• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.371-381
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• 2016

This paper presents a study on reliability assessment and new contribution function development of power system including Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) combined with Battery Energy Storage System(BESS). This paper develops and proposes new reliability contribution function of BESS installed at wind farms. The methodology of reliability assessment, using Monte Carlo Simulation(MCS) method to simulate sample state duration, is proposed in detail. Forced Outage Rate(FOR) considered probabilistic approach for conventional generators is modelled in this paper. The penetration of large wind power can make risk to power system adequacy, quality and stability. Although the fluctuation of wind power, BESS installed at wind farms may smooth the wind power fluctuation. Using small size system as similar as Jeju island power system, a case study of reliability evaluation and new proposed contribution function of power system containing WTG combined with BESS is demonstrated in this paper, which would contributes to BESS reliability contribution and assessment tools of actual power system in future.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to evaluate and analyze Sumjin River Basin water environment system. It was necessary to improve the water quality. The data were collected from 2010 January to 2012 December including Water Temperature, pH, DO, EC, $BOD_5$, COD, TOC, SS, T-N, T-P. The data were used to study were required to; Correlation Analysis; Principle Component Analysis; Factor Analysis. The results were as followed. According to correlation analysis on $BOD_5$ against COD, TOC it revealed that the each value of correlation coefficient were 0.715 and 0.719; this means the strength of the relationship is strong. The same analysis on T-P against $BOD_5$, COD, TOC, SS has revealed that the range of the correlation coefficient value fell between 0.482 and 0.608 which means strength of the relationship between them remained normal. Through correlation analysis, it has been found that all elements except T-N have high correlation. The results of principal component analysis to target the overall water quality was extracted to three main components. The cumulative contribution rate is 68.990%. In the case of seasonal water quality, Spring and Summer are extracted to each of four main components. The cumulative contribution rate is 81.515% and 73.550% respectively. Fall and Winter are extracted to each of three main components. The cumulative contribution rate is 65.072% and 72.721% respectively. There is no seasonality in the case of factor analysis. The first common factor is $BOD_5$, COD, TOC, SS, T-P, which were classified. Totally speaking, Sumjin River Basin water system gets highly affected by the nutrient salts, organic matter and suspended solid at the same time.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.53-74
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• 2012

A challenge in fostering virtual communities is the continuous supply of knowledge, namely members' willingness to contribute knowledge to their communities. Previous research argues that giving away knowledge eventually causes the possessors of that knowledge to lose their unique value to others, benefiting all except the contributor. Furthermore, communication within virtual communities involves a large number of participants with different social backgrounds and perspectives. The establishment of mutual understanding to comprehend conversations and foster knowledge contribution in virtual communities is inevitably more difficult than face-to-face communication in a small group. In spite of these arguments, evidence suggests that individuals in virtual communities do engage in social behaviors such as knowledge contribution. It is important to understand why individuals provide their valuable knowledge to other community members without a guarantee of returns. In virtual communities, knowledge is inherently rooted in individual members' experiences and expertise. This personal nature of knowledge requires social interactions between virtual community members for knowledge transfer. This study employs the social capital theory in order to account for interpersonal relationship factors and identity theory for individual and group factors that may affect knowledge contribution. First, social capital is the relationship capital which is embedded within the relationships among the participants in a network and available for use when it is needed. Social capital is a productive resource, facilitating individuals' actions for attainment. Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1997) identify three dimensions of social capital and explain theoretically how these dimensions affect the exchange of knowledge. Thus, social capital would be relevant to knowledge contribution in virtual communities. Second, existing research has addressed the importance of identity in facilitating knowledge contribution in a virtual context. Identity in virtual communities has been described as playing a vital role in the establishment of personal reputations and in the recognition of others. For instance, reputation systems that rate participants in terms of the quality of their contributions provide a readily available inventory of experts to knowledge seekers. Despite the growing interest in identities, however, there is little empirical research about how identities in the communities influence knowledge contribution. Therefore, the goal of this study is to better understand knowledge contribution by examining the roles of social capital and identity in virtual communities. Based on a theoretical framework of social capital and identity theory, we develop and test a theoretical model and evaluate our hypotheses. Specifically, we propose three variables such as cohesiveness, reciprocity, and commitment, referring to the social capital theory, as antecedents of knowledge contribution in virtual communities. We further posit that members with a strong identity (self-presentation and group identification) contribute more knowledge to virtual communities. We conducted a field study in order to validate our research model. We collected data from 192 members of virtual communities and used the PLS method to analyse the data. The tests of the measurement model confirm that our data set has appropriate discriminant and convergent validity. The results of testing the structural model show that cohesion, reciprocity, and self-presentation significantly influence knowledge contribution, while commitment and group identification do not significantly influence knowledge contribution. Our findings on cohesion and reciprocity are consistent with the previous literature. Contrary to our expectations, commitment did not significantly affect knowledge contribution in virtual communities. This result may be due to the fact that knowledge contribution was voluntary in the virtual communities in our sample. Another plausible explanation for this result may be the self-selection bias for the survey respondents, who are more likely to contribute their knowledge to virtual communities. The relationship between self-presentation and knowledge contribution was found to be significant in virtual communities, supporting the results of prior literature. Group identification did not significantly affect knowledge contribution in this study, inconsistent with the wealth of research that identifies group identification as an important factor for knowledge sharing. This conflicting result calls for future research that examines the role of group identification in knowledge contribution in virtual communities. This study makes a contribution to theory development in the area of knowledge management in general and virtual communities in particular. For practice, the results of this study identify the circumstances under which individual factors would be effective for motivating knowledge contribution to virtual communities.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.603-608
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• 2009

이 연구에서는 사과 홍로의 향 성분들을 분석하고 기여도를 평가하였다. 사과는 시중에서 유통 중인 홍로를 선택하여 헤드스페이스를 형성시킨 후 $25^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 보관하여 분석을 실시하였다. 향기의 분석은 먼저 관능검사법으로 사과의 복합향기를 측정하고, GC/FID/Olfactometry를 사용하여 개별향기로 분리하였을 때 복합향기의 향기가 검출되는지 확인한 뒤 GC/MS를 이용하여 향기성분을 분석하였다. 향기성분의 기여도는 향기를 수치화하기 위하여 향기지속 시간과 향기강도를 고려하여 향기 값을 계산하여 평가하였다. 향기성분의 분석과 기여도 평가를 통하여 사과의 향에 영향을 주는 향기유발성분의 기여율(%)을 구할 수 있었다. 그 결과 기여율(%)이 가장 높게 나타난 물질은 acetic acid(23%), 1-hexanol(16%), butyl ethanoate(13%), 2-methyl-butyl butanoate (9%) 등 4개의 물질로 나타났다. 이 물질은 관능검사법으로 평가한 복합향기와도 일치하며 향기평가요원들이 가장 많이 인지한 향기이기도 하다. 이것으로 이 물질이 사과의 향을 결정짓는 중요한 인자로 작용한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 물질의 생성 메커니즘을 파악하게 된다면 새로운 사과의 품종 개발에 있어 주요한 영향을 미칠 것이며 소비자의 구매만족도를 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.445-457
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• 2017

In this study, we developed an approach to better account for uncertainties in estimated contributions from fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) modeling. Our approach computes a Concentration Correction Factor (CCF) which is a ratio of observed concentrations to baseline model concentrations. We multiply modeled direct contribution estimates with CCF to obtain revised contributions. Overall, the modeling system showed reasonably good performance, correlation coefficient R of 0.82 and normalized mean bias of 2%, although the model underestimated some PM species concentrations. We also noticed that model biases vary seasonally. We compared contribution estimates of major source sectors before and after applying CCFs. We observed that different source sectors showed variable magnitudes of sensitivities to the CCF application. For example, the total primary $PM_{2.5}$ contribution was increased $2.4{\mu}g/m^3$ or 63% after the CCF application. Out of a $2.4{\mu}g/m^3$ increment, line sources and area source made up $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $0.9{\mu}g/m^3$ which is 92% of the total contribution changes. We postulated two major reasons for variations in estimated contributions after the CCF application: (1) monthly variability of unadjusted contributions due to emission source characteristics and (2) physico-chemical differences in environmental conditions that emitted precursors undergo. Since emissions-to-$PM_{2.5}$ concentration conversion rate is an important piece of information to prioritize control strategy, we examined the effects of CCF application on the estimated conversion rates. We found that the application of CCFs can alter the rank of conversion efficiencies of source sectors. Finally, we discussed caveats of our current approach such as no consideration of ion neutralization which warrants further studies.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제41권
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• pp.43-67
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• 2000

The main source in financing the National Pension benefits is the contribution raised from the insured's earnings. So, Most of the insured take a great interest in the questions of what return on the payment of contribution National Pension benefits provide and whether there be the difference in return according to earnings level. The Purpose of this study is to assess money's worth of National Pension and to answer the above questions. There are two basic types of money worth analysis, empirical and hopothetical. This study basically belongs to the former in terms that it is based on actual earnings and insured term. For performing money's worth analysis, four different measures which are referred as the "break-even period", the "benefit/tax ratio", the "net lifetime transfer", the "internal rate of return" are used and they all involve the way in which the relationship between the present value of contributions and the present values of benefit is present. The results which evaluate average money's worth of accrued rights before 1999 are le as follows. Break-even period is about 43 months, benefit/tax ratio being 4.9, net lifetime transfers being about 37 mil1ion won, internal rate of return being 33.2%. This verifies that money' worth of National Pension is much higher than actuarially fair. In the mean while, money' worth is proved to be very different according to earnings level. The progressivity relationship between earnings level and rate of return is found in all measures but net lifetime transfer.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.496-503
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• 2015

In order to let a wind generator (WG) support the frequency control of a power system, a conventional inertial control algorithm using the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and frequency deviation loops was suggested. The ROCOF loop is prevailing at the initial stage of the disturbance, but the contribution becomes smaller as time goes on. Moreover, its contribution becomes negative after the frequency rebound. This paper proposes an inertial control algorithm of a wind power plant (WPP) using the maximum ROCOF and frequency deviation loops. The proposed algorithm replaces the ROCOF loop in the conventional inertial control algorithm with the maximum ROCOF loop to retain the maximum value of the ROCOF and eliminate the negative effect after the frequency rebound. The algorithm releases more kinetic energy both before and after the frequency rebound and increases the frequency nadir more than the conventional ROCOF and frequency loops. The performance of the algorithm was investigated under various wind conditions in a model system, which includes a doubly-fed induction generator-based WPP using an EMTP-RV simulator. The results indicate that the algorithm can improve the frequency drop for a disturbance by releasing more kinetic energy.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2018

As part of the "Carbon free Island 2030" policy, the local government of Jeju Island is currently working to reduce carbon through renewable energy supply. However, renewable energy is difficult to predict due to intermittent characteristics. If the share of renewable energy increase, it is difficult to plan of supply of electricity to grid due to that characteristic of renewable. In this paper analyze the fluctuation rate and the capacity credit of wind power and PV to find out how much wind power and PV contribute to supply of electricity of power system in Jeju. As a result mean value of variation rate of wind power and PV is about 3%, 5% and capacity credit is about 10% and 2% respectively.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2023

This paper mainly studies the relationship between financial development, inbound tourism development, and economic growth rate in Fujian Province, China. This study uses the data of real GDP, foreign exchange income from international tourism, and financial interrelations ratio from 1994 to 2019. In the analysis process, the Johansen cointegration test is first used to analyze whether the three have a long-term equilibrium relationship. Then the vector error correction model is established to test the restrictive relationship among the three. Next, the Granger causality test assesses whether the three have a causal relationship. Finally, the contribution rate of the three is analyzed by variance decomposition. The above methods show the following conclusions: first, the three have a long-term equilibrium relationship. Secondly, in the short term, local economic growth is constrained by inbound tourism and financial development. Thirdly, there is a causal relationship between economic growth and inbound tourism in Fujian, while there is a unidirectional causal relationship between financial development and economic growth, financial development, and inbound tourism. Fourthly, the contribution rate of inbound tourism to economic growth fluctuations in Fujian is higher than that of financial development.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2022

Background: After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, biological alterations in the natural biota, including morphological changes of fir trees in forests surrounding the power plant, have been reported. Focusing on the terminal buds involved in the morphological formation of fir trees, this study developed a method for estimating the absorbed radiation dose rate using radionuclide distribution measurements from tree organs. Materials and Methods: A phantom composed of three-dimensional (3D) tree organs was constructed for the three upper whorls of the fir tree. A terminal bud was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations for the absorbed dose rate of radionuclides in the tree organs of the whorls. Evaluation of the absorbed dose targeted ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs, and ¹³⁷Cs, the main radionuclides subsequent to the FDNPP accident. The dose contribution from each tree organ was calculated separately using dose coefficients (DC), which express the ratio between the average activity concentration of a radionuclide in each tree organ and the dose rate at the terminal bud. Results and Discussion: The dose estimation indicated that the radionuclides in the terminal bud and bud scale contributed to the absorbed dose rate mainly by beta rays, whereas those in 1-year-old trunk/branches and leaves were contributed by gamma rays. However, the dose contribution from radionuclides in the lower trunk/branches and leaves was negligible. Conclusion: The fir tree model provides organ-specific DC values, which are satisfactory for the practical calculation of the absorbed dose rate of radiation from inside the tree. These calculations are based on the measurement of radionuclide concentrations in tree organs on the 1-year-old leader shoots of fir trees. With the addition of direct gamma ray measurements of the absorbed dose rate from the tree environment, the total absorbed dose rate was estimated in the terminal bud of fir trees in contaminated forests.