• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2012

Molds cause severe cheese deterioration, even though some white and blue molds are used for the manufacture of Camembert and Blue cheese, respectively. The species of Geotrichum, Moniliella, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Phoma, and Cladosporium are the main fungi that affect contamination during cheese ripening. Once deteriorated by fungal spoilage, cheese becomes toxic and inedible. Fungal deterioration of cheese decreases the nutritional value, flavor profiles, physicochemical and organoleptic properties, and increases toxicity and infectious disease. Fungal contamination during cheese ripening is highly damaging to cheese production in Korean farmstead milk processing companies. Therefore, these companies hesitate to develop natural and ripened cheese varieties. This article discusses the recent and ongoing developments in the removal techniques of fungal contamination during cheese ripening. There are 2 categories of antifungal agents: chemical and natural. Major chemical agents are preservatives (propionic acid, sodium propionate, and calcium propionate) and ethanol. Among the natural agents, grapefruit seed extract, phytoncide, essential oils, and garlic have been investigated as natural antifungal agents. Additionally, some studies have shown that antibiotics such as natamycin and Delvocid$^{(R)}$, have antifungal activities for cheese contaminated with fungi. Microbial resources such as probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Propionibacterium, lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi, and bacteriocin are well known as antifungal agents. In addition, ozonization treatment has been reported to inhibit the growth activity of cheese-contaminating fungi.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.828-835
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• 2013

Products from aquaculture have sometimes been focused on the problems caused by the contamination of chemical agents as the use of chemical agents in aquaculture has been annually increased. The risk of contamination of products by chemical agents is greater in freshwater than in seawater. In order to evaluate the food safety of a fish grown in freshwater, we investigated the residues of antibiotics (tetracycline, oxolinic acid and ciplofloxacin) and malachite green in cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Malachite green, which was prohibited in the application of aquaculture, was not detected in samples tested in this study. The residual content of tetracycline was determined to be less than the permissible amount, <0.2 mg/kg. The contents of ciplofloxacin was also less than the permissible amount, <0.1 mg/kg. However, in case of oxolinic acid, one of samples was only exhibited higher content than the permissible amount (<0.1 mg/kg). The results obtained in this study suggested that the control and regulation of chemical agents such as antibiotics was important to maintain a safe and worry-free seafood supply.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2011

Most antineoplastic agents are nonselective in their mechanism of action, affecting noncancerous as well as cancerous cells, and resulting in acute effects such as irritation of mucous membranes and chronic effects such as genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. Healthcare workers occupationally exposed to antineoplastic agents are at risk. The present study aimed to develop and apply methods to monitor occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents, using cyclophosphamide (CP) as the model compound. To monitor environmental and biological exposure, potentially contaminated surfaces were wiped and 24 hour urine samples were collected from workers. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry was performed, with a limit of detection of 0.05 ng/ml. Measurable amounts of CP were detected on 92% of the sampled surfaces, with a geometric mean of 175.22 $ng/m^2$. Despite the environmental contamination of the model compound, CP was below the detection limit in all urine samples. If workplace contamination cannot be completely avoided, it is importance to reduce exposure to the lowest possible levels. To this aim, efforts to minimize occupational exposure along with biological and environmental monitoring are required. The standardized sampling techniques, and specific and sensitive analytical methods reported in this study may be helpful in assessing occupational exposure and devising strategies to reduce exposure.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2003

In order to monitoring the chicken meat hygiene, 165 chicken samples were tested for contamination agents such as the total bacterial counts, coliform bacterial counts and falling bacterial counts. The prevalence of level on number of standard plate count(SPC), total bacterial counts in less than 10$^3$cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 10$^3$∼10$^4$cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 10$^4$∼10$\^$5/cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$ were 30 samples (18.2%), 98 samples(59.4%) and 37 samples(22.4%), respectively. The coliform bacterial counts in less than 10$^2$cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 10$^2$∼10$^3$cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 10$^3$∼10$^4$cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$ were 7 samples(4.2%), 66 samples (40.0%), 92 samples(55.8%), respectively. The falling bacterial counts in plants were higher 9.1, in summer 8.4, in fall 7.2 in spring and 6.7 in winter decreased.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.221-225
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• 2003

In order to monitoring the chicken meat hygiene, 165 chicken samples were tested for contamination agents such as the total bacterial counts, coliform bacterial counts and falling bacterial counts. The prevalence of level on number of standard plate count, total bacterial counts in less than $10^3\;cfu/cm^2$, $10^3{\sim}10^4\;cfu/cm^2$ and $10^3-10^5\;cfu/cm^2$ was 30 samples(18.2%), 98 samples(59.4%) and 37 samples(22.4%), respectively. The coliform bacterial counts in less than $10^2\;cfu/cm^2$, $10^2{\sima}10^$\;cfu/cm^2$ and $10^3{\sim}10^4\;cfu/cm^2$ was 7 samples(42.2%), 66 samples(40.0%), 92 samples(58.8%), respectively. The falling bacterial counts in plants was higher 9.1 in summer, 8.4 in fall, 7.2 in spring and 6.7 in winter, in order.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.85-103
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• 1999

The objectives of the study were to review the agricultural environment education program for nasal change agents, to find out their recognition on agricultural environment and to get sorn implications for better educational program of rural environment. The data were gathered from 177 rural change agents in 11 agricultural technology centers in Kyongi-Do province by mailing survey with questionnaire. The major findings of the study were ; (1) Agricultural environment education for rural extention workers initiated in 1996. From 1999 diversified programs were served for them. (2) Rural change agents perceived that water contamination and degradation of life environment were the most serious problem. (3) Educational program on organic farming should be prepared for farmers and rural changes agents. (4) Concrete educational programs for adequate use of agricultural chemicals should be prepared for farmers. (5) Educational program on agricultural environment policies should be reorganized in terms of the level of target group. (6) RDA should prepare synthetical education program for the conservation of rural eco-system.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2009

The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science in the United States concluded in its 2004 report that excessive indoor dampness is a public health hazard and that its prevention should be a public health goal. Water damage in buildings, such as leaks from roofs, walls, or windows, may increase indoor moisture levels. Excessive dampness may promote microbial proliferation in indoor environments, increase occupants' exposure to microbial agents, and eventually produce adverse health effects in building occupants. Epidemiological studies to demonstrate the causal association between exposure to indoor microbial agents and health effects require reliable exposure assessment tools. In this review, I discuss various sampling and analytical methods to assess human exposure to biological agents in indoor environments, their strengths and weaknesses, and recent trends in research and practice in the USA.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.5-15
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• 1973

An investigation was carried out on a basis of the bacteriological examination with a view to detecting the degree of bacterial contamination for the 77 samples collected from the locally-sold liquid specialties. It's test period was 50 days from July 10 to August 30, 1971. Specially, the survey has put emphasis on the population of general bacteria and the identification of coli-form group, staphylococcus species, streptococcus species, bacillus species, fungi, and yeast species from liquid samples. The results obtained are summarized as follows; (1) For the 77 samples tested, the contamination of general bacteria was found out as minimun 0, i,e., maximum, $12{\times}10^4$ and the total average $45{\times}10^2$ per milliliter. (2) Although streptococcus species could not be detected with the samples, the contamination of the coli-form and staphylococcus species means the strong suggestion of the possibility of pathogenic bacterial contamination. (3) Specially, the products which stay in the neutral pH range and use suspending agents need to care for the microbial contamination in the manufacturing crocess. (4) It is thought necessary to perform the microbiological quality control in the liquid preparations only at least. (5) As the microbial contamination degree in the liquid decreases according to the elapse of time, the microbiological quality control will have to be carried out immediately after the completion of the manufacturing process in order to know the accurate degree. (6) The author thinks that the main reason of the microbial contamination in the liquid is the contamination during the manufacturing process. (7) For the purpose of prevention of the microbial contamination in liquid, therefore, it is more important to make efforts for the rationalization of manufacturing process, the improvement of equipment and environment, the specific training of workers for hygienic knowledges, etc. rather than the use of preservatives for the preparations.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2008

This study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of soil washing process for reducing arsenic contamination level of soil around $Dalch\hat{e}n$ Mine. The results of physicochemical tests of the target soil showed that pH was weak alkalic ($pH{\simeq}7.8$), soil texture was coarse sand, and organic contents (5.7%) and CEC (Cation exchange capacity; 21.5 meq/100 g) were similar with those of soils generally found in Korea. Contamination levels of arsenic were found to over 201 mg/kg which exceed the Korea standard levels of countermeasure and concern. To investigate chemical partitioning of heavy metals, sequential extraction procedures were adopted and it was found that arsenic was predominantly associated with the residual fraction among five fractional forms as much as over 85%, which is demonstrating that only less than 15% of all might be vulnerable to a selected washing agents. Among 6 kinds of washing agents applied on the screening for arsenic-contaminated soil, HCl and $H_3PO_4$ solution were selected as promising washing agents. In comparison with HCl and $H_3PO_4$ solutions for arsenic washing by kinetic experiment in the change of pH, soil-solution ratio, temperature, and washing solution concentration, $H_3PO_4$ solution was determined to best one of agents tested, which showed faster washing rate than HCl to accomplish regulatory goal.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3806-3813
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• 2012

해양 환경에서 구리와 아연의 오염은 방오제, 산업폐수, 가정하수와 같은 다양한 경로를 통해서 유입이 되고 있다. 이 중 2003년 유기주석화합물사용 금지 이후 선박에 사용되는 신방오제의 사용량증가와 관련된 중금속인 구리와 아연의 오염분포를 Crassostrea gigas와 Littorina brevicula을 통하여 확인하여 보았다. 이 결과 이들 샘플 중에 구리와 아연의 평균농도는 각각 231.8 ${\mu}g/g$, 492.6 ${\mu}g/g$으로 나타났다. 구리와 아연 두 물질 모두 수리조선소에서 채취한 샘플에서 가장 높은 농도로 측정되었으며, 다음으로 구리의 경우 항구에서 채취한 샘플에서 구리의 경우 산업단지샘플에서 고농도로 측정되었다. 이 결과를 참고 할 때 구리는 방오제에 기인된 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 아연은 방오제 이외에 산업단지폐수에 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 한국 내 주요 연안에 대한 구리와 아연에 의한 오염 개선을 위하여 집중적으로 관리해야 되는 지역을 파악할 수 있었다.