• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.544-550
• /
• 2015

In order to determine the material characteristics of pork rinds according to the breeds, the chemical composition, color, pH, collagen contents, shear force, fatty acid and amino acid contents of pork rinds were investigated. White pork rinds (WPR) and black pork rinds (BPR) were evaluated before and after heating to compare the differences between breeds and the effects of heating treatment. In the chemical composition test, the respective moisture contents for WPR and BPR before heating were 49.90% and 53.75% but increased to 60.75% and 61.09% after heating. The test for crude protein and crude fat contents showed lower values after heating but WPR was higher than BPR. In the color test, the L value decreased rapidly with heating, dropping from 68.75 to 45.11 in WPR and from 67.22 to 49.64 in BPR. WPR had a higher L value and a lower a value than BPR before heating but had a higher L value and a lower a value than WPR after heating. pH was significantly higher in WPR than BPR regardless of heating (p<0.05). The collagen content for WPR and BPR was 10.38 g/100 g and 11.54 g/100 g but increased to 12.00 g/100 g in WPR and decreased to 11.40 g/100 g in BPR after heating. The shear force of 26.14 kgf in WPR was significantly higher than 12.89 kgf in BPR before heating (p<0.05), but the values decreased significantly after heating in both WPR and BPR. Linoleic acid in WPR was 17.29%, which was higher than 15.13% in BPR. The USFA for BPR was also higher than WPR. In amino acid composition, the EAA contents in WPR was 7,190 mg%, which was higher than 5,520 mg% in BPR.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.269-277
• /
• 2016

We examined the seasonal variation of the proximate, amino acid, fatty acid composition and glycogen contents of triploid Pacific oyster cultured in western coastal waters of Korea in 2015. The specimens were collected in February, May, August and November from off-bottom farming site. The lipid content was the highest in winter season (February, $2.10{\pm}0.06%$), the protein content was the highest in autumn season (November, $9.09{\pm}0.04%$) while the moisture and ash content was the highest in summer season (August, $86.00{\pm}0.12%$ and $2.67{\pm}0.03%$, respectively). The total amino acid contents was the highest in winter season (1,011.5 mg / 100 g), decreased gradually and was the lowest in summer season (486.7 mg / 100 g). The total amino acid composition was dominated by taurine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. In the fatty acid composition, the two fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which comprised that as much as 50% of the total fatty acid contents, were dominated during all season. The glycogen content was the highest in summer season ($1.26{\pm}0.03g$ / 100 g) although it was stable during the other season with the range of $0.69{\pm}0.04-0.86{\pm}0.01g$ / 100 g. Taken together, these results suggest that triploid pacific oysters have high commercial value not only in winter season but in summer season because they do not spawn and have high contents of glycogen comparing with those of diploid oyster in this period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.247-251
• /
• 1988

This experiment was carried out to investigate comparison of total cholesterol, lipid and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh from female and male broiler meats. Total lipid and neutral lipid content of female and male broiler breast meats were lower, but phospholipid and glycolipid contents were highter than thigh meats. Unsaturated fatty acid composition of broiler thigh meats were higher than breast meats on neutral and phospholipid, but breast meat was higher than thigh meat on glycolipid. Glycolipid content in total lipid was lower in female than male broiler meat. Contents of palmitic acid in neutral lipid, palmitic stearic linolenic arachidic and arachidonic acid in phospholipid, palmitic and stearic acid in glycolipid were higher than male broiler meat. The highest content of total cholesterol in defatted tissue was thigh tissue of male and undefatted thigh tissue of female.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.10
• /
• pp.1265-1272
• /
• 2011

In this study, the extraction characteristics of soluble solid from Rumex crispus(Curled dock) was studied from the investigation of the effects of experimental conditions on extraction rate; extraction ratio, composition of extractants, extraction time and pH of extractant, etc. The proximate composition of Rumex crispus was 2.58% crude lipid, 5.59% crude protein, 7.39% crude ash, 6.13% moisture and 78.31% carbohydrate, respectively. Turbidity of extract by distilled water was higher and increased with extraction time and extraction temperature, where as the turbidity didn't increase by ethanol and methanol in 20 folds of extraction ratio. Turbidity was inversely proportional to the extraction ratio for the three extractants at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 1 hour extraction. But turbidity of extract was highest by composition of 50% methanol-water extractant than any other compositions of extractants. Eighteen and fifteen free aminoacids were detected in extracts with distilled water, methanol and ethanol extractant, respectively, and it's contents were order of glutamic acid>proline>aminobutyric acid>alanine. The extraction rate of soluble solid from Rumex crispus was order of distilled water>methanol>ethanol within experimental extraction ratio. In extraction with distilled water, the contents of soluble solid was inversely proportional to the pH of extractant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.8
• /
• pp.1222-1227
• /
• 1999

Effect of three major cropping seasons and five fertilizer treatments on botanical composition, nutritional composition and in sacco digestibility of native grasses grown in 30 experimental plots of a medium fertile land was determined. It was observed that all the major grass species were grown in all seasons but their predominancy of growth was different. During the study the predominant grass species were Panicum repens (Angta), Fimvristylis miliacea (Joina), Cyanolis axillaries (Kanainala), Cynodon dactylon (Durba) and Cyperus iria (Phulchaise) which contributed about 27, 20, 13, 11 and 9% of the total grass yield, respectively. Dry matter (DM) contents was higher in dry followed by monsoon and summer seasons (p<0.05). Crude protein (CP) content in the summer and monsoon appeared to be higher (p<0.05) than that of dry season. Organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were higher (p<0.05) in dry and monsoon than in summer season. Application of urea fertilizer and cowdung increased 28.2% of CP content of the grasses, but decreased 19.5 and 9.8% of DM and NDF contents, respectively. The potential degradation of DM and CP of the grasses grown in summer were 4.1 and 8.4% and 3.9 and 5.8% higher than those of monsoon and dry seasons, respectively, and both of these increased (11.3 and 5.9%, respectively) with the application of cowdung and urea fertilizer.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.85-90
• /
• 2002

Poly (ethylene oxide)/polylatide/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO/PL/PEO) tri-block copolymers, which each block is connected by ester bond, were synthesized by coupling reaction of PL with PEO in the presence of pyridine. PL/PEO/PL tri-block copolymer was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of L-lactide initiated by PEO in the presence of stannous octoate. Degradation behavior of the copolymers was investigated in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37$\pm$1 $^{\circ}C$. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and $^1$H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to monitor the change of mass loss, molecular weight and composition of copolymers. In hydrolytic degradation, the PEO/PL/PEO tri-block copolymer with high PEO contents affected the increase of its mass loss, and resulted in the decrease of its molecular weight as well as PEO composition. However, when PL/PEO/PL and PEO/PL/PEO tri-block copolymers had similar PEO contents, PEO/PL/PEO decreased faster in molecular weight and PEO composition than PL/PEO/PL.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.287-294
• /
• 2013

This study was investigated the chemical composition from Syneilesis palmata essential oil and the tendency of variation of the sesquiterpene compounds according to the harvesting time. The essential oils obtained by hydro distillation from the aerial parts of Syneilesis palmata were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Ninety-eight compounds consisting of 9 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 17 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 11 aliphatic aldehydes, 1 terpene aldehyde, 8 aliphatic alcohols, 4 monoterpene alcohols, 16 sesquiterpene alcohols, 3 diterpene alcohols, 6 ketones, 11 esters, 8 oxides and epoxides, 3 acids and 1 miscellaneous one were identified from the oil. Spathulenol (22.33%) was the most abundant compound, followed by ${\beta}$- caryophyllene (6.23%), germacrene D (5.57%), longipinane (4.10%), and epiglobulol (3.65%). The volatile composition of Syneilesis palmata was characterized by higher contents of sesquiterpene compounds, especially sesquiterpene alcohols. The total content of 13 sesquiterpene compounds was decreased significantly from 2010 to 2012. ${\alpha}$-Caryophyllene, ${\beta}$-bisabolene, elemol, germacrene D, ${\beta}$-zingiberene, longipinane, and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene alcohol contents decreased, while ${\beta}$-bisabolol content increased during 3 years. The ecological responses to recent climate change may be influenced in the chemical components of natural plant terpenoids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.17-21
• /
• 1989

Four seasonal trials were conducted to study the effect of feeding clomiphene citrate on carcass composition of broilers. It was fed at 5, 10, 15 mg levels per kg feed for a period of two weeks, 3-4 weeks ($S_1$), 4-5 weeks ($S_2$) and 5-6 weeks ($S_3$) of age. Total carcasses were analysed for moisture, ether extract and protein. Clomiphene citrate significantly decreased the moisture with concomitant increase in ether extract content of the carcasses at all the ages and seasons. Carcass protein was significantly decreased at all the ages and seasons. The responses in the different level of clomiphene citrate is dose dependent. The carcass moisture decreased with age while protein and ether extract contents increased in all seasons. The females had more ether extract and less moisture contents than male. The carcass ether extract was higher in summer and rainy seasons followed by spring and winter seasons, and the differences were significant. A concomitant significant decrease of carcass moisture was observed. The effect of seasons on carcass protein varied at different ages but there appeared to be a trend towards decreasing carcass protein in summer and rainy seasons than winter and spring seasons.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile sea cucumber. For 12 weeks, three replicate groups of sea cucumber (average weight 1.4 g) were fed one of three diets, containing squid liver oil (SLO), soybean oil (SO), or linseed oil (LO) as a dietary lipid source, or a control diet (CON) without added lipids. Sea cucumber survival was not significantly different among dietary treatments (P>0.05). The highest weight gain was observed in sea cucumber fed the SLO diet, whereas the weight gain of sea cucumber fed the SO diet was the lowest among dietary treatments (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents of whole sea cucumber body among dietary treatments (P>0.05). Concentrations of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were significantly higher in sea cucumber fed the SLO diet than in those fed on the other diets. The highest 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 contents were observed in sea cucumber fed the SO and LO diets, respectively. The results of this study suggest that squid liver oil could be used as a good lipid source in formulated diets for juvenile sea cucumber.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.350-355
• /
• 2009

In this research, fatty acid composition and trans fatty acids of 22 selected meat products produced by Turkish companies were analyzed by capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Total fat contents of the meat products ranged from 11.60-42.50%. Salami had the lowest fat content 11.60% and sucuk (soudjuk) the highest 42.50%. Major fatty acids were C$_{16:0}$, C$_{18:0}$, trans C$_{18:1}$, cis C$_{18:1}$, and C$_{18:2}$ in the samples. Total unsaturated fatty acid contents have changed from 38.73 to 70.71% of total fatty acids, and sausage had the highest percentage among the samples. The majority of samples contain trans fatty acids and the level ranged from 2.28 to 7.95% of the total fatty acids. The highest amount of total trans fatty acids was determined in kavurma (Cavurmas) (7.95%), and total trans fatty acids of meat products such as pastrami contained more than 5% of the total fatty acids.