• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.865-882
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• 2017

To improve passenger convenience and safety, today's vehicle is evolving into a "connected vehicle," which mounts various sensors, electronic control devices, and wired/wireless communication devices. However, as the number of connections to external networks via the various electronic devices of connected vehicles increases and the internal structures of vehicles become more complex, there is an increasing chance of encountering issues such as malfunctions due to various functional defects and hacking. Recalls and indemnifications due to such hacking or defects, which may occur as vehicles evolve into connected vehicles, are becoming a new risk for automakers, causing devastating financial losses. Therefore, automakers need to make voluntary efforts to comply with security ethics and strengthen their responsibilities. In this study, we investigated potential security issues that may occur under a connected vehicle environment (vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, and internal communication). Furthermore, we analyzed several case studies related to automaker's legal risks and responsibilities and identified the security requirements and necessary roles to be played by each player in the automobile development process (design, manufacturing, sales, and post-sales management) to enhance their responsibility, along with measures to manage their legal risks.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2023

In connected vehicles, drivers are exposed to attacks when they communicate with unauthenticated peers. This occurs when a vehicle relies on outdated information resulting in interactions with vehicles that have expired or revoked certificates claiming to be legitimate nodes. Vehicles must frequently receive or query an updated revoked certificate list to avoid communicating with suspicious vehicles to protect themselves. In this paper, we propose a scheme that works on a highway divided into clusters and managed by roadside units (RSUs) to ensure authenticity and preserve hidden identities of vehicles. The proposed scheme includes four main components each of which plays a major role. In the top hierarchy, we have the authority that is responsible for issuing long-term certificates and managing and controlling all descending intermediate authorities, which cover specific regions (e.g., RSUs) and provide vehicles with short-term pseudonyms certificates to hide their identity and avoid traceability. Every certificate-related operation is recorded in a blockchain storage to ensure integrity and transparency. To regulate communication among nodes, security managers were introduced to enable authorization and access right during communications. Together, these components provide vehicles with an immediately revoked certificate list through RSUs, which are provided with publish/subscribe brokers that enable a controlled messaging infrastructure. We validate our work in a simulated smart highway environment comprising interconnected RSUs to demonstrate our technique's effectiveness.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2018

현재 산업계와 학계에서는 커넥티드 카(connected car) 시스템에 대한 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 커넥티드 카는 IT기술이 융합된 스마트(smart)한 자동차로서 사람, 차량, 교통관리 시스템과 모두 연결되어 있다. 커넥티드 카의 주행을 위해 차량과 인프라(infrastructure) 간의 연결 기술인 V2I(vehicle to infrastructure) 통신이 중요하다. CIM(cooperative intersection management)은 차량과 인프라 사이에서 통신을 관리하는 장치이다. 본 논문에서는 CIM을 사용해 교차로에서 차량을 제어하는 두 가지 기법에 대해 분석한다. 첫 번째 기법은 자원화 된 교차로 예약을 통해 교차로를 지나간다. 두 번째 기법은 미리 계획된 차량의 궤도 패턴을 분류하여 교차로를 통과한다. 이러한 자원예약과 궤도계획을 DP(dynamiac programming)기법과 ACO(ant colony optimization)기법으로 차량을 제어하는 사례연구에 대해 분석한다. 본 기법은 차량에게 중요도를 부여하거나 속도를 조절하여 상황에 맞게 합리적으로 기법을 향상시킬 수 있다.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2021

신호교차로는 차량들의 회전 등으로 인한 상충이 빈번히 발생하고 차량의 주행이 교통신호에 의해 통제되기 때문에 자율주행차에게 가장 도전적인 공간이다. 교통신호가 존재하는 도시부 도로에서 안전한 주행을 도모하기 위해서는 자율주행차가 V2I 통신을 통하여 교통신호정보를 인프라로부터 제공받을 필요가 있다. 이러한 배경 하에 경찰청 교통신호제어기 표준규격서에는 교통신호정보 제공을 위한 규약이 추가되었다. 하지만, 기존 규약이 아날로그 교통신호제어기 위주로 정의되어 있어 현재 개발되고 있는 디지털 교통신호제어기에 적용하는 것에는 기술적 한계가 존재한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 디지털 교통신호제어기로부터 자율주행차에게 교통신호정보를 제공하기 위한 신호정보연계모듈 개발 방안과 교통신호 전이 시의 정확한 교통신호정보를 제공할 수 있는 알고리즘 개선 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2018

The recent efforts in academia and industry represent a paradigm shift that will extend the IoT from the home environment so that it is interoperable with the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). IoV is a special kind of IoT. It allows to connect between vehicle and things located in infrastructure. Furthermore, IoV enable to create new intelligent services through collaboration with existing various services such as smart city and connected home. In this paper, we develop a service in order to realize IoV. To this end, we design a novel vehicle service platform which could automatical controlling the IoT device according to drivers' voice. To show practical usability of our proposed platform, we develop a prototype service could be call car-to-thing (C2T). We expect that our proposed platform could eventually contribute to realizing IoV.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2021

Last year, the Autonomous Vehicle Act was enacted to respond to deployment of autonomous vehicles. But the Act stipulates the operation of autonomous vehicle pilot zones, In addition, in order to analyze autonomous vehicle accidents and establish a reasonable damage compensation system, the Automobile Damage Compensation Guarantee Act was revised. But, It is necessary to seek plans for institutional development such as detailed concepts of self-driving cars and driving, a security certification system for securing safety of autonomous cooperative driving, and enhancement of the effectiveness of special cases related to personal information processing. I would like to seek ways to improve the legal system to respond reasonably to the deployment of autonomous vehicles.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.190-201
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• 2023

Securing transportation safety infrastructure technology for Lv.4 connected autonomous driving is very important for the spread of autonomous vehicles, and the safe operation of level 4 autonomous vehicles in adverse weather has limitations due to the development of vehicle-only technology. We developed the radar-enabled AI convergence transportation entities detection system. This system is mounted on fixed and mobile supports on the road, and provides excellent autonomous driving situation recognition/determination results by converging transportation entities information collected from various monitoring sensors such as 60GHz radar and EO/IR based on artificial intelligence. By installing such a radar-enabled AI convergence transportation entities detection system on an autonomous road, it is possible to increase driving efficiency and ensure safety in adverse weather. To secure competitive technologies in the global market, the development of four key technologies such as ① AI-enabled transportation situation recognition/determination algorithm, ② 60GHz radar development technology, ③ multi-sensor data convergence technology, and ④ AI data framework technology is required.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.334-345
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• 2017

In order to meet the increasing needs of the hybrid energy source system for electric vehicles, which demand bidirectional power flow capability with a wide-voltage-conversion range, a bidirectional three-level DC-DC converter and some control strategies for hybrid energy source electric vehicles are proposed. The proposed topology is synthesized from Buck and Boost three-level DC-DC topologies with a high voltage-gain and non-extreme duty cycles, and the bidirectional operation principle is analyzed. In addition, the inductor current ripple can be effectively reduced within the permitted duty cycle range by the coordinated control between the current fluctuation reduction and the non-extreme duty cycles. Furthermore, benefitting from duty cycle disturbance control, series-connected capacitor voltages can also be well balanced, even with the discrepant rise and fall time of power switches and the somewhat unequal capacitances of series-connected capacitors. Finally, experiment results of the bidirectional operations are given to verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed converter and control strategies. It is shown to be suitable for hybrid energy source electric vehicles.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.738-745
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• 2014

Recently, various measures have been discussed for overcoming depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. One of the measures is electric vehicles. But electric vehicles has some limitations from high cost of battery and low efficiency, so operation distance of electric cars is limited. Also there are difficulties that charging lines should be connected by an electric car whenever it charges. Thus, many studies have been conducted to overcome the limitation using conventional batteries of electric vehicles. As a result, the OLEV(On-Line Electric Vehicle) was developed. But the OLEV system is some limitations. The OLEV system causes power quality problems when it charges. Power quality problem cannot be ignored because OLEV systems are closely connected by distribution grids. In this paper, the OLEV system is designed by using PSCAD/EMTDC, and the power quality is measured and evaluated. Power quality is divided by two cases; harmonics and high-frequency. Harmonics were evaluated according to IEEE Std. 519-1992. But the evaluation of High-frequency could not take it because there was no standard. For this reason, the data measured by OLEV system was compared with the EN50065 regulation.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2024

The connected car services are one of the most widely used services in the Internet of Things environment, and they provide numerous services to existing vehicles by connecting them through networks inside and outside the vehicle. However, although vehicle manufacturers are developing services considering the means to secure the connected car services, concerns about the security of the connected car services are growing due to the increasing number of attack cases. In this study, we reviewed the research related to the connected car services that have been announced so far, and we identified the threats that may exist in the connected car services through security threat modeling to improve the fundamental security level of the connected car services. As a result of performing the test to the applications for connected car services developed by four manufacturers, we found that all four companies' applications excessively requested unnecessary permissions for application operation, and the apps did not obfuscate the source code. Additionally, we found that there were still vulnerabilities in application items such as exposing error messages and debugging information.