• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.21-36
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• 2022

Purpose - Carbon emission standards are based on the "production-based carbon emissions" generated by the production of goods in the relevant country which were the existing measurement methods. However, can such carbon emissions measurement standards be established international? For example, some of the goods produced in developing countries are produced for the demand of developed countries. The method of measuring carbon emission based on the final demand of a certain country is called "consumption-based carbon emissions." This study compares productionand consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth in ninety-three countries categorized by income level. Design/methodology - Our empirical model considers the difference between production- and consumption-based CO₂ emissions according to economic growth. Also, our model investigated whether the EKC hypothesis in most of the previous studies that had been based on production-based emissions was also established in the consumption-based emission model. Considering the continuous characteristics of CO₂, we utilized the generalized method of moments (GMM), specifically a system GMM econometric technique because CO₂ in the previous period can affect CO₂ in the present period. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows: The results show that for the consumption-based CO₂ emissions model, CO₂ continuously increases as economic growth increases in the upper-middle income countries. The inverted U-shaped result was found in the case of the production-based model. However, in the lower-income countries, an inverted-U shape in which CO₂ emissions decrease at some point as the economy grows in the production-based model does not appear. On the other hand, in the consumption-based model, an inverted U-shaped result was obtained when estimating with system-GMM. Additionally, the proportion of manufacturing, energy imports, and energy consumption had an effect on both the production- and the consumption-based model regardless of the group's CO₂ emissions. On the basis of such assessments, policymakers need to consider not only production- but also consumption-based options. Originality/value - Previous studies have mainly focused on production-based CO₂ emissions, with most of them revolving around economic growth or the effect of various social and economic factors on CO₂ emissions. However, this study considers the relationship with economic growth using consumption-based emissions as a dependent variable by classifying ninety-three countries by income level.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.180-188
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• 2024

This research examined consumption-based carbon emission reduction by nuclear energy consumption and environmental tax while considering the context of trade globalization in the highest five emitter nations from 1990 to 2020. This study used various empirical methodologies, including preliminary analysis to check the stationarity and cointegration, the CS-ARDL for long-run analysis, CCEMG, AMG for robustness, and the D-H causality test for short-term pairwise causation. The results indicated that nuclear energy consumption, environmental tax, and trade globalization help to mitigate consumption-based carbon emissions while economic growth and population density boost carbon emissions. Furthermore, the results also found two-way casual connection exists between nuclear energy consumption, population density, and consumption-based carbon emissions. Thus, the results emphasize the need for government policies that encourage nuclear energy and environmental tax as a strategy to reduce carbon emissions and achieve and maintain environmental development.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.597-617
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• 2022

In this study, consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2021 are calculated by the industry sector, and greenhouse gas emissions transferred due to trade between countries are compared to analyze what implications Korea has. As a result, production-based and consumption-based emissions in the United States, Germany, the EU, and the OECD are gradually decreasing. Production-based emission in Korea is larger than consumption-based emissions because Korean economic structure is import-oriented. However, unlike other developed countries, Korea cannot trade energy by land, so it can be said that it is reasonable to establish a greenhouse gas reduction plan considering Korea's unique characteristics.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.1312-1320
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• 2022

The earlier studies have analyzed theoretical links between nuclear energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions concerning territorial (or production-based) emissions. Here using the latest available dataset, this study explores the impacts of nuclear energy on production-based and consumption-based CO₂ emission in the era of globalization for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The Driscoll-Kraay regression method reveals that nuclear energy is beneficial for the reduction of production-based CO₂ emissions. However, it is revealed that nuclear energy does not reduce consumption-based CO₂ emissions that are traded internationally and hence not comprised in conventional production-based emissions (territory) inventories. Globalization tends to reduce both production-based and demand-based carbon emissions. Finally, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is validated for both kinds of CO₂ emissions. The findings may deliver practical policy implications related to nuclear energy and CO₂ emissions for selected countries.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.79-90
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The data used in the study are time-series data for the period 1985-2017; the data utilized are sourced from World Development Indicators obtained on the World Bank database. The method uses a quantitative approach that applies the vector error correction model based on the Granger causality test. The empirical results reveal that, in the short run, there is evidence that urbanization and energy consumption can causes CO2 emissions, and they also prove that urbanization can cause energy consumption. Also, other findings prove the existence of long-run relationships flowing from energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions toward urbanization, as well as the existence of the relationship flowing from urbanization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions towards energy consumption. The results of testing the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions reveal that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is proven in Indonesia. Thus, policies are needed to limit the impact of urbanization through high awareness-raising to maintain environmental quality and greater use of energy. Also, energy conservation policies are needed in all sectors, especially the electricity, industry, and transportation sectors.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

This study measured the amount of electricity consumed by the vending machines installed on campus and aim to come up with measures to address excessive consumption of electricity. We chose 10 universities located in the city of Seoul and Gyeonggi province and measured electricity consumption of 10 vending machines installed in each university. We then calculated annual electricity consumption of the machines based on previously calculated electricity consumption of 100 samples. According to the result of the calculation, it is estimated that the machines studied on consume 700 KWh a year. This amount could translate into approximately 3,000 tons of annual carbon emissions and 640 million KRW in annual electricity bills. It was also found that there is a significant difference between ordinary vending machines and machines certified for being eco-friendly and energy efficient, in terms of electric power consumption. It is expected that, if the ordinary machines are replaced with the eco-friendly and high-efficient machines, 640 KWh of electricity, 300 kg of carbon, and 61,640 KRW in electricity bills would be saved, which means 28% saving in energy, emissions and bills. In conclusion, we determined that, as one of the ways to reduce electric power consumption and carbon emissions, old vending machines on campus could be replaced with eco-friendly and high-efficient machines.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.409-419
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• 2016

As a major energy consumption province, the issue about the carbon emissions in Hebei Province, China has been concerned by the government. The carbon emissions can be effectively reduced due to a more rational energy consumption structure. Thus, in this paper the constraint of low carbon emissions is considered as a foundation and four energies--coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity including wind power, nuclear power and hydro-power etc are selected as the main analysis objects of the adjustment of energy structure. This paper takes energy cost minimum and carbon trading cost minimum as the objective functions based on the economic growth, energy saving and emission reduction targets and constructs an optimization model of energy consumption structure. And empirical research about energy consumption structure optimization in 2015 and 2020 is carried out based on the energy consumption data in Hebei Province, China during the period 1995-2013, which indicates that the energy consumption in Hebei dominated by coal cannot be replaced in the next seven years, from 2014 to 2020, when the coal consumption proportion is still up to 85.93%. Finally, the corresponding policy suggestions are put forward, according to the results of the energy structure optimization in Hebei Province.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.722-728
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• 2005

In this paper, the effects of ethanol blended gasoline on emissions and their catalytic conversion efficiency characteristics were investigated in a multiple-point EFI gasoline engine, The results show that with the increase of ethanol concentration in the blended fuels, THC emissions were drastically reduced by up to thirty percent, And brake specific fuel consumption was increased, but brake specific energy consumption could be improved. However, unburned ethanol and acetaldehyde emissions increased. Pt/Rh based three-way catalysts were effective to reduce acetaldehyde emissions, but had low catalytic conversion efficiency for unburned ethanol. The effect of ethanol on CO and NOx emissions and their catalytic conversion efficiency had close relation to the engine's speed, load and air/fuel ratio. Furthermore fuels blended with thirty percent ethanol by volume could dramatically reduced THC CO and NOx emissions at idle speed.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.516-521
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• 2004

In this paper, the effects of ethanol blended gasoline on emissions and their catalytic conversion efficiencies characteristics were investigated in gasoline engine with an electronic fuel injection. The results showed that the increase of ethanol concentration in the blended fuels brought the reduction of THC and $CO_2$ emissions from the gasoline engine. THC emissions were drastically reduced up to thirty percent. And brake specific fuel consumption was increased. but brake specific energy consumption was similar level. However. unburned ethanol and acetaldehyde emissions increased. The conversion efficiency of Pt/Rh based three-way catalysts and the effect of ethanol on CO and NOx emissions were investigated by the change of engine speed. load and air/fuel ratio. Furthermore, the ethanol blended fuel results in the reduction effect of THC. CO and NOx emissions at idle speed.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2018

The use of palm oil and diesel blended with ethanol, known as a microemulsion biofuel, is gaining attention as an attractive renewable fuel for engines that may serve as a replacement for fossil-based fuels. The microemulsion biofuels can be formulated from the mixture of palm oil and diesel as the oil phase; ethanol as the polar phase; methyl oleate as the surfactant; alkanols as the cosurfactants. This study investigates the influence of the three cosurfactants on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions in a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. The microemulsion biofuels along with neat diesel fuel, palm oil-diesel blends, and biodiesel-diesel blends were tested in a DI diesel engine at two engine loads without engine modification. The formulated microemulsion biofuels increased fuel consumption and gradually reduced the nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$) emissions and exhaust gas temperature; however, there was no significant difference in their carbon monoxide (CO) emissions when compared to those of diesel. Varying the carbon chain length of the cosurfactant demonstrated that the octanol-microemulsion fuel emitted lower CO and $NO_x$ emissions than the butanol- and decanol-microemulsion fuels. Thus, the microemulsion biofuels demonstrated competitive advantages as potential fuels for diesel engines because they reduced exhaust emissions.