• 건축역사연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.37-49
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• 1993

The Purpose of this study is to look for the total conspectus of Roo-Jong(RJ) Architecture in the middle and latter era of Koryo Dynasty. The method of this study is the review of old literature, the Roo-Jung description of Dong-Mun-Sun, which had compiled in the Ninth year of Seung-Jong (AD 1478) by confucian scholar. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) The main currents of thought having a great influence on the RJ are thought of Mountain God (or Sin Sun, which is dwelling in mountain) or Taoist, thought of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu. They had required the RJ Architecture to pursuit the life of God. In this existence value meaning, the RJ Architecturethe is the semi-sacred & profane space. In the being aspect, RJ is the transcendental architecture. 2) The way of life of in the RJ had strongly turned from the personal space, mainly mind control place, into the friendship-society space, pastime place. 3) The RJ had located after the images that is what should be. The images were formed on the ground of natural landscape elements, communication elements. And these elements were indicated on one's visual, auditorial sensation with oneself. 4) In planning aspect, the scope of visual, Pungsu and history were aided with the factors of climate, topography and geography. Specially in location and fabric planning, they had regarded more important the objects and scope of visual than the climate factor.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.3-20
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• 2001

The concept of "modernism" has always posed problems in definition from the beginnings of "early-modernism" to our age of post-modernism and multi-culturalism. And yet, the concept has been consistently aligned with the search for new paradigms of thinking about "modernity" as the age experiences it. In this sense, this study tries to explain the meaning of the term "modern," why it still matters in the study of literature, and how to apply it to the examination of Kim Soo-Young′s poems. Kim is one of the leading poets who understood the importance of modernism in the development of Korean modern poetry. But, despite his dedication to the western literary style and modernism, Kim also attempted the renewal of traditional Confucian thought in his poems. The result of such efforts can be seen in poems such as "Difficulties of Confucius ′Everyday Life," in which Kim tries to juxtapose the ancient life of Confucius with life in a much-westernized modern Korea. Another poem "Grass" shows his eagerness to transform traditional eastern aesthetics into a new mode of thinking that encompasses both the influence of the west and changes in 20th-century Korea. Through the study of Kim′s poems in relation to the critical reception of modernism in Korea, we can conclude the following: that Kim led the modernist movement in Korea; that modernism still matters in post-modern Korean literature; and that, because Kin tried to bring together the ideas of western modernism and traditional Confucianism, his poetry not only spoke to his own time but speaks also to our multi-cultural age.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2016

Cultural heritage means a great lot to a nation's social system and its people's behavior consciousness and plays an important role in its self-development and improvement. It is essential for a nation's self-education and renewal. Improper cultural heritage will be disastrous because it may fall a nation into a loss of terrible chaos. Only the proper cultural heritage can make it always self-awaking, self-correcting and remaining vital in life. This paper, from the perspective of Choi Bu's Pyohaerok, makes a thorough analysis of the unbalance heritage of Chinese ancient culture for thousands of years. For example, many fine traditions gradually vanished in our actual life or only take half their life in heritage nowadays, such as our ancient broad and profound Confucian etiquette, ancient exquisite brocade art and architecture, ancient advanced ship-building technology and many other advanced numerous technological inventions; however, too much unwanted cultural rubbish keeps constant prevailing and takes repeated successions in the life, such as the heavy-form-and-light-content management mode, borrowing power to do evil, neglecting technological inventions long time and generally believing in ghost theory,etc.. This paper mainly focuses on the partial successions of the bad cultural heritage and its bad influence on the country, and concludes that it is just that that makes the country more and more backward. Therefore, the paper makes some pondering over these issues and proposes some related ideas of country-building to attract others participation to deal with them.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.252-263
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• 2016

본 논문에서 유교문화콘텐츠를 기반으로 도시 브랜드화 전략을 통해 도시가 활성화된 사례를 분석하고 도시 브랜드의 가치 향상과 도시의 활성화 요인을 고찰하고자 한다. 유수의 도시들이 문화자원을 통해 경쟁력을 확보하고 있으며 특히 전통문화는 차별성을 확보해주는 중요한 자산으로 그 가치가 더욱 부각되고 있다. 우리나라 문화 전반에 흐르고 있는 유교는 건축학적인 문화유산 뿐 만 아니라 예법, 문묘제례, 교육, 음식 등의 다양한 콘텐츠를 담고 있어 활용가치가 높은 문화자원이다. 그러나 대다수의 유교문화자원은 보존 및 운영에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 무형의 자산 또한 활성화되지 못하고 방치되고 있는 실정에 있어 이를 지역의 특색에 맞게 특성화하여 도시의 브랜드화 전략에 적극적인 활용이 필요하다. 이를 위해 대표적인 유교문화도시인 안동시와 중국 산동 곡부시의 사례를 살펴봄으로서 유교문화콘텐츠를 활용한 도시브랜드 활성화 방안을 도출하고자 한다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2018

Bulcheonwi is determined by various ways. The first is certified by the state. Kings granted posthumous names to figures such as meritorious retainers, figures whose mortuary tablets were put into Jongmyo Shrine, and venerated figures with erudition and virtue whose mortuary tablets were put into Munmyo (Korean primary Confucian shrine The purpose of this study is to understand the spatial perception of Main head families (大宗家) and Sub head families (小宗家) have been divided for several centuries. This study was conducted under the assumption that it was possible to understand the mutual influence and relationship between perception and space by examining how methods for ritual ceremonies held in Main head families were conducted in different spaces of Sub head families or the process of ritual ceremonies changed with space. Bulcheonwi rites was performed by each family's own concepts of spaces such as Jeongchim or Cheongsa For actual ritual space, An-chae, Sarang-Chae and Byeoldang was utilized. This shows that one family's conception and utilization of each space was correspondent also different family s had their own idea of utilizing different spaces. In addition depends on the family in this study, there was differences on positon of Sa-dang upon the regions or time of construction. This can be concluded as familes had their own accommodations depends on building's space layout and traditons rather than following traditional Rites book's the rules of decorum.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.48-73
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• 1986

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the 'Enlightenment Period' in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only 'true letters' (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that, if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the 'Enlightenment Period' changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as 'Sanhak-Kyemong', 'Yanghwi-Sanpup' and 'Sangmyung-Sanpup'. King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of king who took anyone with the mathematic talent into government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics perse and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the king. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China or Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In 'Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period' which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of Kings Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for. the rapid increase of he number of such technocrats as mathematics, astronomy and medicine. Amid these social changes, the Jung-in mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics perse beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the 'Enlightenment Period' in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditional Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was hanged into the Western style and the Western mathematics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the Schools of various levels. Thus the 'Enlightenment Period' is the period in which Korean mathematics shifted from Chinese into European.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 1985

Though the tradition of Korean mathematics since the ancient time up to the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century had been under the influence of the Chinese mathematics, it strove to develop its own independent of Chinese. However, the fact that it couldn't succeed to form the independent Korean mathematics in spite of many chances under the reign of Kings Sejong, Youngjo, and Joungjo was mainly due to the use of Chinese characters by Koreans. Han-gul (Korean characters) invented by King Sejong had not been used widely as it was called and despised Un-mun and Koreans still used Chinese characters as the only "true letters" (Jin-suh). The correlation between characters and culture was such that , if Koreans used Han-gul as their official letters, we may have different picture of Korean mathematics. It is quite interesting to note that the mathematics in the "Enlightenment Period" changed rather smoothly into the Western mathematics at the time when Han-gul was used officially with Chinese characters. In Koryo, the mathematics existed only as a part of the Confucian refinement, not as the object of sincere study. The mathematics in Koryo inherited that of the Unified Shilla without any remarkable development of its own, and the mathematicians were the Inner Officials isolated from the outside world who maintained their positions as specialists amid the turbulence of political changes. They formed a kind of Guild, their posts becoming patrimony. The mathematics in Koryo is significant in that they paved the way for that of Chosun through a few books of mathematics such as "Sanhak-Kyemong, "Yanghwi - Sanpup" and "Sangmyung-Sanpup." King Sejong was quite phenomenal in his policy of promotion of mathematics. King himself was deeply interested in the study, createing an atmosphere in which all the high ranking officials and scholars highly valued mathematics. The sudden development of mathematic culture was mainly due to the personality and capacity of King who took any one with the mathematic talent onto government service regardless of his birth and against the strong opposition of the conservative officials. However, King's view of mathematics never resulted in the true development of mathematics per se and he used it only as an official technique in the tradition way. Korean mathematics in King Sejong's reign was based upon both the natural philosophy in China and the unique geo-political reality of Korean peninsula. The reason why the mathematic culture failed to develop continually against those social background was that the mathematicians were not allowed to play the vital role in that culture, they being only the instrument for the personality or politics of the King. While the learned scholar class sometimes played the important role for the development of the mathematic culture, they often as not became an adamant barrier to it. As the society in Chosun needed the function of mathematics acutely, the mathematicians formed the settled class called Jung-in (Middle-Man). Jung-in was a unique class in Chosun and we can't find its equivalent in China of Japan. These Jung-in mathematician officials lacked tendency to publish their study, since their society was strictly exclusive and their knowledge was very limited. Though they were relatively low class, these mathematicians played very important role in Chosun society. In "Sil-Hak (the Practical Learning) period" which began in the late 16th century, especially in the reigns of King Youngjo and Jungjo, which was called the Renaissance of Chosun, the ambitious policy for the development of science and technology called for the rapid increase of the number of such technocrats as mathematicians inevitably became quite ambitious and proud. They tried to explore deeply into mathematics per se beyond the narrow limit of knowledge required for their office. Thus, in this period the mathematics developed rapidly, undergoing very important changes. The characteristic features of the mathematics in this period were: Jung-in mathematicians' active study an publication, the mathematic studies by the renowned scholars of Sil-Hak, joint works by these two classes, their approach to the Western mathematics and their effort to develop Korean mathematics. Toward the "Enlightenment Period" in the late 19th century, the Western mathematics experienced great difficulty to take its roots in the Peninsula which had been under the strong influence of Confucian ideology and traditional Korean mathematic system. However, with King Kojong's ordinance in 1895, the traditonal Korean mathematics influenced by Chinese disappeared from the history of Korean mathematics, as the school system was changed into the Western style and the Western matehmatics was adopted as the only mathematics to be taught at the schools of various levels. Thus the "Enlightenment Period" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.od" is the period in which Korean mathematics sifted from Chinese into European.pean.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제32호
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• pp.43-78
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• 2011

조선중기 북인의 모집단을 형성하는데 주축이 되었던 학파는 남명학파와 화담학파였다. 경의(敬義)의 실천을 강조한 남명의 사상은 임진왜란 때 다수의 의병장을 배출하였고, 광해군대 정인홍이 북인의 영수로 활약하면서 그 사상이 이어졌다. 이외에 성리학을 절충적으로 이해하고 개방적 성향을 보인 화담의 사상이 북인 학파에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 광해군대에 북인이 정국을 운영할 때 실천적인 성향이 강해지고, 성리학에 대해 상대적으로 자유스런 분위기가 조성된 것에는 남명이나 화담의 사상적 영향력이 크다고 판단된다. 대북(大北)의 정인홍과 허균, 소북(小北)의 김신국, 남이공 등은 북인의 사상과 현실인식을 적극적으로 피력한 인물이었다. 1623년의 인조반정이후 사상계가 퇴계학파나 율곡학파가 주축이 된 주자성리학 흐름으로 정착되면서 북인(北人)의 사상은 시대의 주류적 흐름에서 밀려나게 된다. 정치사상에도 자파(自派)만이 군자당(君子黨)이라 확신하고 타 정파에 배타적인 입장을 취한 점 또한 몰락의 원인이 되었다. 17세기 중반 인조반정과 호란을 거치면서 조선사상계가 주자성리학 중심으로 재편되면서 북인(北人)의 사상은 역사의 전면에서 밀려나 저류적인 흐름으로서 그 역사적 기능을 수행하게 된다. 북인(北人)의 사상은 17세기 중, 후반 근기남인 학자들이나 18세기의 실학자 이익(李瀷)에게 일정한 영향을 미치면서 그 흐름이 일부 이어졌다. 북인은 조선중기 서인, 남인과 함께 정치, 사상을 이끌어간 대표적인 정파이자 학파였다. 최근 북인의 뿌리가 되는 조식과 서경덕에 대한 연구를 비롯하여, 북인 정치사상의 계승에 대한 연구가 체계적으로 수행되고 있다. 이러한 연구는 조선중기 이후 정치사와 사상사 연구의 폭을 보다 확대 줄 것이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.109-109
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• 2000

This study seeks what kind of factors influence to locate dwellings and to establish scenic spots in nature by a case study focused on a meandering stream. The study specially concentrates on the interrelationship between both residences and beautiful sceneries and a meander cut-off-area that reveals a special topographical characteristics, located at Samji village in Youngyang-eup, Youngyang-gun, Koungsangbuk-do. The meander cut-off area, developed at the middle or upper reaches of a river, often makes up specific landscapes such as precipitous cliffs, sheer cliffs and caves. And the area where is specially created by sudden change of flow due to erosion perceived by the cut surface to be the most beautiful scenic spot. These beautiful landscapes were used to be called as Dae, Dam or Gul and managed by Confucian scholars who enjoy refined taste and devote themselves to the study in nature. Moreover, the Ku-Hado-literary means the area of ex-flow-made the scholars' lving with a well prepared basis for agriculture where supplied a cornucopia of organic matters and water. The merit of agriculture made it possible that the scholars became economically independent, and the fact might be the essential point why the meander cut-off area took noticed. Actually, Cho-family has been in Smaji Village for generations, producing a large number of scholars and keeping the actual power of the region. The physical shape of the meander cut-off area, cozily surrounded by mountains, is considered as a good place for the dwelling due to the influence of traditional sight of view for location and P'ungsuchiri which is known as Feng Shui in China and geomancy in the western world. It is a fruit in it own way that we could find the ancestors' discernment and wisdom from this study, who have lived their lives adapting themselves to the given natural environment and also utilizing the nature wisely. But this is a current-argued study on the meander cut-off area. Follow-up studies have to be continued about the landscapes of the meander streams and the meander cut-off areas scattered all over the country except Samji Village and draw the characteristics from the comparative analysis.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.419-427
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• 2020

예찬은 중국 원말 사대가의 한 사람이다. 그는 이민족의 지배를 받은 시대적인 환경하(環境下)에서 자신의 독특헌 예술세계룰 구축하였다. 그의 화론인 흉중일기(胸中逸氣)는 동양 전통사상인 유(儒), 불(佛), 선의(禪) 영향으로 이루어진 정신적인 산물이다. 일기사상(逸氣思想)은 도가적(道家的)인 청담(淸淡)이나 허무(虛無), 무위사상(無爲思想)의 영향으로 문인(文人) 사대부(士大夫) 사이에 일어난 자연에 대한 새로운 자각이다. 이는 세속을 초월하여 일어났으며 남종 문인화(文人畵)의 이론적인 토대가 되었다. 예찬(倪瓚)의 일필(逸筆)은 흉중(胸中)의 일기(逸氣)를 그리는 방법이다. 이는 그가 오랫동안 노력하고 실천한 가운데 얻어진 문인화 경계이다. 예찬(倪瓚)은 생활의 체험 속에서 깨달은 선의(禪) 오경(悟境)으로 시서일체(詩書一體), 시선일치(詩禪一致)의 높은 경지를 실현하였다. 그의 예술정신은 흉중일기로 대변되는 탈속원진(脫俗遠塵), 일소부주의 고답(高踏), 시서일체(詩書一體)의 높은 경지를 표출하였다. 이를 통하여 그는 원말(元末) 명초(明初)의 화단에 독창적인 문인화(文人畵) 세계를 구축하였다.