• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1249-1255
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• 2011

This study examined the effect of CLA, flaxseed oil and fish oil and their combination forms on crude fat of liver and fatty acid profiles of liver, breast and thigh meat in broiler chicks. A total of 72, 1-day-old Cobb broilers were assigned to 6 groups, and fed an experimental diet supplemented with 5 different fat sources; conjugated linoleic acid (2% CLA), flaxseed oil (2% FXO), fish oil (2% FHO), CLA and flaxseed oil combination (1:1; 2% CXO), and CLA and fish oil combination (1:1; 2% CHO). Eight birds per treatment were processed, and liver, breast and thigh samples were investigated at 21 d of age. As a result of this study, most fatty acids of liver, breast and thigh meat were influenced by fat sources supplemented in the diet (p<0.05). CLA addition resulted in an increase of crude fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content but a concomitant decrease in n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio was observed in liver (p<0.05). Moreover, the same trends of SFA and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio were also observed in breast and thigh meats of birds fed CLA alone. In the CXO-fed group or CHO-fed group, n-3 and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio in both breast and thigh meat increased compared with CLA group, while SFA content decreased (p<0.05). FHO fed-groups had the lowest proportion of n-6 fatty acid in both breast and thigh meats compared to other fat source treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increased levels of crude fat and SFA in liver and meats obtained by feeding CLA could be reduced by its combination with FXO or FHO. In addition, the combination of CLA and FXO or FHO fed to broiler chicks could increase the n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio of their meat along with the deposition of CLA.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.264-266
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• 2002

The absorption wavelength of the protonated retinal Schiff base can be controlled by the surrounding environment. An external anion is related to fine adjustment of the absorption wavelength. The addition of anion to retinochrome solution caused blue shift in spectra. The increase of the shift was dependent on the ion concentration. The large shift value was obtained as 20 nm at the saturated concentration of nitrate. The shift intensity for the nitrate addition exceeded that of chloride. Seemingly, it depends on the ionic strength or lyotropic character of the anion. However, neither of sulphate nor gluconate ion showed remarkable blue shift. These phenomena were accounted for with (1) delocalization of the positive charge in the conjugated polyene system, (2) ionic bonding strength between the counter ion (glutamate) and the proton, and/or (3) interaction of the added anion with the proton on Schiff base.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.580-586
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• 2008

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid with conjugated double bonds. These conjugated dienes were found to be responsible for many biological properties related to health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA by Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from breast-fed infants. Nine different cultures were tested for their ability to produce cis-9, trans-11 CLA from free linoleic acid in MRS broth and 8% reconstituted skim milk medium supplemented with linoleic acid at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr. cis-9, trans-11 CLA was not detected or detected in very small amount when cell pellets of strains grown in MRS broth and 8% reconstituted skim milk supplemented with linoleic acid of $200{\mu}g/mL$. However, free cis-9, trans-11 CLA was produced in both media. It appeared that 8% reconstituted skim milk produced more cis-9, trans-11 CLA than MRS broth. L. acidophilus NB 203 and NB 209 produced more cis-9, trans-11 CLA than other tested cultures. The inhibitory effects of supplemented linoleic acid on the growth of L. acidophilus NB 203 and NB 209 were not detected up to $3,000{\mu}g/mL$ linoleic acid addition during the growth at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. The production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA by these two L. acidophilus strains increased in the logarithmic growth phase until 24 hr incubation. Under this experimental condition, the best yield of CLA isomers for L. acidophilus NB 203 and NB 209 could be obtained from medium supplemented with $500{\mu}g/mL$ linoleic acid at $37^{\circ}C$ after 24 hr of incubation. These results indicate that the use of lactic acid bacteria producing free CLA in fermented dairy products may have potential health or nutritional benefits.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2007

In this study, we examined the effects of egg yolk powder added to flour dough on the lipid oxidation of fried products during storage. The flour dough containing the egg yolk powder (0, 5, and 10%) was fried in sunflower oil at $180^{\circ}C$ for 90 sec. The fried products were then stored at $60^{\circ}C$ for 9 days in the dark. The lipid oxidation of the fried products was evaluated by fatty acid composition, peroxide values (POV), conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) contents, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. The color and phospholipids (PL) contents of the fried products were also determined by colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The addition of egg yolk powder to the dough decreased the POV, CDA contents, and TBA values of the fried products during storage. Although POV, CDA contents, and TBA values significantly increased in the products without egg yolk powder during storage, little change was observed in the products with egg yolk powder. The PL contents remained relatively constant in the flied products added with egg yolk powder during storage. The lightness and greenness of the fried products decreased, and the yellowness increased, as the storage time increased. The results clearly indicate that the addition of egg yolk powder to the dough improved the lipid oxidative stability of the fried products during storage in the dark, and the PL in the egg yolk might have contributed to the improvements in lipid oxidative stability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.954-961
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• 2007

The experiments were conducted to determine effects of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on T cell subpopulations and responsiveness to mitogen of splenocytes in male broiler chicks. In experiment 1, birds (8-d old) were fed basal, CLA-(CLA) and safflower oil-supplemented (SA) diets which were formulated by supplementary 10 g CLA or safflower oil/kg to the basal diet for 14 d. Broiler starter diet, which mainly consisted of corn and soybean meal, was served as the basal diet. Proliferative response and interleukin (IL)-2-like activity stimulated by concanavalin (Con) A at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ of splenocytes in chicks fed the CLA diet were greater than in chicks fed the SA diet, but not at $20{\mu}g$ Con A/ml. Percentage of CD3-positive T cells in splenocytes did not differ between chicks fed the SA diet and CLA. Ratio of CD4-positive T cells to CD8- positive T cells was significantly affected by dietary fat source. In experiment 2, broiler chicks (1-d old) were fed the same diets as in experiment 1 for 14 d. Results of splenocyte proliferation to Con A were similar to those in experiment 1, but phytohemaggulutinin (PHA)- or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)- induced splenocyte proliferation did not differ between the CLA and SA fed groups. Supplementation with SA or CLA to the basal diet tended to have a depressive effect on the proliferation, with the greater effect being that of SA. In experiment 3, effect of an addition of CLA to splenocyte culture medium on splenocyte proliferation was determined. An addition of CLA to the culture medium resulted in reduction of the splenocyte proliferation to Con A, but an addition of linoleic acid. When PWM and PHA were used as mitogen, the inhibitory effect of CLA and linoleic acid on the proliferation did not differ. The results suggested that the effect of dietary CLA on splenocyte proliferation was similar to that of SA, although the effect of dietary CLA on sub-populations was slightly different from that of dietary SA. Further studies are needed to clarify whether use of CLA would be beneficial for maintaining or enhancing T cell immunity in chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.1115-1120
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• 2002

The effects of seed-associated or free linseed oil on fermentation characteristics and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids composition, especially the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and octadecenoic acid (trans-11 $C_{18:1}$, $t-C_{18:1}$) by mixed ruminal bacteria were examined in vitro. Concentrate (1% of culture solution, w/v, as-fed basis) with ground linseed (0.6% of culture solution, w/v, DM basis) or linseed oil as absorbed onto ground alfalfa hay was added to 600 ml mixed solution consisting of strained rumen fluid and artificial saliva at the ratio of 1:1 in a glass culture jar. The culture jar was covered with a glass lid with stirrer, and placed into a water-bath ($39^{\circ}C$) and incubated anaerobically up to 24 h. Seed-associated or free linseed oil did not significantly affect the pH and ammonia concentration in the culture solution. Molar percent of acetate tended to increase while that of propionate decreased with the addition of free oil treatment throughout the incubation. Differences in bacterial number were relatively small, regardless of the form of supplements. Decreasing trends in the compositions of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) and linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) but increasing trends of stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$), $t-C_{18:1}$ and CLA compositions were found from culture contents up to 12h incubation when incubated with both ground linseed and linseed oil. The compositions of $C_{18:0}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ were greater but those of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $t-C_{18:1}$ and CLA were smaller in a culture solution containing ground linseed than those containing linseed oil. The ratio of $t-C_{18:1}$ to CLA was lower in the culture solutions containing linseed oil up to 12h incubations as compared to those containing ground linseed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.281-287
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• 2011

Background: Biodegradable polymers have increasingly been recognized for various biological applications in recent years. Here we examined the immunostimulatory activities of the novel poly(aspartic acid) conjugated with L-lysine (PLA). Methods: PLA was synthesized by conjugating L-lysine to aspartic acid polymer. PLA-nanoliposomes (PLA-NLs) were prepared from PLA using a microfluidizer. The immunostimulatory activities of PLA-NLs were examined in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). Results: PLA-NLs increased the number of BM-DCs when added to cultures of GM-CSF-induced DC generation on day 4 after the initiation of cultures. Examination of the phenotypic properties showed that BM-DCs generated in the presence of PLA-NLs are more mature in terms of the expression of MHC class II molecules and major co-stimulatory molecules than BM-DCs generated in the absence of PLA-NLs. In addition, the BM-DCs exhibited enhanced capability to produce cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$. Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions also confirmed that the BMDCs were more stimulatory on allogeneic T cells. PLA- NL also induced further growth of immature BM-DCs that were harvested on day 8. Conclusion: These results show that PLA-NLs induce the generation and functional activities of BM-DCs, and suggest that PLA-NLs could be immunostimulating agents that target DCs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.410-415
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• 2002

Adrenal glucocorticoids, secreted by the stimulus of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are catabolic hormones in the pig. The present study was conducted to find whether active immunization against ACTH would suppress cortisol secretion accompanied by an increased growth rate in growing-finishing barrows. ACTH was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or human histone using glutaraldehyde or 3-maleimidobenzoic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide, under a 2 (ACTH vs no hapten)${\times}$2 (carrier)${\times}$2 (crosslinker) factorial arrangement of treatments. Cross-bred barrows weighing approximately 25 kg were injected with an ACTHcarrier or carrier only conjugate every 4th wk and slaughtered at approximately 110 kg body weight. Antibodies against ACTH were detected in serum, as determined by $[^{125}I]$ACTH-binding activity, in most animals immunized against the ACTH conjugate, but not in carrier only-injected animals, except for the animals which had received the hapten conjugated to histone via glutaraldehyde. The $[^{125}I]$ACTH-binding activity of serum increased after the second booster injection, but overall ACTH antibody titer was very low. Main effect was not detected not only for the carrier and crosslinker but for the hapten in serum cortisol concentration, ADG, loin muscle area, backfat thickness and longissimus muscle composition including fat and protein. In addition, bound $[^{125}I]$ACTH percentage had no relation to cortisol concentration or to any of the above growth-related variables. Results suggest that ACTH or its conjugates used in the present study were not immunogenically potent enough to affect the glucocorticoid secretion and thus the growth of the immunized pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1997

Antioxidative activity of daidzin and puerarin isolated from Puerariae radix against oxidation of low density lipoprotein(LDL) was investigated. The concentration of daidzin at 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and puerarin at 60$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ inhibited Cu$^{2+}$-mediated oxidation of LDL almost completely. The electrophoretic mobility of oxidized LDL by addition of daidzin(100$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) and puerarin(60$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) was faster than that of native LDL, but slower than that of oxidized LDL. The oxidized LDL induced by J774 or macrophage was inhibited strongly in the presence of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ daidzin and 60$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ Puerarin. The formation of conjugated dienes in the oxidized LDL was strongly inhibited by 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ daidzin and 60$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ puerarin.n.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.643-649
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• 2002

This study was done to investigate effects of ${\gamma}$-irradiated pork feeding on the formation of glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P$^{+}$) foci, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome P450 system and microsomal glucose 6-phosphatase activity in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Weaning Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the diet containing ${\gamma}$-irradiated ground pork at the dose of 0, 3, 10, 30 kGy as a 20％ of protein source for 8 weeks. One week after feeding, rats were intraperitoneally injected twice with a dose of DEN (50 mg/kg BW). As a promote.,0.05％phenobarbital was fed in drinking water from one week after DEN treatment until the end of experiment. At the end of 8th week, rats were sacrificed and hepatic GST-P$^{+}$ foci, microsomal malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated diene contents were determined. In addition, cytochrome P450 content and the activities of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and glucose 6-phosphatase were also measured. There was no significant effect by gamma irradiation on microsomal MDA content, conjugated diene, cytochrome P450 content and activities of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and glucose 6-phosphatase. However with DEN treatment, microsomal MDA content showed a increasing tendency. Cytochrome P450 content was also significantly increased while microsomal glucose 6-phophatase activity was significantly decreased with DEN treatment. However the activity of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase was not affected. An interesting finding in this study was that the number and area of hepatic GST-P$^{+}$ foci of rats fed gamma irradiated pork were tended to be decreased by high dose of irradiation, but were not significantly different. These results might imply that the consumption of low dose of gamma irradiated pork does not affect the formation of hepatic GST-P$^{+}$ foci and lipid peroxide and membrane stability.ability.