• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2022

Due to the increasing consumer demands for the safety, shelf life, and quality of food, the application and development of active packaging in the food and packaging industry have been improved. According to the standards and specifications of the Republic of Korea for utensils, containers, and packages, the function of active packaging is to remove or alleviate factors that degrade food quality. Although extensive reviews regarding the development and commercialization of active packaging have been conducted, the legal regulations and safety assessments concerning active packaging have rarely been examined. This review provides information regarding the definition, structure, components, operational mechanisms, and applications for active packaging that actively removes oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide, and ethylene. Furthermore, the legal regulations and research results related to the development of test methods for safety assessments of active packaging are investigated.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.76-76
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to optimize the vitrification method of in vitro produced bovine embryos. Thus, in vitro produced embryos at 8 cell, morula and blastocyst stages were vitrified on electron microscope grids (EM grids) or in open pulled straws (OPS) with EG5.5 (5.5 M ethylene glycol, 1.0 M sucrose and 10% FBS in m-DPBS medium) freezing solution and their survival rates after thawing were compared. The embryos on EM grids or in OPS were briefly exposed to EG5.5 freezing solution and plunged directly into liquid nitrogen within 30 to 35 sec. Post-thawed embryos were serially diluted in 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 M sucrose in m-DPBS, each for 1 min, and then cultured in CRI aa medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Embryonic survival rate was assessed as re-expanded and hatched rates of those embryos after warming. The rates of re-expansion embryos did not significantly different between EM grid (8 cell: 42.10%, morula: 66.66% and blastocyst: 77.08%) and OPS (8 cell: 47.36%, morula: 61.90% and blastocyst: 83.33%) methods. In addition, the hatched rates in EM grid (8 cell: 31.57%, morula: 57.14% and blastocyst: 72.91%) were similar to those in OPS (8 cell. 34.21%, morula: 50.00% and Blastocyst: 77.08%). Interestingly, even at the same blastocyst stage, the in vitro survival of day 7 embryos (EM grid: 79.48 and OPS: 87.18%) was higher than those of day 8 embryos (EM grid: 72.10 and OPS: 82.06%). The total cell number of blastocyst developed in vitro after vitrification was examined with Hoechst 33342 staining to compare the embryo quality among different treatment groups. The total cell number of blastocyst was not significantly different between vitrified groups (EM grid: 162.4$\pm$8.0 and OPS: 158.4$\pm$7.1) and unvitrified control (168.0$\pm$5.6). These results indicate that both vitrification containers can provide the high rate of embryo survival. Moreover, the OPS container may not need a cap to protect the container from floating after immersion in L$N_2$. Therefore, this study suggest that bovine embryos can be cryopreserved easily, effectively and successfully by vitrification method using EM grid or OPS with EG5.5 freezing solution. In the future, the Pregnancy rate would be investigated after transfer of our vitrified embryos into the appropriated recipients.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
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• no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 1996

The coastal plains of the Puna and Ka' u Districts of the island of Hawaii are a contradiction to the popular view that the island of Hawaii is a tropical rain forest or a vegetated landscape with abundant water sour This section of the island lies in the rain shadow of Mauna Loa a Kilauea Volcanoes and receives less than 30 inches of annual precipita When rain does come. it is in the form of sudden down pours. givi residents of the area little time to collect and conserve water. Due to porous nature of the rock. there is no standing surface water. In spite of these harsh climatic conditions. archeological evidence indic that an extensive agriculture complex existed not only along the coast. into the most remote parts of what is called the Ka'u Desert. Pass through these agricultural areas are historic and pre - historic t systems. These trail systems apparently played a significant suppor role for exchange between the ahupua's (classic land divisions of Haw and the geopolitical districts. The question arises as to how could vast agricultural complexes a heavy foot travel over miles of arid land exist without dependable wa sources\ulcorner While planting - pits and mounds were designed to make most efficient use of available water and conserve moisture(Carter 19 9). people involved in planting also needed potable water for surv Most publications and research papers dealing with the early population this area make only oblique reference to springs and wells which t populations depended upon. The Federal Cave Resource Protection Act(1988) has served as imprtus for the National Park Service to look closer at the lava tu caves and fault cracks within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. P visitors to these underground areas found large volumes of standing wa in fault cracks. and abundant drip areas with the lava tubes. Re observes noted that in most cases. where the cracks and caves we located in the arid sections of the park. there has been extens modifiacation or utilization of these water sources by the early Hawaii and others. The variety of western containers used for collection indica that these water sources were used during historic times. William E described similar water sources in his narrative of his trip around island in 1823(Eills 1979), This report is directed at documenting recent observations and a stimulating further research into early Hawaiian water collection syst It also explores the implications that power and political influence of e chiefs in the arid portions of Hawaii could have been linked to the con of the water resources.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2022

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine radioactive concentrations in fertilizers known to contain essential nutrients. Results of this study could be used as basic data to monitor the impact of chemical fertilizers on the environment and public health. Nitrogen fertilizers, calcium fertilizers, sulfur fertilizers, phosphate acid fertilizers, and potassium chloride fertilizers were used in this study. Materials and Methods: Five chemical fertilizers were pulverized, placed in polyethylene containers, and weighed. The time to measure each specimen was set to be 3,600 seconds for a scintillator-based gamma-ray spectroscopy system. Concentration of gamma radionuclide was analyzed based on obtained spectra. At the end of the measurement, the spectrum file was stored and used to calculate radioactive concentrations using a gamma-ray spectrometer software. Results and Discussion: In the nitrogen fertilizer, 3.49 ± 5.71 Bq/kg of ¹³⁷Cs, 34.43 ± 7.61 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs, and 569.16 ± 91.15 of ⁴⁰K were detected whereas ¹³¹I was not detected. In the calcium fertilizer, 5.74 ± 4.40 Bq/kg of ¹³⁷Cs (the highest concentration among all fertilizers), 22.37 ± 5.39 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs, and 433.67 ± 64.24 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K were detected whereas ¹³¹I was not detected. In the sulfur fertilizer, 347.31 ± 55.73 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K, 19.42 ± 4.53 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs, 2.21 ± 3.49 of ¹³⁷Cs, and 0.04 ± 0.22 Bq/Kg of ¹³¹I were detected. In the phosphoric acid fertilizer, 70,007.34 ± 844.18 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K (the highest concentration among all fertilizers) and 46.07 ± 70.40 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs were detected whereas neither ¹³⁷Cs nor ¹³¹I was detected. In the potassium chloride fertilizer, 12,827.92 ± 1542.19 Bq/kg of ⁴⁰K was and 94.76 ± 128.79 Bq/kg of ¹³⁴Cs were detected whereas neither ¹³⁷Cs nor ¹³¹I was detected. The present study examined inorganic fertilizers produced by a single manufacturer. There might be different results according to the country and area from which fertilizers are imported. Further studies about inorganic fertilizers in more detail are needed to create measures to reduce ⁴⁰K. Conclusion: Measures are needed to reduce radiation exposure to ⁴⁰K contained in fertilizers including phosphoric acid and potassium chloride fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.100-115
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• 2023

The modernization of najeonchil, or mother-of-pearl lacquerware, began in the latter era of the Joseon period and started to set in during the phase of industrial development after the Korean War. Especially, the rise and fall of najeonchil during the first half of the 1900s fluctuated more compared to other types of craft. This paper focuses on the production, supply and demand activities of the works by Min Jong-tae, who was born in 1915, began his career in 1929 and devoted 70 years of his life creating najeonchil craft and furniture. As an apprentice under Jeon Sung-gyu, who revived the craft of najeonchil, Min Jong-tae was not only an artisan who ranked alongside Kim Bongryong, Song Juan, Shim Bugil, Kim Taehee, but also a businessman. In particular, Min led the boom of modern najeonchilgi during the 1970s-80s in Seoul, which was the most important market at that time. However, studies about Min Jong-tae are almost non-existence, despite his accomplishments. This study first describes how Min Jong-tae began the craft of najeonchil and early days of his career around the liberation period, then retraced his efforts in building a supply and demand system in the 1950s-60s. Moreover, this paper covers not only his creations of large-scale najeonchil furniture in the advent of an era of 'wardrobe culture' in the 1970s-80s, but also his exported pieces to Japan, including incense boxes and tea containers. In conclusion, this research derives the historical significance of Min Jong-tae's role as an artisan of najeonchil- designated as Seoul Intangible Cultural Heritage No. 14 in the field of craft.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.176-182
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• 2023

Plant regeneration protocols for adventitious shoot organogenesis from apple (Malus domestica 'Fuji') leaf explants were developed in the present study. The effects of dark incubation periods in the early stages of culture, pre-treatment methods, the number of explants per culture container, the type of culture containers, and the orientation of the explants on culture media were evaluated to determine the optimal shoot regeneration conditions for 'Fuji' apple leaf explants. Light incubation of explants produced minimal response. However, dark incubation of explants for 4 weeks during the initial culture period enhanced shoot regeneration frequency. Comparing the number of explants per container, a higher percentage of shoot regeneration was obtained with nine explants per container compared with four explants per container. Pre-treatment, before culture, by dipping explants in a liquid regeneration medium containing 40 g/L of sorbitol for 2 hours produced the highest shoot formation rate, and the time of shoot formation was accelerated. The percentage of shoot regeneration and number of shoots per regenerating explant reached a maximum of 87.5% and 4.7, respectively. The regenerated shoots were elongated and rooted on a rooting medium of 1/4 MS with 0.2 mg/L IBA. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized, and the regenerated plants produced normal phenotypes.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.404-412
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• 2024

The adoption of cloud environments has revolutionized application deployment and management, with microservices architecture and container technology serving as key enablers of this transformation. However, these advancements have introduced new challenges, particularly the necessity to precisely understand service interactions and conduct detailed analyses of internal processes within complex service environments such as microservices. Traditional monitoring techniques have proven inadequate in effectively analyzing these complex environments, leading to increased interest in eBPF (extended Berkeley Packet Filter) technology as a solution. eBPF is a powerful tool capable of real-time event collection and analysis within the Linux kernel, enabling the monitoring of various events, including file system activities within the kernel space. This paper proposes a container activity analysis system based on eBPF, which monitors events occurring in the kernel space of both containers and host systems in real-time and analyzes the collected data. Furthermore, this paper conducts a comparative analysis of prominent eBPF-based container monitoring systems (Tetragon, Falco, and Tracee), focusing on aspects such as event detection methods, default policy application, event type identification, and system call blocking and alert generation. Through this evaluation, the paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each system and determines the necessary features for effective container process monitoring and restriction. In addition, the proposed system is evaluated in terms of container metadata collection, internal activity monitoring, and system metadata integration, and the effectiveness and future potential of eBPF-based monitoring systems.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2008

Effects of the various dietary additives on growth and tolerance of abalone Haliotis discus hannai to the stresses were determined in the 16-week feeding trial. Seventy juvenile (an initial body weight of 4.2 g) abalone per container were randomly distributed into 21, 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. The six kinds of experimental diets were prepared: control (CON) with no additive, by-product of green tea (BPG), extract of figs (EF), extract of green tea (EG), commercially available product of Hearok (PH), and Haematococcus (HC). In addition, dry sea tangle (ST) was prepared to compare the efficiency of the experimental diets. Fishmeal, soybean meal and shrimp head meal were used as the protein source, and dextrin, sea tangle powder and wheat flour, and soybean oil and fish oil were used as the carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively in the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16-week feeding trial, abalone was exposed to the different types of stresses (air exposure, and sudden changes of rearing temperature and salinity). Survival of abalone fed the sea tangle was highest. However, weight gain of abalone fed the EF, EG and PH diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the BPG diet or dry sea tangle. Shell length of abalone fed the all experimental diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the dry sea tangle. Accumulated mortality of abalone fed the sea tangle was low when exposed to the different types of stresses. Also, relatively low mortality was achieved in abalone fed the HC and EF diets. In considering these results, it can be concluded that the various sources of additives is effective to improve production of abalone, and Haematococcus and extract of figs can be considered as dietary additives to improve resistance of abalone against the different types of stresses.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.119-123
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• 2013

Simplified control logic was devised to fabricate and operate the modified atmosphere (MA) container of fresh produce equipped with gas-diffusion tube whose opening/closing was controlled in response to real time $O_2$ concentration. This is a simplified ramification of the previously developed control logic using both $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentrations ([$O_2$] & [$CO_2$]). The developed logic was applied to and tested by a container system filled with spinach at $10^{\circ}C$ having optimum MA window of [$O_2$] of 7~10% and [$CO_2$] of 5~10%. It was shown that setting the proper on-off limit (11%) for $O_2$ control based on the assumed relationship $[O_2]+[CO_2]$=21% could attain the desired $CO_2$ concentration just below the upper tolerance limit ($[CO_2]_H$, 10%). The $O_2$ control point can be the lower tolerance limit or adjusted one (21-$[CO_2]_H$) depending on the commodity's MA requirement. The developed logic using single $O_2$ sensor could attain the equilibrated [$O_2$] of 11% with [$CO_2$] of 8~9% which was desired and similar to that of its predecessor ([$O_2$] of 9~10% with [$CO_2$] of 10%) using both $O_2$ and $CO_2$ sensors. Both MA containers (one only with single $O_2$ sensor control and one with $O_2$ and $CO_2$ sensors) could also keep the spinach quality without significant difference between them, but significantly better than perforated control package of air.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2003

Packages have been used for a wide variety of purposes, for protection, for display, for transportation of goods, or for keeping personal belongings. According to the demands of society and the times, liquor packages have been specialized and have appeared in almost every shape and size without restriction to cine particular type of material. In spite of its rapid development and wide application in our society, liquor package design has rarely been considered as a subject of comprehensive study. Majoring in package design, I have become especially interested in the area of liquor package design. I would like to explore liquor package design from several aspects. With the advent of new market and the rise of a new consumer society, advertising and mass media have expanded rapidly. While convenience of use is not a major issue, serving size certainly are quality, appeal of heritage and health concerns. Heritage is a major consumer appeal in Whisky, Beer, Wine and spirits. Designers have drawn heavily on the tradition of alcoholic products, have used type and graphics to create the illusion of heritage for new products. A sidelight to the heritage aspect of spirits package is the evolution of outer boxes for international liquors. International liquors package design illustrated the past and current themes. The design is contemporary and spare. Colored panels correlated to the liquor flavor used on clean white, black, gold boxes. While this research does not deny the impact of structural innovation and convenience package design , it does deny the existence of a graphic plateau. It is assumed therefore, that development in technology can facilitate communication between East and West. This can be accomplished because as containers of products are used in social setting, their form will gradually apply strong influence to the need for economical, easily handled, easily utilized packaging. Typically, ethnic package designs are those packages containing products which are prepared and marketed to a category of people who are prepared and marketed to a culture traits. They are liquor products sold in the metropolitan New York area which are marketed specially to Asians, Hispanics, or Eurpean population. These cultural groups share numerous traits including religion, language, dietary habits and traditional drinking styles. Therefore, the products which are familiar or common in their native countries are often imported or marketed there to serve them. These packages and products are frequently found on the shelves of supermarkets in predominantly ethnic areas. That is Korea, Japan if packaging is correctly design it would appeal to the American market. My research is that oriental beverage -Soju is good example of this precept. Assumedly, there must be a degree of subjectivity since it is a mean in which the consumers can relate to its advertising. This degree to relate and identify is the degree to which the package will be remembered and purchased. Subjectivity is intimately related to purchases since there is no such thing as a rational purchase in a society that operates on mass consumption. It is essential that packages become more personal human, entertaining, and more like advertising in order to maximize merchandising potential.