• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.3-15
• /
• 1998

The consequence analysis for jet and flash fire accidents by the continuous release of butane vapor was performed and effects of process variables on consequences were analyzed in standard conditions. For the continuous release (87.8 kg/s) of butane vapor at 8m elevated height in the debutanizing process of the naphtha cracking plant operating at 877 kPa, 346.75 K, we found that for the jet fire accident, shape and size of the flame could be predicted and thermal radiation estimated by API model at 200m distance from release point was 1.5kW/$m^2$, and that for the flash fire accident, effect range was 11.2~120.2m. Also, simulation results showed that effects of operating pressures on consequences were larger than those of operating temperatures and results of accidents were increased with increasing operating pressures. At this time, effects of operating pressures on XUFL were smaller(about 1/10) than those on XLFL for the flash fire accident.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.42 no.8
• /
• pp.147-167
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nonnative expectations of anger, sadness, fear, and shame in Korean culture by analyzing the textbooks for children's education in the Chosen Dynasty period. The method of this study was document analysis and the materials for analysis were the following four textbooks for children's education that involved individual ethics in everyday life based on Confucianism： 'Dongmongsenspj, 'Gyukmongyogyulj, 'Myungsimbogamj, and 'Sohakj. The analysis was focused on the antecedent events, emotional consequences, and emotional regulations in the emotional processes of anger, sadness, fear, and shame. According to the analysis, anger was caused by ought violations, especially sociomoral violations, and the expression of anger brought about undesirable results, and the inhibition of anger was expected as the regulation rule. Also, many methods of regulating anger were encouraged in the textbooks. For example, one of the regulating methods was to appraise a situation in such a way that anger would not arise. in other hand, sadness was allowed to be expressed only at the death of parents, and the expression of sadness stood for filial piety. Meanwhile, the antecedents of fear were the events to threaten self-esteem, which was mainly focused on keeping moral and social standards. Also the social consequence of fear led to observance of the social norms, and thereby could gain social approval. Therefore, the regulation rule was the enhancement of fear because of anticipated advantageous effects. Finally, the main cause of shame arousal was negative evaluation of self caused by bad performance of ethical or social standards. Accordingly, having shame could prevent wrong behaviors or transgressions which might break interpersonal connectedness, and the regulation rule of shame was to enhance this because of contributing to collective relationship.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.11 no.10
• /
• pp.176-186
• /
• 2011

This study analyzed the consequences of using a company's own letter type for the brand image. After evaluating the brand image of companies that have their own letter types, the study concluded that the fact a company has its own letter type works positively for the brand image. In addition, the survey respondents see the corporate activity for developing letter types as an action for the public interest, and they agree with an argument that each company' own letter type can symbolize the company as CI. By studying literatures in the field of cognitive science, the study indicates that for communication through the letter type with consumers, companies should be careful when choosing their specific letter types and that repetitive exposure to a letter type helps people recognize it through a human experiment.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.343-354
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence and consequences of verbal abuse in the operating room nurses by physicians and other nurses. Method: The data were collected from 761 operating nurses. The period of data collection was from September 7 to November 25, 2004. For this study the following tools were used: the verbal abuse scale, the emotional stress scale and the long-term negative effect scale. The data were analyzed by using SPSS Win 11.5. Result: 744 nurses reported experiencing some type of verbal abuse from a physician and other nurses. The emotional stress and long-term negative effect were significantly increased by verbal abuse. The nurses of less than one year increased emotional stress from verbal abuse. The physician was the most frequent source of emotional stress by verbal abuse, followed by other nurses. The long-term negative effect was significantly increased in the factors of emotional stress and the physician was the most frequent source than other nurses. Conclusion: Verbal abuse of nurses by physicians and other nurses continues to exist and is associated with negative consequences. Nurse administrators have to assess the present state for workplace verbal abuse and must endeavor in order to reduce verbal abuse.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
• /
• 2005.05a
• /
• pp.87-110
• /
• 2005

So far, the studies on the dissolution of relationship have regarded dissolution intention as the final consequence, therefore have not investigated phenomena after the formation of dissolution intention. This study is a seminal work which shows the mechanisms of deterioration of dissolution intention toward complete dissolution. So, this study has the scope from the formation of dissolution intention and to the right before of the complete dissolution. This study has investigated the consequences of dissolution intention(increasing opportunism, decreasing transaction specific investment, and decreasing cooperation) and the relationships of them empirically. As the result of hypotheses test using data collected from 179 newspaper branch office samples, all hypotheses are supported. Dissolution intention has the positive effect on opportunism and negative effect on transaction specific investment. Opportunism decrease transaction specific investment and cooperation. And, transaction specific investment has the positive effect on cooperation. Finally, the authors discussed the theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and limitations of this study and presented the future research directions.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.366-372
• /
• 2014

As the disaster becomes bigger and more complicated and causes massive damage in the society, it becomes important to educate and exercise the people for the disaster response and safety. In this study, the effect of the disaster and safety education on the disaster risk assessment was evaluated. Disaster risk was calculated by the likelihood and consequences. The expert survey was used to evaluate the effect of the education on the likelihood and consequences. The inquiries were divided by the education target which makes different results of the survey. As a result, the disaster risk was reduced upto almost 48% when all people including the government workers and students were educated regularly. The result needs to be verified by the field data analysis. However, it provides the reason why the disaster and safety education is important.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.445-449
• /
• 2009

Purpose: A successful surgical treatment for a wide alveolar cleft with bone graft is difficult to achieve due to several factors such as the limitation of gingivoperiosteal flap, the presence of large scar tissues, and the poor blood circulation. To overcome these problems, alveolar distraction osteogenesis using Liou alveolar distraction device was applied. We analyzed the consequences of this surgical treatment. Method: Between 2006 January and 2007 August, we have conducted analysis on the methods and consequences of Liou alveolar distraction osteogenesis for 6 patients. The age of patients was 12 years and 6 months in average. The follow up period was 19 months in average. The Reverse L osteotomy followed by the placement of the Liou alveolar distraction device was performed. After serial distraction, the distractor was removed after 5 months of the process of osteogenesis, and the result was analyzed using the computed tomography and the x-ray films of the alveolar bone and the teeth. Results: The alveolar cleft with 12.5 mm in average width was filled with 8.5 mm of newly formed bone tissue in average width after 5 months of osteogenesis. Among the 6 cases, 5 required the additional bone graft and 1 case only required the gingivoperioplasty. The newly formed bone tissues did not show any signs of bone resorption. However, a considerable degree of teeth displacement was shown. Conclusion: For the alveolar cleft too wide to be reconstructed by a general bone graft, it is strongly recommended to perform the reverse L osteotomy of the cleft side with Liou alveolar distraction device to initiate the alveolar osteogenesis. However, the migrated teeth showed some degree of relapse, thus, the orthodontic treatment is essential following the distraction osteogenesis treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.407-415
• /
• 2006

Objectives: Boo-ja and Cheon-o are not commonly prescribed, but are necessary for some clinical conditions, dispite the fact that some negative effects have been known to occur with these medicines. Hence, consequences for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT) due to herbal medicines, including boo-ja and cheon-o are here reported. Methods: From January 2005 to July 2005, iresults were analyzed for 40 inpatients belonging to the sixth internal medicine department of Dongeui Oriental Medical Hospital who took herbal medicine, including boo-ja and cheon-o, over 20 days. The study is about the comparison and the investigation of LFT, and all results were taken upon their hospitalization and upon their departure. The standard of liver injury was used as a standard for their examinations. Results : 1. No Change in normal limit . 34 of the 40 2. Increased AST. ALT from when they were hospitalized : 2 of 40 Normalized AST, ALT from when they were hospitalized with results higher than normal : 6 of 40 3. These results show no side-effects, therefore suggest that these herbal medicines, including boo-ja and cheon-o. do not cause adverse side-effectsfor patients of this kind if administered as was done in this study.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2012

Purpose: To develop the dose volume histogram (DVH) management software which guides the evaluation of radiotherapy (RT) plan of a new case according to the biological consequences of the DVHs from the previously treated patients. Materials and Methods: We determined the radiation pneumonitis (RP) as an biological response parameter in order to develop DVH management software. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of lung cancer patients treated with curative 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). The biological event was defined as RP of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) grade III or more. Results: The DVH management software consisted of three parts (pre-existing DVH database, graphical tool, and $Pinnacle^3$ script). The pre-existing DVH data were retrieved from 128 patients. RP events were tagged to the specific DVH data through retrospective review of patients' medical records. The graphical tool was developed to present the complication histogram derived from the preexisting database (DVH and RP) and was implemented into the radiation treatment planning (RTP) system, $Pinnacle^3$ v8.0 (Phillips Healthcare). The software was designed for the pre-existing database to be updated easily by tagging the specific DVH data with the new incidence of RP events at the time of patients' follow-up. Conclusion: We developed the DVH management software as an effective tool to incorporate the phenomenological consequences derived from the pre-existing database in the evaluation of a new RT plan. It can be used not only for lung cancer patients but also for the other disease site with different toxicity parameters.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to explore the meaning of parent participation (PP), to clarify the concept of PP as a benefit to children and their families, and to increase understanding of PP in pediatric nursing practice. Methods: Walker and Avant's approach to concept analysis was used. A search of multidisciplinary literature published between 1994 and 2012 was undertaken using the keyword, 'parent participation' combined with hospitalized children. Attributes, antecedents and consequences were inductively derived from the citations analyzed (n=30). Results: PP was identified as having three attributes: Negotiation, Performing caring activity, Providing individualized care. Antecedents of PP were 'Parents & pediatric nurses' attitudes', 'Children's age', 'Children's conditions'. Consequences of PP were 'Effective partnership', 'Mutual empowerment'. Conclusion: Parent participation as defined by the results of this study should contribute a foundation for theory development in pediatric nursing practice.