• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1993

The use of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is an effective and increasingly used means of providing postoperative pain relief. Recently a non-electric, disposable and portable infusor, the Baxter $Infusor^{(R)}$, has developed. This delivers not only a continuous drug infusion but can also deliver extradoses of medication on demand. The present study examined the benefits of two kinds of analgesics for pain management in 28 patients undergoing gynecological surgery. One group, 14 patients, received i.v. meperidine 0.5 mg/kg as loading dose in the recovery room and PCA with meperidine 3 mg/kg/day for 3 days only(M group). In the other group, 14 patients, also received i.v. meperidine 0.5 mg/kg as loading dose in the recovery room and PCA meperidine 3 mg/kg/day for 3 days and droperidol 5 mg(MD group). The PCA device used was the Baxter $Infusor^{(R)}$. This unit was fitted with patient control module which had a flow rate 0.5 ml/hr and the lockout time was 15 min. Resulting from the study, the MD patients in the first and second days post-operatively, reported less pain compared with the M group. VAPS(Visual Analogue Pain Scales) values were $3.52{\pm}l.61$ vs. $2.22{\pm}0.69$, $2.38{\pm}1.12$ vs. $1.45{\pm}0.48$ and $1.93{\pm}1.65$ vs. $0.98{\pm}0.36$, respectively pertaining to M and MD groups. In conclusion, the MD group with meperidine and droperidol(mixed regimen) provided more effective postoperative analgesia than M group(meperidine only).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 1984

While most of researches on the performance of high temperature grain dryer have dealt mainly with improving dryer capacity and drying speed during the last twenty years, energy efficiency, in fact, has not been emphasized. Current fuel supplies and energy cost have shifted the emphasis to reducing the energy consumption for grain drying while maintaining dryer capacity and grain quality. Since the energy input for drying is relatively large, the recovery and reuse of at least part of the exhaust energy can significantly reduce the total energy consumption in existing drying systems. Unilization of exhaust heat in grain dryer either through direct recycling or by a thermal coupling in heat exchanger have been subject of a number of investigators. However, very seldom research in Korea has been done in this area. Three drying tests(non-recycling, 0.22 recycle ratio, and 0.76 recycle ratio)were performed to investigate the thermal efficiency and heat loss factors of continuous flow type dryer, and to analyze the effect of recycle ratio (weight of exhaust air recycled/total weight of input air) on the energy requriements for rough rice drying. The test results showed that when the exhaust air was not recycled, the energy lost from furnace was 15.3 percent of input fuel energy, and latent and sensible heat of exhaust air were 61.4 percent and 11.2 percent respectively. The heat which was required in raising grain temperature and stored in dryer was relatively small. As the recycle ratio of exhaust air was increased, the drying rate was suddenly decreased, and thermal efficiency of the kerosene burner was also decreased. Drying test with 0.76 recycle ratio resulted in 12.4% increase in fuel consumption, and 38.4% increase in electric power consumption as compared to the non-recycled drying test. Drying test of 0.22 recycle ratio resulted in 6.8% saving in total energy consumption, 8.0% reduction in fuel consumption, and 2.5% increase in electric power consumption as compared to the non-recycled drying test.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 1985

Glucoamylases catalyze a stepwise hydrolysis of starch with the production of glucose. In order to make an efficient conversion of starch into glucose, glucoamylases prepared from Rhizopus spp. (Sigma Co.) were attached to a porous glass and immobilized by glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking. The porous glass used in this study was $ZrO_2$ coated, $40{\sim}80$ mesh, 550 A pore diameter. Using the forgoing glass, we could couple as much as 50mg of protein per gram of carrier. Substrate for the glucoamylase was an enzyrne-modified thin-toiling 30% cornstarch solution used where greater solubility and low viscosity are desired. Immobilized glucoamylase had an optimum pH 7.0 to the alkaline side of soluble enzyme. Km values of immobilized and soluble enzyme were 1.04 mM and 1.25mM, respectively. The thermal stability of glucoamylase was increased by immobilization and the immobilized enzyme showed an optimum temperature at $40{\sim}60^{\circ}C$. The continuous conversion of cornstarch to glucose by use of immobilized glucoamylase resulted in the production of a more than 90 DE product.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.162-170
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• 2012

This study aims to show the possibility of approaching artistic design through the Bergsonian concept of musical vitality by grasping the expression of his musical vitality at the Chapel at Ronchamp. For the purpose of this study, the aesthetic significance of Bergson's philosophy of life was first contemplated, and a case study analysis was conducted on the vitality of music as temporality at the Chapel at Ronchamp. On this basis, the examples of his musical vitality as metaphysical reality at the Chapel were analyzed. The results of analysis are as follows: First, the Bergsonian vitality of music as temporality at the Chapel is expressed as a sense of movement-through the acoustic form, the modulor corresponding to the scale of the music, the opposite composition of musical changes, the fluid space of the music, and the light and shadow of counterpoint-as having been intended by Le Corbusier in the very process of design. Second, the vitality of music as Bergson's metaphysical reality at the Chapel at Ronchamp is expressed in the image and rhythm of music created by intuitive reminiscences. The acoustic form, the form created by the modulor, the opposite form of composition, the fluid space and the light and shadow as the melody and image of music present continuous diversity as vital flow in a uniform direction. The vitality of music as aesthetical reality is imitated by the rhythm of the music deriving from repetitive movements sensed here. Consequentry, the Chapel at Ronchamp can be seen as a vital design that expresses Bergson's notion of musical vitality, indicating that an approach toward artistic design can be realized through his musical vitality. This study holds significance as basic research on artistic design with philosophy and music as its origin.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

In the city of Asia like Seoul and Tokyo, aggregate power is poured into the city making which is suitable in new age. Large-scale re-development is active in various places as the present condition, As for the various East Asian cities, high-level utilization conversion of the land and high conversion of the building are advanced. As for these realities, the re-development is advanced in the situation that has not been clarified enough though it is true that green of the city has decreased. This research was aimed at the clarifying the allocation of greenery when proceeding with town planning projects by quantifying the possibility of allocating greenery in the form of rooftop landscaping in redeveloped areas. Moreover, the distribution of the green in the re-development region was calculated and the coexistence level of green space was calculated, The realities of a desirable green were clarified in the spectacle by understanding a sight and spatial continuousness in the green. In order to clarify the potentiality of roof greenery revaluating, the research was conducted by analyzing from aerial photographs, in Tokyo and Seoul, And the flow of the research was conducted by selection of research object area, taking pictures, acquisition of the aerial photography, rearrangement the data and the analysis. As a result, I was able to prepare a land vegetation coverage classification chart and obtain data pertaining to the level of urban and green tract of land for the researched cities of Tokyo and Seoul. By analyzing this data, we were able to indicate patterns of greenery unable to be obtained through data from ratio of vegetation coverage and ascertain the effectiveness of rooftop landscaping.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.56-67
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• 2012

In the present study, an enhanced subsurface prediction algorithm based on a non-parametric geostatistical model and a history matching technique through Gibbs sampler is developed and the iterative prediction improvement procedure is proposed. The developed model is applied to a simple two-dimensional synthetic case where domain is composed of three different hydrogeologic media with $500m{\times}40m$ scale. In the application, it is assumed that there are 4 independent pumping tests performed at different vertical interval and the history curves are acquired through numerical modeling. With two hypothetical borehole information and pumping test data, the proposed prediction model is applied iteratively and continuous improvements of the predictions with reduced uncertainties of the media distribution are observed. From the results and the qualitative/quantitative analysis, it is concluded that the proposed model is good for the subsurface prediction improvements where the history data is available as a supportive information. Once the proposed model be a matured technique, it is believed that the model can be applied to many groundwater, geothermal, gas and oil problems with conventional fluid flow simulators. However, the overall development is still in its preliminary step and further considerations needs to be incorporated to be a viable and practical prediction technique including multi-dimensional verifications, global optimization, etc. which have not been resolved in the present study.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1270-1275
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• 1996

Pulmonary artery aneurysms are extremely rare conditions usually associated with congenital cardiac defects that cause increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension. The prognosis of pulmonary artery aneurysms is fatal due to the potential for rupture of the aneurysm and the underlying severe pulmonary hypertension. A 40-year old woman was admitted to our hospital with headache following traffic accident. On admission a continuous murmur was heard over the 2nd to 3rd intercostal space along left sternal border and a calcified cystic mass at left hilar portion was incidentally discoverd on chest reontgenogram. Cardiac catherization was diagnostic of a left to right shunt at main pulmoanry artery level and pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary angiogram demonstrated a large aneurysm of main pulmonary artery extending into proximal left pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery aneurysm associated with patent ductus arteriosus was diagnosed definitively and the patient was underwent resection of pulmonary artery aneurysm, closure of PDA and Dacron prosthetic graft replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged without any problem.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.930-930
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• 2012

최근 기후변화로 인하여 전 세계적으로 물 부족현상이 대두되고 있는 가운데 우리나라 또한 물 부족국가에 편재되어 있다. 더군다나 제주도는 최대 다우지임에도 불구하고 다른 타 지역과 마찬가지로 제주도 곳곳에서 물 부족 현상이 야기되고 있다. 이러한 현상은 제주도의 강우가 대부분 년 중 6월~9월에 집중되고, 그 기간 홍수유출 역시 경사가 급하고 15km 미만의 짧은 유로연장을 갖는 대부분의 하천의 특성상 홍수유출 지속시간이 단 시간에 불과하여 수자원 관리에 큰 어려움이 있기 때문으로 사료된다. 다만 일부하천의 경우 해안과 가까운 지점의 하상과 측벽에서 기저유출 성분인 용천수가 유출됨으로 1970년대부터 상수원으로 개발하여 일부분 이용되고 있다. 하지만 이 또한 정확한 용출량 산정이 어려워 수자원으로써의 활용이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대상유역의 기저유출로 발생되는 용천수의 용출량을 산정하여 용천수의 이용 및 보전관리계획을 수립하는 중요한 척도를 제시함은 물론 제주 수자원의 대부분을 차지하는 지하수의 함양, 배출, 순환연구에 중요한 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 진행되었다. 본 연구는 제주도 중서귀수역 주요 기저유출유역(강정천, 악근천)에 대하여 연구대상기간(2011.7~2011.12) 동안 하천의 유출량을 ADCP(Accoustic Doppler Current Profiler, SonTek사)와 전자기식 유속계(FLOW-MATE)를 이용하여 매월 2회 현장 계측을 실시하여 유출량 자료를 확보하였고, 일 단위의 모의가 가능한 유역단위의 준 분포형 장기 강우-유출 모델(continuous rainfall-runoff model)인 SWAT(Soil Water & Assessment Tool) 모델을 적용한 물수지 결과값과 비교 검정하여 제주도 기저유출 하천의 유출율 및 수문곡선의 특성을 분석하고 SWAT 모델을 통한 물수지 산정을 실시하였다. 중서귀수역의 기저유출 대상유역에 대한 지속적인 관측자료와 세계적인 SWAT모델을 이용한 정밀 수자원 해석결과는 서귀포시의 주 식수원으로 이용되고 있는 대상유역의 물순환 및 물수지분석과 통합 수자원의 연구진행, 향후 기후변화에 대비한 효율적인 수자원의 이용 및 확보를 위한 귀중한 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2004

This study investigates the influence of waterborne ammonia and nitrite on the zoea and megalopa stage larvae of tiger crab, Orithyia sinica under laboratory condition, focusing on the effects on survival and growth as deleterious responses of toxicant. Survival rate of zoea stage larvae exposed to control levels, and to 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L total ammonia-N, using a continuous flow system for 20 days was 80, 77, 45, 40 and 37%, respectively. Growth rate of zoea stage larvae exposed to 20 and 50 mg/L total ammonia was significantly lower than in controls after 20 days (P< 0.05). Survival rate and growth rate of megalopa stage larvae exposed to ammonia also decreased at greater than 10 and 50 mg/L, respectively. In the nitrite exposure experiment with zoea and megalopa stage larvae of tiger crab, survival rate was decreased in a concentration and exposure period-dependent way. The growth rate of zoea and megalopa stage larvae of tiger crab exposed to nitrite decreased at greater than 150 mg/L nitrite concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.397-397
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• 2011

2004년부터 4대강 물환경연구소는 수질오염총량관리제의 원활한 추진을 위해 총량관리단위유역 말단부에서 8일 간격으로 청천(晴天)시를 중심으로 유량과 수질을 동시에 측정하기 시작하였다. 그 결과 연중 하천유량과 수질의 연동 여부 및 변동 추이를 확인하는 것이 가능하게 되었다. 그러나 8일 간격으로 생산되는 유량은 지침의 정의와 맞물려 기준유량의 산정에 또 다른 어려움을 주고 있다. '한강수계 오염총량관리계획수립 지침'에 따르면 '기준유량은 과거 10년간 평균 저수량으로 한다'고 명시되어 있다. 여기서 저수량이란 유량의 크기를 누가일수로서 표시하여 1년을 통하여 275일은 이보다 더 작지 않은 유량으로 정의된다. 따라서 정확한 저수량을 산정하기 위해서는 1년 365개 매일의 유량자료가 필요하다. 하지만 8일 간격으로 유량을 측정하게 되면 1년 365개 대신 최대 45 여개의 일 유량자료만 취득 가능하므로 유황분석에 어려움이 발생할 수밖에 없다. 본 연구에서는 수질오염총량관리단위유역의 말단부에서 8일 간격으로 계측된 유량자료가 있을 때 이를 연속적인 일유량으로 확대할 수 있는 방법론 중 하나를 소개한다. 미 지질조사국(USGS)에서 주로 사용되는 이 방법은 A지점(부분계측이 이루어지는 지점)의 결측치를 동일 유역 혹은 수문학적으로 유사한 유역의 B지점(연속계측이 이루어지는 지점)의 자료를 이용하여 보완하는 방식이다. 이를 위해 먼저 부분계측이 이루어진 날과 같은 날짜의 유량자료를 연속계측자료에서 추출한 다음 두 자료(A지점에서의 모든 유량과 B지점에서의 추출된 유량)의 상관성을 비교해 본다. 두 자료간에 상관도가 높다면 이를 잘 표현하는 방정식을 통해 A지점의 결측치를 내 외삽한다. 여기서 두 자료간 상관도를 잘 묘사할 수 있는 방법으로 본 연구에서는 최소제곱법(Least Square Estimator, LSE)과 분산확장법(Maintenance of Variance Extension, MOVE)을 비교,분석해 보았다. 한강수계 수질오염총량관리단위유역 중 동일지점에 8일 간격 부분계측 유량자료와 일 연속자료가 동시에 존재하는 곳이 6지점이 있었으며 이 자료들을 바탕으로 LSE와 MOVE의 정확도를 검증해 본 결과 MOVE가 일 연속유량 확장에 더 나은 결과를 보였다.