• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.116-122
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the overall spray behavior characteristics for various injection conditions in a gasoline direct injection(GDI) injector with multi-hole. The spray characteristics, such as the spray penetration, the spray angle, and the injection quantity, were studied through the change of the injection pressure, the ambient pressure, and the energizing duration in a high-pressure chamber with a constant volume. The n-heptane with 99.5% purity was used as the test fuel. In a constant volume chamber, the injected spray was visualized by the spray visualization system, which consisted of the high-speed camera, the metal-halide lamp, the injector control device, and the image analysis system with the image processing program. It was revealed that the injection quantity was mainly affected by the difference between the injection pressure and the ambient pressure. For low injection pressure conditions, the injection quantity was decreased by the increase of the ambient pressure, while it nearly maintained regardless of the ambient pressure at high injection pressure. According to the increase of the ambient pressure in the constant volume chamber, the spray development became slow, consequently, the spray tip penetration decreased, and the spray area increased. In additions, the circular cone area decreased, and the vortex area increased.

• 수산해양기술연구
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.41-48
• /
• 1986

Ifis recommended that the injection rate should be accurate and reliable in the input data of the performance simulation in diesel engine. Matsuoka Sin improved W. Bosch's injection ratio measurement system. Matsuoka Sin reduced length of the test pipe and set the orifice. However, it was not measured accurately to measure the injection ratio due to reflection wave. In the present thesis, the improved measurement system with combination of the conventional W. Bosch type injection ratio measurement system and Matsuoka Sin type corrected W. Bosch type was practically made. The location of orifice and throttle valve was modified and set one more back pressure valve in order to reduce the effect of reflection wave. The results according to injection condition of multi-hole nozzle are following: 1. Measurement error of injection ratio measurement system in this thesis was $\pm$ 1 %, therefore, its reliability was good. 2. The form of injetion ratio is changed from trapezoidal shape to triangle shape with increase of revolution per minute when injection amount is constant. 3. In the case of constant rpm, the initial injection ratio is almost constant regardless of the amount, meanwhile the injection period becomes longer with increase of the amount. 4. The injection pressure of nozzle isn't largely influenced with injection ratio in the case of constant injection amount and rpm, otherwise the initial injection amount is increased by 3-4% when the injection pressure is low. 5. The injection ratio isn't nearly influenced with back pressure.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the injection characteristics of 800 kPa compressed natural gas compressed natural gas (CNG) injector developed in Korea. The CNG injector with multi-holes, employed in this experiment, was designed to inject CNG in the manifold at high pressure of 800 kPa. The spray macroscopic visualization test was carried out via Schlieren photography to study fuel-air mixing process. The fundamental spray characteristics, such as spray penetration, spray cone angle and spray velocity, were evaluated in the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) with varying the constant back pressure in CVCC from 0 to 1.8 bar. For the safety reason, nitrogen ($N_2$) and an acetone tracer were utilized as a surrogate gas fuel instead of CNG. The surrogate gas fuel pressures were controlled at 3, 5.5, and 8 bar, respectively. Injection durations were set at 5 ms throughout the experiment. The simulating events of the low engine speed were arranged at 1,000 rpm. The spray images were recorded by using a high-speed camera with a frame rate of 10,000 f/s at $512{\times}256pixels$. The spray characteristics were analyzed by using the image processing (Matlab). The results showed the significant difference that higher injection pressure had more effect on the spray shape than the lower injection pressure. When the injection pressure was increased, the longer spray penetration occurred. Moreover, the linear relation between speed and time are dependent on the injection pressure as well.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.243-269
• /
• 2021

2010년대 이후 고준위 방사성폐기물 심층처분, 지하 CO₂ 저장과 시추공 조사 기반 심지층 특성화를 대상으로 한 연구 및 실용화 프로젝트의 사회적 중요성이 점차 높아지고 있다. 이와 관련하여, 대심도 암반의 수리 특성에 대한 정량적이고 신뢰성있는 정보를 얻을 수 있는 현장 시험 기술의 필요성도 크게 증가하고 있다. 수년간의 연구 개발을 통해 자체 기술력으로 설계, 제작된 핵심 장치들을 기반으로 대심도 시추공 수리특성 조사 시스템(DHTS)을 독자적으로 구축하였다. 이 시스템을 사용하여 경주시 중생대 화강암과 퇴적암 지역에 위치한 심도 1 km 급 시추공 2개소에서 고정밀도 정압 주입시험을 성공적으로 수행하였다. 현장 시험에서 미세 유량 주입/조절 모듈을 사용하여 0.01 l/min 미만의 매우 낮은 유량 측정이 가능하였다. 본 논문에서는 DHTS의 주요 특성을 소개하고 대심도 저투수성 암반 환경 하에서 수행된 고정밀도 시험 결과에 대해 간단히 논의하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.284-287
• /
• 2005

The flow of groundwater in fractured medium is related to the geometric characteristics of the fracture system. And a fracture aperture and a fracture density are considered as important factor concerning the permeability. Data acquisition of the properties of fracture such as aperture and density is so difficult and has uncertainty. We also cannot know the fracture characteristics through the in-situ tests. We usually obtain the fracture information from a ultrasonic scan logging or borehole television indirectly. Using the deduced results, we can make the fracture system and simulate the groundwater flow and solute transport in the crystalline rock. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the properties of fracture and hydraulic conductivities obtained at the same interval. The properties of fracture are examined by acoustic televiwer and hydraulic conductivities are obtained by constant Pressure injection test. The distributioin of fracture width and fracture frequency shows the log-normal probability plot. And, Results of correlation analysis explain that opened type fractures have proper relation with hydraulic conductivity. But, as though there are semi-opened type fractures or closed type fractures, those have the permeable structure.

• 터널과지하공간
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.348-372
• /
• 2023

고심도 균열암반대수층 환경에서 주로 수행되는 방사성폐기물 처분사업과 관련하여, 부지적합성 및 운영 시 안정성 평가를 평가하는데 있어 해당 대상 부지의 수리지질특성 평가는 필수적이다. 이러한 심부 수리지질 특성평가에 사용되는 인자 자료는 대상 부지에 굴착된 시추공을 이용한 원위치 수리시험을 통해 얻어지는데, 이 때 조사 결과의 정확도와 신뢰성은 적합한 시험방법의 선택, 조사 시스템의 성능, 조사절차의 표준화와 직접적으로 연결된다. 본 보고에서는 심부 암반대수층의 핵심 수리지질 평가인자인 수리전도도와 저류계수를 구하기 위한 대표적인 시험법인 정압주입시험의 상세조사절차를 소개하였다. 본 보고는 2022년도에 제안한 암반공학회 정압주입시험 관련 표준시험법 자료를 보완하여 구체화 하였으며, 본 조사절차가 실제 적용된 화산암 지역 시추공 현장적용 사례도 함께 소개하였다.

• 한국분무공학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.84-93
• /
• 2022

To implement carbon-neutrality in transportation sectors until 2050, hydrogen is considered a promising fuel for internal combustion engines because hydrogen does not contain carbon itself. Although hydrogen does not emit CO₂ emission from its combustion process, the low energy density in a volume unit hinders the adoption of hydrogen. Therefore, the understanding of hydrogen jet behavior and measurement of equivalence ratio must be conducted to completely implement the high-pressure hydrogen direct injection. The main objective of this research is feasibility test of hydrogen local equivalence ratio measurement by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBs). To visualize the macroscopic structure of hydrogen jet, high-speed schlieren imaging was conducted. Moreover, LIBs has been adopted to validate the feasibility of hydrogen local equivalence ratio measurement. The hydrogen injection pressure was varied from 4 MPa to 8 MPa and injected in a constant volume chamber where the ambient pressure was 0.5 MPa. The increased injection pressure extends the vertical penetration of hydrogen jet. Due to the higher momentum supply when the injection pressure is high, the hydrogen has easily diffused in all directions. As the laser trigger timing has delayed, the low hydrogen atomic emission was detected due to the longer mixture formation time. Based on equivalence ratio measurement results, LIBs could be applied as a methodology for hydrogen local equivalence ratio measurement.

• 한국분무공학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2022

In this study, an experimental investigation on the effects of the pressure ratio on the wall-impingement spray characteristics of nitrogen gas using a compressed natural gas (CNG) injector was conducted. The transient development of the impingement spray was recorded by a high speed camera with Z-type Schlieren visualization method. The spray behavior under various pressure ratio conditions were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the pressure ratio has positive effect on the development of spray wall-impingement. The effects of the above factor were evaluated in a constant volume chamber at atmospheric conditions. The data from test showed that, with the increase of the pressure ratio, the spray tip penetration (STP) quickly increases before the impingement and gradually increases after the impingement. Additionally, the spray velocity first increases and then sharply decreases on regardless of the injection pressure level. As the spray spreading angle increases, spray area and volume increases rapidly with the increase in STP at the beginning of injection, and finally entered a stable range, has a great correlation with the increase of pressure ratios.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.287-293
• /
• 2015

The current study has investigated the effects of biodiesel blended with gasoline on the spray characteristics in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC). With the concentration of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume, biodiesel was blended with commercial gasoline and performed on the macroscopic visualization test. Pure gasoline and biodiesel were also tested as the reference. The shadowgraph technique was conducted in the constant volume chamber. The spray images were recorded by a high speed video camera with frame speed 10,000 frame per second. Fuel injection was set at 800, 1000 and 1,350 bar with the simulated speed 1,500 and 2,000 rpm. The back pressure was controlled at 20 bar. The spray angle and penetration tip were measured and analyzed by using the image processing. At the high injection pressure, the spray penetration length with the simulated speed 1,500 rpm showed that B100 was lower than GB00-20 whereas the spray penetration length with the simulated speed 2,000 rpm exhibited that GB blends and B100 were insignificantly different. Due to biodiesel concentration, its effects on spray angles were observed throughout injection periods (T1, T2 and T3). At the simulated speed 1,500 rpm, the spray angle of GB blends and B100 presented the same pattern following injection timing. In addition, when the simulated speed increased to 2,000 rpm the different spray angle of all blends disappeared at main injection (T3).

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제33권12호
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 2005

주유동 기체의 물리적 특성이 초음속 이젝터 성능에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 기체의 분자량과 정압 비열 변화에 따른 성능 변화에 관한 연구는 축대칭 환형 분사 초음속 이젝터를 사용하였다. 주유동 기체로는 공기, $CO_{2}$, Ar, $C_{3}H_{8}$, $CCl_{2}F_{2}$를 사용하였다. 주유동 기체의 분자량과 정압 비열이 증가함에 따라 일정 주유동 압력에 대한 부유동 압력은 증가하였고 이러한 경향은 몰비열이나 비열비의 형태로 통합되어 확인되었다.