• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.277-307
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• 2016

Since 2011, DCF(Discounted Cash Flow) method has been used initiatively for valuating R&D technology assets in the agricultural food industry and recently technology valuation based on royalties comparison among technology transfer transactions has been also carried out in parallel when evaluating the technology assets such as new seed development technologies. Since the DCF method which has been known until now has many input variables to be estimated, sophisticated estimation has been demanded at the time of technology valuation. In addition, considering more similar trading cases when applying sales transaction comparison or industry norm method based on information of technology transfer royalty, it is an important issue that should be taken into account in the same way in the Agri-Food industry. The main input variables used for technology valuation in the Agri-Food industry are life cycle of technology asset, the financial information related to the Agri-Food industry, discount rate, and technology contribution rate. The latest infrastructure building and data updating related to technology valuation has been carried out on a regular basis in the evaluation organization of the Agri-Food segment. This study verifies the key variables that give the most important impact on the results for the existing technology valuation in the Agri-Food industry and clarifies the difference between the existing valuation result and the outcome by referring the support information that is derived through the latest input information applied in DCF method. In addition, while presenting the scheme to complement fragment information which the latest input data just influence result of technology valuation, we tried to perform comparative analysis between the existing valuation results and the evaluated outcome after the latest of reference data for making a decision the input values to be estimated in DCF. To perform these analyzes, it was first selected the representative cases evaluated past in the Agri-Food industry, applied a sensitivity analysis for input variables based on these selected cases, and then executed a simulation analysis utilizing the key input variables derived from sensitivity analysis. The results of this study is to provide the information which there are the need for modernization of the data related to the input variables that are utilized during valuating technology assets in the Agri-Food sector and for building the infrastructure of the key input variables in DCF. Therefore it is expected to provide more fruitful information about the results of valuation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 1998

In order to establish a testing system for personnel dosimetry performance, the radiation fields from photons, beta particles and neutrons are required, in recent, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety(KINS) established the reference radation fields except neutrons and tested a variety of their properties. As a result of the test, the reference beams were shown to meet satisfactorily not only the standards of the International Organization for Standardization(ISO), but also the standard levels of the developed countries which are intercomparable with the international traceability. This paper describes the reference beam of gamma radiation. The self-designed and established reference radiation fields were investigated and analyzed by ISO and other international standards. The secondary photon contribution and the beam uniformity of the gamma radiation field were measured and evaluated to fulfill those requirements suggested by the ISO-4037. The measured air kerma rate for the $^{137}$Cs and $^{60}$Co gamma fields was 0.1891 $\sim$ 23.4967 $\mu$Gy/s sand 0.5844 $\sim$ 15.9954 $\mu$Gy/s respectively. The uncertainty with 95 % confidence level of the measured air kerma rate was determined to be less than 2.5 % which is comparable to the international reference gamma radiation fields. It was found that the evaluated air kerma calibration factors of Exradin ionization chamber were in good agreement within 0.9 % and 0.03 % with those given by PTB and NIST, respectively. The gamma radiation fields installed at KINS can maintain traceability systems in Korea, Germany and United State.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2004

The growth and niche breath of four species, i.e., native plants such as Bidens tripauita and B. bipinnata and naturalized plants such as B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor, were studied as related with environmental gradients including light intensity, soil moisture and soil nutrient. There were no significant differences in the phonology within each environmental gradients while considerable differences were found between species; the two naturalized species bloomed and produced fruit later than the two native species. Two naturalized species exhibited relatively higher total dry weight than the two native counterparts within all environmental gradients. Total dry weight showed positive responses to light intensity and soil moisture, and negatively to soil nutrient. The relative contribution of the environmental factors to total dry weight decreased in the order of soil nutrient, soil moisture and light intensity. Both B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor showed significantly higher net assimilation rate (NAR) than other species. Also, NARs of B. bipinnata and B. pilosa var. minor decreased with increasing soil nutrient. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased in order of B. tripartita, B. bipinnata, B. frondosa and B. pilosa var. minor in response to light intensity. In addition, RGRs of B. bipinnata and B. piEosa yay. minor increased in response to soil moisture, while those of B. pilosa var. minor and B. tripartita decreased with increment of soil nutrient. No significant fluctuations of shoot/root ratio were not observed in three species, but a native species, B. tripartita showed n decreased shoot/root ratio in response to soil nutrient. Comparing the growth characteristics of the species, B. pitosa var. minor and 3. tripartita revealed vigorous growth on barren soil. On the other hand, B. frondosa exhibited vigorous growth on fertile soil. Morphologically, B. tripartita adapted to light and required considerable moisture. On the contrary, the leaves of B. bipinnata did not change considerably in their area, although it preferred habitat with abundant light. In terms of niche breadth, B. bipinnata showed the widest ranges of 0.875 and 0.845 for light intensity and soil moisture gradients, respectively. B. pilosa var. minor showed a value of 0.933 for soil nutrient gradient. B. tripartita showed narrow ranges for the three environmental factors, whereas B. frondosa showed wide values for light intensity and soil nutrient, but relatively narrow value for soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

Quail is a very useful animal model for studying vertebrate development because of its small body size and unique reproductive traits. This species is also ideal model for producing germline chimeras via transferring exogenous primordial germ cells (PGCs) into the recipient embryo. To increase the contribution efficiency of donor PGCs into recipients' tissues, decreasing the population of endogenous PGCs has been rate-limiting factor. We therefore conducted this study to investigate if gamma ($\gamma$)-irradiation depletes endogenous PGCs in developing quail embryo. Firstly, freshly laid stage X quail embryos were irradiated with various output of $\gamma$-irradiation and its teratogenic effect on the embryo was evaluated. Although a dose-dependent increase in the number of embryo showing malformation was found as the output increased (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 rads), only a maximum of 10.1% of embryos were abnormal in 1,000 rads. Immunocytochemical analysis using the QCR1 antibody, which is specific marker for quail PGCs, was conducted to analyze the effect of sterilization. As results, $\gamma$-rays at a dose-rate of 500 rads/73 sec onto undeveloped stage X embryo significantly reduced the number of germ cells to an average of 75.55 % and 82.03 % in male and female embryos, respectively. We conclude that $\gamma$-ray selectively targets PGCs while affects minimally to the somatic development in quail embryo. Our results will not only provide important data for germline chimera production but can be used for analyzing the effect of ionized rays on the differentiating germ cells in various stages during animal development.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 1974

According to the content of sugar and starch of each positional leaf sheath and internode at heading and 4 weeks after it using IR667-Suwon 214 (high yielding var. having tropical Indica parantage) and Jinheung (local leading var. temperate Japonica) rice grown in various cultivation seasons the suitability of grouping into the high sugar type (sugar>starch), sugar, tendency (increasing tendency in sugar content), high starh type (starch>sugar) and starch tendency (increasing tendency in starch) in carbohydrate metabolism was reexamined as follows. 1. Sugar tendency appeared strongly in IR667 than Jinheung, internode than leaf sheath, late season cultivation than early season, 4 weeks after than heading and high temperature than low temperature. Thus at heading, leaf sheath and internode of Jinheung in early and late season cultivation were high starch type, and lower internode in early season cultiattion and leaf sheath and internode in late season for IR667 were high sugar type. In very late season all internodes of both varieties except 1st internode of Jinheung at heading were high starch type. At four week after heading all leaf sheaths except 1st and 4th one of Jinheung and all internodes were high sugar type. High sugar type was intensified 4 weeks after heading in leaf sheaths than in internodes of IR667 in early season and of both varieties in late season. 2. The upper three leaf sheaths and internodes seem to work in the same way for carbohydrate translocation. Among them upper ones showed sugar tendency at heading and starch tendency 4 weeks after heading and it was clear in Jinheung. 3. The later the cultivation season, the higher the carbohydrate content (sugar+starch), and such tendency was clear 4 weeks after heading and in IR667, suggesting teanslocation inhibition by low temperature. 4. Grain filling rate (weight increase per day) was more rapid in early season cultivation and IR667 took shorter days to reach maximum rate. 5. The later the cultivation season, the greater the percent contribution of carbohydrate before heading to yield and it was always greater in IR667, a leaf sheath type. 6. Sugar and starch ratio appears to be determined principally by metabolic characteristics of variety according to growth process and secondly but considerably by environmental factors.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-70
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• 2011

The numerous efforts have been made in understanding generation and transportation mechanism of nonpoint source pollutants from agricultural areas. Also, the water quality degradation has been exacerbated over the years in many parts of Korea as well as other countries. Nonpoint source pollutants are transported into waterbodies with direct runoff and baseflow. It has been generally thought that groundwater quality is not that severe compared with surface water quality. However its impacts on groundwater in the vicinity of stream quality is not negligible in agricultural areas. The SWAT model has been widely used in hydrology and water quality studies worldwide because of its flexibilities and accuracies. The spatial property of each HRU, which is the basic computational element, is not presented. Thus, the SWAT HRU mapping module was developed in this study and was applied to the study watershed to evaluate recharge rate and $NO_3-N$ loads in groundwater. The $NO_3-N$ loads in groundwater on agricultural fields were higher than on forests because of commercial fertilizers and manure applied in agricultural fields. The $NO_3-N$ loads were different among various crops because of differences in crop nutrient uptake, amount of fertilizer applied, soil properties in the field. As shown in this study, the SWAT HRU mapping module can be efficiently used to evaluate the pollutant contribution via baseflow in agricultural watershed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.690-697
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• 2006

This study has been carried out to estimate mean concentration and the daily intake of 2 artificial sweeteners (aspartame and sucralose) by analyzing food samples. Total number of samples was 755 and the number of samples detected for sweeteners was 33 (detection rate was 4.4%). Contribution rate to total estimated daily intake (%) of artificial sweeteners in food categories was high in candy for aspartame and sucralose. Total Estimated Daily Intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ for different age groups were high in $13{\sim}19$ years old for aspartame and $7{\sim}12$ years old for sucralose. Total estimated daily intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ of men and women were 5.10 mg/person/day and 4.88 mg/person/day, respectively. Total estimated daily intakes $({\Sigma}EDI)$ of artificial sweeteners were shown as follows; 3.75 mg/person/day for aspartame and 1.27 mg/person/day for sucralose, respectively and assuming a body weight of 55 kg. These values were ranged from $0.15{\sim}0.17%$ of acceptable daily intake (ADI) evaluated by FAO/WHO and $1.0{\sim}21.4%$ of theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI), and therefore, judged to be safe.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.353-360
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• 2009

When 14 microsatellite (MS) markers were applied in the identifying test for 480 Hanwoo, the discriminating power was estimated as $3.43{\times}10^{-27}$ based on the assumption of a random mating group (PI). This rate is 1,000 times higher than that of 60 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. On the other hand, the power of the 60 SNP markers was estimated as $4.69{\times}10^{-20}$ and $8.02{\times}10^{-12}$ on the assumption of a half-sib mating group ($PI_{half-sibs}$) and a full-sib mating group ($PI_{sibs}$), respectively. These powers were 10 times and 10,000 times higher than those of the 14 MS markers. The results indicated that the total number of alleles (MS vs SNP = 146 vs 120) acted as a key factor for the discriminating power in a random mating population, and the total number of markers (MS vs SNP = 14 vs 60) was a dominant influence on the power in half-sib and full-sib populations. In the Hanwoo population, in which it was assumed that the entire population is the enormous half-sib group formed by the absolute genetic contribution of a few nuclear bulls, there will be only a 10 times difference in the discriminating power between the 14 MS markers and the 60 SNP makers. However, the probability of not excluding a candidate parent pair from the parentage of an arbitrary offspring, given that only the genotype of the offspring ($PNE_{pp}$) was 1,000 times higher as shown by the 14 MS markers than that by the 60 SNP markers. The strong points of SNP makers are the stability of the variation (low mutation rate) and automation of high-throughput genotyping. In order to apply these merits for the practical and constant Hanwoo identity test, research and development are required to set a cost-effective platform and produce a homemade apparatus for SNP genotyping.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1987

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of magnesium- and boronenriched complex fertilizer ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O-MgO-B_2O_3$ : 8-25-7-3-0.2) compared with some straight fertilizers on the hilly pasture establishment. This second part was concerned with the changes in the forage yields, yield components, botanical and chemical compositions in a mixed grassclover sward (orchardgrass, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and ladino clover). The results from a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Dry matter yields of whole mixed forages were significantly reduced in control by 54.5% and the NK-plot ($P_o$ by 35.0%, compared with the normal NPK-plots. 2. The yields of oversown grasses were significantly reduced in control by 79.7% and the NKplot ($P_o$) by 52.196, compared with the normal NPK applications. At the normal NPK applications, the oversown grasses were lowest in the yields when provided with double superphosphate with no significant differences. The yields of weeds were not significantly influenced by the treatments. 3. The significant differences in the legume yields (relative yield, %) were laid in the follow. ing increasing order; complex fertilizer (178.5%) > NPK-fused superphosphate (139.5%) > NPK-double superphosphate (100.0%) = control > NK (51.1%). The legume yield was much more depressed in the NK-plot ($P_o$) than in control ($N_oP_oK_o$). 4. The rate of oversown grasses and whole forages were increased by the normal NPK applications, showing little difference among the kinds of fertilizers. It was recognized that the application of complex fertilizer contributed to the increasing of legume rate in the mixed sward. This contribution turned out to be due to the rather enhanced performance and yield-increase of legume, compared with the straight fertilizers. 5. With the NK-treatment ($P_o$) the P concentration in mixed forages dropped below the critical level (0.2%). The Mg concentrations in mixed forages were lower in all the plots than the critical level (0.2%). Therefore, a sufficient amount of Mg was desirably to be applied It is recommended that, in relation to its effectiveness and simplification of fertilizer application, the application of this complex fertilizer for pasture establishment be carried out. The change of the constituent ratio of complex fertilizer to the standard of "8 - 15-20 - 7 - 5-10 - 0.2" considering the need of sufficient Mg supply and the continuous accumulation of P in the top-surface soil is possibly recommended.commended.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.494-501
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of Bacillus cereus, aerobic bacteria and coliforms in the raw material of infant formulas and investigate the manufacturing process in terms of microbial safety. Among ten kinds of raw infant formula material samples (n=20), Bacillus cereus appeared in two (n=4). Aerobic bacteria were not detected in raw infant formula material or maximum 4.15 log CFU/g. Eleven species of aerobic bacteria were isolated and 76% of them were Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizobium radiobactor, or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. A Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that the most influential factors for detecting Bacillus cereus were aerobic bacteria and coliforms. In other words, when the measured values of aerobic bacteria and coliforms were higher, the possibility that Bacillus cereus would appear increased. In a regression model to predict Bacillus cereus, the rate of appearance was correlated with aerobic bacteria and coliforms, and its contribution rate for effectiveness was 86%. Improving microbial quality control by pasteurization, spray dry, popping and extrusion resulted in a decrease in the numbers of Bacillus cereus, aerobic bacteria and coliforms in the raw materials. The results suggest that a hazard analysis and critical control point system might be effective for reducing microbiological contamination.