• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2001

Background: Oral mucositis is a common complication of anticancer chemotherapy. The sequelae of this consist of an increased risk of infection, moderate to severe pain, compromised oral function, and bleeding. This study was performed to evaluated the effects of the He-Ne laser and the Ga-Al-As laser on oral mucositis caused by anticancer chemotherapy in pediatric patients. Methods: There were 3 cases of osteosarcoma and 6 cases of leukemia. All patients received He-Ne laser (632.8 nm wavelength, power 60 mW) application on 400-600 Hz scanning for 5-20 minutes and Ga-Al-As laser (904 nm wavelength, power 40 mW) application by fiberoptic hand piece placed in immediate proximity to the tissue without direct contact with it for 30 seconds per point for 5 days per week. During the application patients wore wavelength-specific dark glasses and were instructed to keep their eyes closed. Results: The mean number of treatments with oral intake was $4.89{\pm}0.64$. The mean number of total treatments was $9.44{\pm}2.59$. There were no significant side effects during and after the laser treatments. Conclusions: He-Ne laser and Ga-Al-As (IR) laser treatment were well tolerated and reduced the severity and duration of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pediatric oncologic patients.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.211-231
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• 2010

Colophon means an element to describe bibliographic information of the concerned books on the specific space like a back of title page or the last page of a book, and is used as a useful information source when cataloging in a library. Imprint means an element to describe publication information to a title page or verso of a title page of a book. In addition, institutionally required elements to describe on a book are an author, a publisher, a date of publication, a publishing company, ISBN, and a price when printing publications. The bibliographic elements to describe on colophon are a title, an author, a place of publication, a publisher, the date of publication, a place of printing, a printer, the date of printing, edition, impression, the address and contact point of a publisher, a price, ISBN, a copyright, CIP, and the profile of an author, etc. The necessary bibliographic elements according to the development of publishing technology and changes of publishing environments are additionally described in this colophon.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2003

A freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, and local soil isolate Scytonema sp. strain BT 23 were demonstrated to contain biotoxic secondary metabolites with pesticidal and mosquito larvicidal activities. A purified toxic constituent from M aeruginosa showed an absorption maximum at 230 nm and its toxicity symptoms, Rf value on TLC, and retention time observed ill an HPLC analysis were similar to those of the hepatotoxic heptapeptide microcystin-LR. The bioactive constituent of the Scytonema sp. was less polar in nature and exhibited two peaks at 240 and 285 m. When applied to two cruciffrous pests, Pieris brassicae and Plutella flostella, the crude extracts and toxic principles from the two cyanobacteria showed significant antifeedant activity in a no-choice bioassay, and at higher concenuations exhibited contact toxicity to the insect larvae. The purified toxin from M. aeruginosa was found to be more effective and produced 97.5 and $92.8\%$ larval mortality in the two pests, fo11owing 2 h of toxin treatment at a concentration of $25{\mu}g$ Per leaf disc (2.5 cm dia.). Meanwhile, similar treatment with the purified toxin from Sytonema sp. stain BT 23 only produced 73 and $78\%$ mortality in the two pests. The cyanobacterial constituents also showed significant activity against Culex and Anopheles larvae. The M. aeruginosa toxin ($20{\mu}g\;ml^-1$) caused 98.2 and $88.1\%$ mortality in the Culex and Anopheles larvae, respectively, while the purified toxin from the Sytonema sp. was less toxic and only produced a 96.3 and $91.2\%$ mortality, respectively, at a much higher concentration ($40{\mu}g\;ml^-1$). Accordingly, the current results point to certain hitherto unknown biological properties of cyanobacterial biotoxins.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 1982

Natural zeolite rock was pulverized and dispersed in water. Clay fraction was collected by sedimentation method. The dominant clay mineral was Clinoptiolite with some Mordenite and Smectite. $P^{32}$ adsorption on Na-zeolite was determined in different ionic strengths using $P^{32}$ isotope by sludge method. The lower the pH of suspension, the longer the contact time, and the more the amount of zeolite, the more inorganic P was adsorbed by Na-zeolite, whereas the more P adsorption per unit gram of zeolite was observed at a 100mg addition than a 200mg in same volume of P-NaCl solution (20ml), indicating that the whole positively charged surface of Na-zeolite was not occupied by inorganic P. Furthermore, the more P adsorption on Na-zeolite was observed in higher ionic strength than in the lower. The maximum P adsorption on Na-zeolite was about 1me/g, and the zero point charge (ZPC) is assumed to be below pH 3.7.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2010

Gait initiation is a transitional process from the balanced upright standing to the beginning of steady-state walking. Dysbalanced gait initiation often causes stroke patients to fall. The net center of pressure, measured by two triaxial force plates from twenty healthy subjects and two stroke patients, was investigated to assess asymmetry of gait initiation in hemiparetic subjects. The time interval and distance of the net center of pressure(CoP) moved from the initiation point to the toe off(S1) and from the toe off to the initial contact(S2) were calculated during gait initiation of normal and stroke patients. When the patient with right hemiplegia(A) initiated his gait with right foot, the time interval and the distance of the net CoP in S1 and S2 were smaller than that of normal subjects' values. However, he initiated the gait with left foot(unaffected side) the time interval and the distance of net CoP in S1 were larger than normative values. Differently, the patient with left hemiplegia(B) has shown that larger time interval and distance in S1 and smaller time interval and distance in S2 in both sides. His asymmetry(with which side the gait initiated) was not significant. It is too early to conclude that these results could be general characteristics of the stroke patients because the variations were large and moreover, the level of motor recovery of the patients was different. However, it is expected that these trials could help to set up the strategy of the therapy for the rehabilitation or prevention of fall in stroke patients.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.435-440
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of oxidation inhibitor contents on the work of adhesion, fracture toughness, and impact strength of the unidirectional carbon-carbon composites (C/C composites). The molybdenum disilicide ($MoSi_2$) used as an oxidation inhibitor was impregnated with phenolic resins to improve the anti-oxidation properties of the composites in different concentrations of 4, 12 and 20 wt%. Based on Wilhelmy equation, the work of adhesion of C/C composites was calculated by contact angle methods. Fracture toughness and impact strength were pressured by three-point bending test for the critical intensity factor ($K_IC$) and Izod test method, respectively. As a result, the composites made with $MoSi_2$ resulted in an increasing of both fracture toughness and impact strength. Especially, the composites made with 12 wt% $MoSi_2$ content showed the highest value of London dispersive component, $W_A\;^L$, in work of adhesion, resulting from improving the interfacial adhesion force among fibers, filler, and matrix in this system.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.688-695
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• 2004

The capacitor contact barrier(CCB) layers have been introduced in the FeRAM integration to prevent the Pt/Al reaction during the back-end processes. Therefore, the interdiffusion and intermetallic formation in $Pt(1500{\AA})/Al(3000{\AA})$ film stacks were investigated over the annealing temperature range of $100\sim500^{\circ}C$. The interdiffusion in Pt/Al interface started at $300^{\circ}C$ and the stack was completlely intermixed after annealing over $400^{\circ}C$ in nitrogen ambient for 1 hour. Both XRD and SBM analyses revealed that the Pt/Al interdiffusion formed a single phase of $RtAl_2$ intermetallic compound. On the other hand, in the presence of TiN($1000{\AA}$) barrier layer at the Pt/Al interface, the intermetallic formation was completely suppressed even after the annealing at $500^{\circ}C$. These were in good agreement with the predicted effect of the TiN diffusion barrier layer. But the conventional TiN CCB layer could not perfectly block the Pt/Al reaction during the back-end processes of the FeRAM integration with the maximum annealing temperature of $420^{\circ}C$. The difference in the TiN barrier properties could be explained by the voids generated on the Pt electrode surface during the integration. The voids were acted as the starting point of the Pt/Al reaction in real FeRAM structure.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2001

Melting behavior and bridge phenomenon of solder paste, which is essential for surface mount technology in pachaging, were investigated. Solder paste of Sn-37%Pb was printed on Cu-pattern of PCB, and heated over melting point. Melting behavior of the paste was observed using CCD-camera. In order to modelize the melting and agglomeration phenomena of paste, two solder balls of 0.76 mm diameter were used. As experimental results, the paste start to melt from the margin of the printed shape. The height of the melted paste decreased from 270 $\mu\textrm{m}$ to 200 $\mu\textrm{m}$ firstly, and finally recovered to 250 $\mu\textrm{m}$ During the melting procedure, pores were evolved from the molted paste. Concerning melting model of solder ball, relationship between contact area of solder ball and soldering time was derived as $\chi^2/t=4r \; \gamma/\eta=7.56 m^2$/s at $280^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.27-32
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• 2011

Tin nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature by a compulsive reduction reaction using tin(II) acetate and tin(II) chloride precursors. When an identical amount (0.015 g) of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was added, it was concluded that the probability of abnormally big particles forming increased with an increase in PVP molecular weight, resulting in the wide distribution of Sn nanoparticles. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements were carried out using diethylene glycol solution containing synthesized tin nanoparticles. When the population of specific particles with sizes below 35 nm was adequate, the melting point depression peaks of tin nanoparticles corresponding to the specific size were observed besides an evaporation endothermic peak of DEG during the first heating. Because DEG was evaporated and tin nanoparticles in contact became molten and coarsened during the first heating, a melting peak of bulk tin was only observed at $232^{\circ}C$ during the second heating.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.277-287
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of enhancing deficient interdental papilla with hyaluronic acid gel injection by assessing the radiographic anatomical factors affecting the reconstruction of the interdental papilla. Methods: Fifty-seven treated sites from 13 patients (6 males and 7 females) were included. Patients had papillary deficiency in the upper anterior area. Prior to treatment, photographic and periapical radiographic standardization devices were designed for each patient. A 30-gauge needle was used with an injection-assistance device to inject a hyaluronic acid gel to the involved papilla. This treatment was repeated up to 5 times every 3 weeks. Patients were followed up for 6 months after the initial gel application. Clinical photographic measurements of the black triangle area (BTA), height (BTH), and width (BTW) and periapical radiographic measurements of the contact point and the bone crest (CP-BC) and the interproximal distance between roots (IDR) were undertaken using computer software. The interdental papilla reconstruction rate (IPRR) was calculated to determine the percentage change of BTA between the initial and final examination and the association between radiographic factors and the reconstruction of the interdental papilla by means of injectable hyaluronic acid gel were evaluated. Results: All sites showed improvement between treatment examinations. Thirty-six sites had complete interdental papilla reconstruction and 21 sites showed improvement ranging from 19% to 96%. The CP-BC correlated with the IPRR. More specifically, when the CP-BC reached 6 mm, virtually complete interdental papilla reconstruction via injectable hyaluronic acid gel was achieved. Conclusions: These results suggest that the CP-BC is closely related to the efficacy of hyaluronic acid gel injection for interdental papilla reconstruction.