• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.917-925
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• 2022

Steam generator (SG) tubes in a nuclear power plant can undergo rapid changes in pressure and temperature during an accident; thus, an accurate model to predict short-term creep damage is essential. The theta (𝜃) projection method has been widely used for modeling creep-strain behavior under constant stress. However, many creep test data are obtained under constant load, so creep rupture behavior under a constant load cannot be accurately simulated due to the different stress conditions. This paper proposes a novel methodology to obtain the creep curve under constant stress using a modified 𝜃 projection method that considers the increase in true stress during creep deformation in a constant-load creep test. The methodology is validated using finite element analysis, and the limitations of the methodology are also discussed. The paper also proposes a creep-strain model for alloy 690 as an SG material and a novel creep hardening rule we call the damage-fraction hardening rule. The creep hardening rule is applied to evaluate the creep rupture behavior of SG tubes. The results of this study show its great potential to evaluate the rupture behavior of an SG tube governed by creep deformation.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1209-1216
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• 2006

An AZ31 magnesium alloy was tested at constant temperatures ranging from 423 to 473 K (0.46 to 0.51 Tm) under constant stresses. All of the creep curves exhibited two types depending on stress levels. At low stress (${\sigma}/ G < 4 {\times}10^{-3}$), the creep curve was typical of class A (Alloy type) behavior. However, at high stresses (${\sigma}/ G > 4 {\times}10^{-3}$), the creep curve was typical of class M (Metal type) behavior. At low stress level, the stress exponent for the steady-state creep rate was of 3.5 and the true activation energy for creep was 101 kJ/mole which is close to that for solute diffusion. It indicates that the dominant deformation mechanism was glide-controlled dislocation creep. At low stress level where n=3.5, the present results are in good agreement with the prediction of Fridel model.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.123-128
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• 2001

The creep constants which are used to the reference stress equations of creep damage were obtained to type 316LN stainless steel, and their determining methods were described in detail. Typical Kachanov and Rabotnov(K-R) creep damage model was modified into the damage equations with reference stress concepts, and the modified equations were applied practically to type 316LN stainless steel. In order to determine the reference stress value, a series of high-temperature tensile tests and creep tests were accomplished at $550^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$. By using the experimental creep data, the creep constants used in reference stress equations could be obtained to type 316LN stainless steel, and a creep curve on rupture strain was predicted. The reference stress concept on creep damage can be utilized easily as a design tool to predict creep life because the process, which is quantified by the measurement of voids or micro cracks during creep, is omitted.

• 한국기계기술학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2011

Technological mode progress demands the use of materials at high temperature and pressure. Constant load creep tests have been carried out over the range of stresses at high temperatures. One of the most critical factors in considering such applications as the most critical one is the creep behavior. In order to investigate the creep behavior in this study, the stress exponents during creep were determined over the temperature range of $275^{\circ}C$ to $325^{\circ}C$ and the stress range of 36MPa to 72MPa. The applicability of modified Monkman-Grant relationship was also discussed.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.204-223
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• 2010

본 연구는 이방성 재료인 Zr-2.5%Nb가 수소화물을 함유할 때, 고온 크리프 거동 특성을 규명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm의 수소화물을 장입한 Zr 합금을 이방성의 영향을 최소화하고 실제 하중 조건인 2축 응력을 구현하기 위해서 $300^{\circ}C$에서 SP 크리프 시험을 행하였다. 이 시험을 통해 SP 크리프 곡선을 얻었으며, 각각의 시험편의 경향을 비교하였다. 50, 100 ppm의 경우에는 수소화물에 의한 고온 크리프의 열화 거동을 확연히 구분할 수 있었다. 반면에 200 ppm의 경우에는 크리프의 열화가 발생하지 않았다. 이런 사실은 SP 크리프 상수와 응력지수의 비교에 의해서도 확인할 수 있었다. 50 ppm과 100 ppm의 경우에는 크리프 상수가 감소하고, 응력지수는 증가하는 것으로부터 Zr 합금의 열화를 확인할 수 있으나, 반면에 200 ppm의 경우에는 크리프 상수가 도리어 증가하고, 응력지수는 감소하였다. 이런 사실로부터 수소화물이 Zr 합금의 고온 크리프 거동의 특성을 좌우하는 매우 중요한 인자임을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.2543-2553
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• 1994

Caustics method has been applied successfully to determine the fracture parameters such as stress intensity factor and the J-integral for elastic and/or elastic-plastic stress field around the crack tip. For stress fields at the vicinity of crack tip in the creep domain, no experimental report concerning fracture mechanics parameters by using the caustics method has been published up to date. This study investigated creep behavior at the vicinity of crack tips at high temperature($175^{\circ}C$) and attempted to determine of proper fracture parameters for A1 5086 H24 specimens by using the caustics method. The results obtained from the limited experimental investigation are as follows; $J_{th}/J_{caus}$ is found to approach to 1 more rapidly than $K_{th}/K_{caus}$ does during incipient period(within 80 minutes). It is confirmed that experimental $K_{caus}$ approached to theoretical $K_{th}$ after 80 minutes by analyzing the ratio of $K_{th}$ to $K_{caus}$. Unlike the case of room temperature, it is confirmed experimentally that caustics diameter enlarged gradually even the distance between specimen and screen keeps constant. It showed that initial curve of the caustics was initially located in the plastic zone, but it grew out rapidly into the elastic zone for Al 5086 H24 at $175^{\circ}C$. It is confirmed that caustics is a function of time, temperature and distance between specimen and screen at high temperature.

• Composites Research
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.382-387
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• 2019

상대습도와 온도가 PET 필름의 점탄성 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 RH-DMA를 이용하여 single frequency strain mode 시험, stress relaxation mode 시험, creep 시험을 수행하였다. 상대습도는 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%를 적용하고 온도는 single frequency strain mode 시험의 경우 30~95℃, stress relaxation mode 시험의 경우 30℃ 와 70℃, creep 시험의 경우 5~95℃를 고려하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 상대습도가 높아지면 저장탄성계수와 손실탄성계수는 낮아지며 손실탄성계수의 최대값은 상대습도의 변화에 큰 영향을 받지 않고 거의 일정해진다. 이완탄성계수는 초기에 급격히 감소하다가 일정한 값을 가지며 높은 온도에서는 상대습도의 변화에 민감해진다. 변형률 회복는 초기에 급격히 증가하며 온도가 높아지면 이완 탄성계수와 마찬가지로 상대습도에 민감하게 변한다. 크리프 컴플라이언스의 증가 정도는 온도가 높아지면 커지며 유리전이온도보다 온도가 높아지면 증가 정도는 더욱 커진다. 시간-온도 중첩법을 통해 구해지는 마스터 선도를 이용하면 상대습도와 온도 등의 운용 조건에서의 장기 성능을 예측할 수 있는 정보를 얻을 수 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.1229-1237
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 증분소성이론에 기초한 구형압입이론을 크리프 물성을 평가하기 위한 압입이론으로 확장했다. 먼저 크리프변형률 기울기가 일정한 지점을 유효 응력-변형률속도 최적 관측지점으로 선정했다. 구형압입시험 전산모사를 이용해 크리프 지수와 계수를 변화시켜 가면서 이에 따른 재료의 거동을 무차원 변수들 (${\xi}$, ${\psi}$)의 회귀식으로 표현해 크리프 물성평가를 위한 새로운 수치 접근법을 구축했다. 이를 토대로 구형압입시험으로부터 재료의 크리프지수 및 계수를 예측하는 물성평가 프로그램을 개발했다. 압입 하중-변위 곡선으로부터 크리프지수는 평균 1.5%, 크리프계수는 평균 1.0% 이내의 오차범위에서 물성치들을 얻을 수 있다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

In order to integrate two consolidation theories of Terzaghi's consolidation theory and Mesri's secondary compression theory and to identify a model suitable for analyzing stress-strain behavior over time, numerical analysis on consolidation tests were conducted using a modified cam-clay model and a soft soil creep model and the following conclusions were obtained. The results of numerical analysis applying the theory that a linear proportional relationship is established between the void ratio at logarithmic scale and the permeability coefficient at logarithmic scale is better agreement with the result of oedometer test than the results of applying constant hydraulic conductivity. The modified cam-clay model is a model that does not include secondary compression, but the slope of the normal consolidation line corresponding to the compression index of the standard consolidation test includes secondary compression, so the actual settlement curve over time is lower than the predicted value through numerical analysis. It always gets smaller. Other previous studies that applied Terzaghi's consolidation theory to consolidation test analysis showed the same results and were cross-confirmed. The soft soil creep model, which includes secondary compression in the theory, showed good agreement in all sections including secondary compression in the consolidation test results. It was judged appropriate to use a soft soil creep model when performing numerical analysis of soft clay ground.