 응답자의 응답환경을 통제하지 못했다. 즉 각 작업장 별로 동일한 시간과 환경 하에서 조사가 이루어지지 못함으로써 그로 인한 오염요소가 존재했을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 향후 연구에서는 위의 제한점이 보완되어야 할 것이며, 연구주제와 관련해서는 학교급식뿐 아니라 다양한 형태의 단체급식소에서 근무하고 있는 영양사와 조리종사자의 감정노동과 그로 인한 결과에 대한 비교연구가 진행될 필요가 있을 것이며, 감정노동 이외의 직무 소진 및 직무 열의에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 연구가 진행될 수 있을 것이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.27-51
• /
• 2007

The cumulative result of the work by the ICAO Secretariat, the Secretariat Study Group and the Council Special Group on the Modernization of the Rome Convention of 1952 are two draft Conventions, namely: "Draft Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties, in case of Unlawful Interference", and "Draft Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties" The core provisions of the former draft Convention are as follows: The liability of the operator is strict, that is, without the necessity of proof of fault. It would be liable for damage sustained by third parties on condition only that the damage was caused by an aircraft in flight(Article 3). However, such liability is caped based on the weight of the aircraft(Article 4). It is envisaged to create an independent organization called the Supplementary Compensation Mechanism, with the principle purpose to pay compensation to persons suffering damage in the territory of a State Party, and to provide financial support(Article 8). Compensation shall be paid by the SCM to the extent that the total amount of damages exceeds the Article 4 limits(Article 19). The main issues on the farmer draft Convention are relating to breaking away from Montreal Convention 1999, no limits on individual claims but a global limitation on air carrier liability, insurance coverage, cap of operators' strict liability, and Supplementary Compensation Mechanism. The core provisions of the latter draft Convention are as follows: the liability of the operator is strict, up to a certain threshold tentatively set at 250,000 to 500,000 SDRs. Beyond that, the operator is liable for all damages unless it proves that such damage were not due to its negligence or that the damages were solely due to the negligence of another person(Article 3). The provisions relating to the SCM and compensation thereunder do not operate under this Convention, as the operator is potentially for the full amount of damages caused. The main issues on the latter draft Convention are relating to liability limit of operator, and definition of general risks. In conclusion, we urge ICAO to move forward expeditiously on the draft Convention to establish a third party liability and compensation system that can stand ready to protect both third party victims and the aviation industry before another 9/11-scale event occurs.