• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.349-356
• /
• 2013

When making a yellow layer cake, an existing chemical leavening agent, sourdough starter powder, was used instead of using baking powder in order to produce batter where the acid agent in the baking powder was reduced using baking soda. The control group had the lowest share of the batter and therefore had the highest specific volume. In a test group, the share of SP4 was low and therefore, the specific volume was high. In terms of physiochemical characteristics, the volume, symmetry and uniform index was high in SP4 in the test group. The control group had the highest moisture content followed by SP4. In terms of texture, the control group had the lowest hardness and highest springiness. In the test group, SP4 had the lowest hardness and highest springiness. The result of the sensory evaluation indicates that SP4 had the best taste and flavor. In terms of overall preference, SP4 showed significantly higher preference overall. However, it did not show any significant difference compared to the control group.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2015

Alloy 82/182 weld metals had been extensively used in joining the components of the PWR primary system. Unfortunately, there have been a number of incidents of cracking caused by PWSCC in Alloy 82/182 welds during the operation of PWR worldwide. To mitigate PWSCC, optimization of water-chemistry conditions, especially dissolved hydrogen (DH) and Zn contents, is considered as the most promising and effective remedial method. In this study, the PWSCC behaviours of Alloy 182 weld were investigated in simulated PWR environments with various DH content. Both in-situ and ex-situ oxide characterizations as well as PWSCC initiation tests were performed. The results showed that PWSCC crack initiation time was shortest in PWR water (DH: 30cc/kg). Also, high stress reduced crack initiation time. Oxide layer showed multi-layered structures consisted of the outer needle-like Ni-rich oxide layer, Fe-rich crystalline oxide, and inner Cr-rich inner oxide layers, which was not altered by the level of applied stress. To analyse the multi-layer structure of oxides, EIS measurement were fitted into an equivalent circuit model. Further analyses including TEM and EDS are underway to verify appropriateness of the equivalent circuit model.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.357-360
• /
• 2011

N-doped ZnO nanofilms were prepared by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition method. $Zn(C_{2}H_{5})_{2}$, $O_{2}$ and $N_{2}$ were used as Zn, O and N sources, respectively, for N-doped ZnO films under variation of radio frequency (rf) power from 50-300W. Structural, optical and electrical properties of as-grown ZnO films were investigated with Xray diffraction(XRD), photoluminescence(PL) and Hall-effect measurements, respectively. Nitrogen content and p-type conductivity in ZnO nanofilms increased with the rf power.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.7
• /
• pp.1061-1065
• /
• 1999

The effect of particle size of coating powder and coating temperature on the thickness of coating layer formed on metal surface was studied by using XRD, SEM and EDXS. Coating powder was separated according to particle size by 3 steps and coating temperatures were varied from $950^{\circ}C$ to $980^{\circ}C$. Calorizing carried out at air and Ar conditions for 5 hrs, respectively. XRD result show that $Al_2O_3$ and AlN were formed during calorizing at air condition. The thickness and Al content of coating layer increased as the particle size of coating powder decreased and coating temperature increased.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.256-261
• /
• 2010

Physical properties of Plasma electrolytic oxidized 8 different types of Al alloys, A-1100, A-2024, A-5052, A-6061, A-6063, A-7075, ACD-7B and ACD-12 were investigated. The electrolyte for PEO was $Na_2SiO_3$ solutions with NaOH and some alkali earthen metal salts. Porous layer near the surface of PEO coating was not found, and surface roughness Ra50 was below 2.5 ${\mu}m$. Surface roughness was affected by growth rate of plasma electrolytic oxidized layer, not by Si content in Al alloy.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.93-109
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the modern men's fashion coordination to see the image in the center of TV dramas in terms of Habitu that is formed within hierarchy and class. The subjects range is included fashion style, color, accessories, hairstyle and appearance. 950 pictures used in the analysis sheet. In research methods, content analysis and basic statistics were used. The results of this study were as follows. First, the hierarchy image formed by Habitus is significant difference. The upper layer is coordinating elite luxurious and prestigious image of the fashion styles. The middle layer is coordinating neat and capable image. The lower layer does not care about the appearance and image appearing weary life is coordinating. Second, the class image formed by Habitus, CEO often interests in fashion image coordination. Senior executive is represented clean and luxurious image. General white color dresses in a suite such as office look. Blue color does not care about the fashion coordination and is expressed an easy dress for labor. Architects of the unstructured free-spirited image is represented. Physician and resident physician dress in shirts, no pattern tie, pants, robe. And they is coordinating neat and tidy attire to represent professional and reliable image.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.7 no.1 s.23
• /
• pp.107-113
• /
• 2007

This study investigates the filed application in Daebul Free Trade Zone applying both a flowing method using drying shrinkage-reducing superplasticizer(SRS) and an insulating curing method using double layer bubble sheet. Test results showed that fresh concrete satisfied target slump and air content. A structure adding SRS significantly decreased the total bleeding capacity and accelerated the setting time. As for the crack occurrence, the structure applying the flowing method and double bubble sheets simultaneously exhibited the most favorable crack endurance, while conventional concrete showed more than 1mm size of crack in overall. In addition, a structure applying the flowing concrete method partially presented the micro crack. For the area proportion of crack occurrence, the structure using the double bubble sheets indicated 9.8%, while others applying flowing concrete method was 28%, compared with that of conventional one. For the compressive strength of specimens, standard curing specimens indicated $3{\sim}33%$ higher value than that of specimens cured besides the field construction. The specimens containing SRS improved the strength of $2{\sim}6MPa$, which is $10{\sim}22%$ higher than that of conventional concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.963-968
• /
• 1999

This study was tried to evaluate possibilities for discriminating the mixture degree of wheat flour from buckwheat products. Buckwheat was milled into four grades of powder, i.e. whole grain flour (WGF), inner layer flour(ILF), middle layer flour(MLF) and outer layer flour(OLF)), and these powders were mixed with wheat flour(WF) to make mixed samples. Ash, protein and fat contents of the buckwheat flours were high in the order of OLF=WGF>MLF>ILF. On the other hand, WF showed a similar content to OLF in ash and protein, and to ILF in fats. Potassium and magnesium contents were higher in all the buckwheat powder than in the wheat flour. Flavonoid contents were higher in order of OLF>WGF=MLF> ILF, but it was not in wheat flour. Although the reliable correlation between mix ratio and components, i.e. mag nesium or ash analyzed were found, it did not seem to reflect sufficiently the expected variations of contents of original material components. Also, compositions of commercial buckwheat products were analyzed to evaluate the mixed ratio of buckwheat flour and wheat flour. The results suggest that the components analyzed in this study as putative marker were not good in determining whether or how much buckwheat products contained wheat flour.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.26 no.9
• /
• pp.701-706
• /
• 2013

We have focused on the conversion efficiency of CIGS thin film solar cell prepared by co-evaporation method as well as the optimization of process condition. The total thickness of back electrode was fixed at 1 ${\mu}m$ and the structural, electric and optical properties of CIGS thin film were investigated by varying the thickness of Mo:Na bottom layer from 0 to 500 nm. From the experimental results, the content of Na was appeared as 0.28 atomic percent when the thickness of Mo:Na layer was 300 nm with compactly densified plate-shape surface morphology. From the XRD measurements, (112) plane was the strongest preferential orientation together with secondary (220) and (204) planes affecting to the crystallization. The lowest roughness and resistivity were 2.67 nm and 3.9 ${\Omega}{\cdot}cm$, respectively. In addition, very high carrier density and hole mobility were recorded. From the optimization of Mo:Na layer, we have achieved the conversion efficiency of 9.59 percent.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.604-615
• /
• 1995

Austenitic stainless steel castings using expandable polystylene(referred to hereafter as EPS) patterns are often affected by distinctive defects associated with incomplete decomposition of the EPS as the molds are filled with metal. The quality of the castings, with particular reference to carbon pick-up in austenitic stainless steel is further influenced to a significant extent by such factors as reduced pressure, the additive by adding $Na_2CO_3$ in coating. The steel composition and microstructure were examined at the surface layer of castings, at depths of 1mm, by taking successive layers of swarf and analysis. In experiments, the carburizing atmosphere was neutralized, showing that the coating performed efficiently by decomposing almost instantly on heating and liberating $CO_2$. The upper parts of castings obtained using EPS patterns were slightly higher in carbon pick-up than other parts. Comparing the 316L and 304 stainless steel castings, qualitative and quantative differences could be found between the carbon pick-up behaviours as influence of the carbon content and alloying elements. Carbide former such as Cr makes carbon more soluble in the steel. This must make carbon pick-up in the surface layer but at the same time richer in carbon especially in the 304 stainless steel castings.