• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

This study showed the increase of antitumor activities of water soluble E. sinica extract by nano-encapsulation process with lecithin. Five groups of lecithin only group (LO), lecithin nano-encapsulated E. sinica group (LE), E. sinica only group (EO), one negative control group (NCO) and positive control group (PCO) were set for several anticancer experiment and fed into Sarcoma-180 injected mice. The cytotoxicity of LE on the human normal kidney cell (HEK293) showed 14.8% lower than 19.2% of EO and 18.4% of LO. Growth of human liver carcinoma cell and human stomach carcinoma cell as representative of digestive system in vitro was inhibited up to about 85.1% and 87.3%, in adding 1.0 mg/$m{\ell}$ of LE, which values 15% higher than that from conventional EO. The survival rates of each mice group were 40%, 63%, 48%, 33% and 100%, respectively after 40 days of injecting Sarcoma-180. The increment of their body weights of the extract feeding groups was suppressed down to 10~15%, compared to the negative control. The nano-particles also reduced the hypertrophy of the internal organs such as spleen and liver down to 15~20%, compared to those as the other groups. Among them, LE effectively reduced the size of tumor form to 20%. From these results, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of E. sinica could be enhanced by using nano-encapsulation process with lecithin because of better permeation into the cancer cells by confocal observations.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.243-253
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• 2000

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate dentin bonding by two different dentin bonding systems(DBS) using acetone based primer or adhesive [All Bond 2(AB2), One Step(OS)] when they were applied by wet or dry bonding technique. Morphology of resin-dentin interface and hybrid layer thickness(HLT) were investigated using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope(CLSM) and compared to shear bond strength(SBS). 72 extracted sound human molars were randomly divided into 4 groups of 18 teeth each - Group 1.(AW); AB2 by wet bonding. Group 2(AD); AB2 by dry bonding. Group 3.(OW); OS by wet bonding, Group 4.(OD); OS by dry bonding. In 6 teeth of each group, notch-shaped class V cavities(depth 2mm) were prepared on buccal and lingual surface at the cementoenamel juction(12 cavities per group). To obtain color contrast in CLSM observation, bonding resins of each DBS were mixed with rhodamine B and primer of AB2 was mixed with sodium fluorescein. Prepared teeth of each group were treated with AB2, OS, respectively according to the manufacturer's instructions except for dentin surface moisture treatment after acid etching. In group 1 and 3, after acid etching, excess water was removed with wet tissue(Kimwipes), leaving consistently shiny, visibly hydrated dentin surface. In group 2 and 4, dentin surface was dried for 10 seconds at 1 inch distance. The treated teeth were then packed with composite resin(${\AE}$litefil) and light-cured. 12 microscopic samples($60{\sim}80{\mu}m$ thickness) of each group were obtained after longitudinal section and grinding(Exakt cutting and grinding system). Morphological investigation of resin-dentin interface and HLT measurement using CLSM were done. For measurement of SBS, remaining 12 teeth of each group were flattened occlusally to remove all enamel and grinded to 500 grit SiC(Pedemet Specimen Preparation Equipment). After applying DBS on the exposed dentin surface, composite resin was applied in the shape of cylinder, which has 5mm diameter, 1.5mm thickness, and light cured. SBS was measured using Instron with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. It was concluded as follows, 1. HLT of AW(mean: $2.59{\mu}m$) was thicker than any other group, and followed by AD, OW, OD in descending order(mean; 2.37, 2.28, $1.92{\mu}m$). Only OD had statistically significant differences(p<0.05) to AW and AD. 2. There were intimate contact of resin and dentin at the interface in wet bonding groups, but gaps or irregular interfaces were observed in dry bonding groups. 3. The length, diameter, density of resin tags were various even in the same group without significant differences between groups and lots of adhesive lateral branches were observed. 4. There were no statistically significant difference of SBS between AB2 and OS, but SBS of wet bonding groups were significantly higher(p<0.05) than dry bonding groups. 5. There were no consistent relationships between HLT and SBS.

• BMB Reports
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2022

The treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) is challenging due to its complex etiology. From epidermal disruption to chronic inflammation, various cells and inflammatory pathways contribute to the progression of AD. As with immunosuppressants, general inhibition of inflammatory pathways can be effective, but this approach is not suitable for long-term treatment due to its side effects. This study aimed to identify a plant extract (PE) with anti-inflammatory effects on multiple cell types involved in AD development and provide relevant mechanistic evidence. Degranulation was measured in RBL-2H3 cells to screen 30 PEs native to South Korea. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Parasenecio auriculatus var. matsumurana Nakai extract (PAE) in AD, production of cytokines and nitric oxide, activation status of FcεRI and TLR4 signaling, cell-cell junction, and cell viability were evaluated using qRT-PCR, western blotting, confocal microscopy, Griess system, and an MTT assay in RBL-2H3, HEK293, RAW264.7, and HaCaT cells. For in vivo experiments, a DNCBinduced AD mouse model was constructed, and hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, toluidine blue, and F4/80-staining were performed. The chemical constituents of PAE were analyzed by HPLC-MS. By measuring the anti-degranulation effects of 30 PEs in RBL-2H3 cells, we found that Paeonia lactiflora Pall., PA, and Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Steud. show an inhibitory activity of more than 50%. Of these, PAE most dramatically and consistently suppressed cytokine expression, including IL-4, IL-9, IL-13, and TNF-α. PAE potently inhibited FcεRI signaling, which mechanistically supports its basophil-stabilizing effects, and PAE downregulated cytokines and NO production in macrophages via perturbation of toll-like receptor signaling. Moreover, PAE suppressed cytokine production in keratinocytes and upregulated the expression of tight junction molecules ZO-1 and occludin. In a DNCB-induced AD mouse model, the topical application of PAE significantly improved atopic index scores, immune cell infiltration, cytokine expression, abnormal activation of signaling molecules in FcεRI and TLR signaling, and damaged skin structure compared with dexamethasone. The anti-inflammatory effect of PAE was mainly due to integerrimine. Our findings suggest that PAE could potently inhibit multi-inflammatory cells involved in AD development, synergistically block the propagation of inflammatory responses, and thus alleviate AD symptoms.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.284-292
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• 2016

DUWL에 형성된 바이오필름 제거를 위한 효과적인 소독제의 제시와 새로운 소독제의 개발을 위해 DUWL의 실험실 모델의 확립이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실험실에서 쉽게 구할 수 있는 장비들로 실험실 모델을 제작하여, DUWL 바이오필름을 재현하기 위한 새로운 실험실 모델을 확립하고자 하였다. 사용 중인 DUWL을 통해 수집한 물에서 세균을 모은 후, R2A 액체 배지에서 10일 동안 배양시켰다. 10일 배양시킨 세균액을 $-70^{\circ}C$에 보관하여 사용하였다. $-70^{\circ}C$에 저장한 세균 stock은 R2A 액체배지에 5일 동안 회분 배양시킨 배양액은 모델에서 바이오필름을 형성시키기 위해 사용되었다. 바이오필름 형성 모델은 실험실 내 장비인 1 L 비커에 폴리우레탄 튜빙이 부착된 20 cm 유리막대를 꽂아서 제작하였다. 모델을 멸균시킨 후 R2A 액체배지 300 ml와 5일 동안 회분 배양한 세균액 50 ml을 넣고 stir plate에서 $25^{\circ}C$로 배양시켰다. 배양 2일마다 R2A 액체배지를 교체해주었다. 임상의 상황과 유사한 조건에서 바이오필름을 형성하기 위해 와류상태는 오전 9시에서 오후 6시까지 적용시키고 그 이외의 시간에는(약 15시간) 정체상태로 배양시켰다. 바이오필름 형성은 4일 동안 진행하였으며, 그 후 바이오필름의 두께, 바이오필름을 구성하는 세균의 분포 및 형태학적 특징을 SEM과 CLSM을 사용하여 분석하였다. 4일 바이오필름 형성 후 평균 바이오필름 축적량은 $4.68{\times}10^4CFU/cm^2$였고, 바이오필름의 두께는 $10{\sim}14{\mu}m$였다. 또한 바이오필름을 구성하는 세균들이 부분적으로 응집되어 덩어리를 이루고 있는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제작한 실험실 모델을 대상으로 차아염소산나트륨, 과산화수소 그리고 클로르헥시딘과 같은 소독제의 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과 적용된 소독제의 농도가 낮을수록 바이오필름 내 생존한 세균의 수가 많았다. 따라서 우리의 실험실 모델에서 형성시킨 바이오필름은 소독제의 효과를 비교하기 위해 적절한 것으로 판단된다. 우리의 실험실 모델은 향후 DUWL 소독을 위한 새로운 방법의 개발을 위해 유용하게 사용될 것으로 예상된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 레이져 신터링, 컴퓨터 밀링, 주조의 세 가지 방법으로 제작된 비귀금속 합금 코핑의 변연 형태에 따른 변연 적합도의 변화를 관찰하는 데 있다. 재료 및 방법: 서로 다른 두 개의 변연 형태를 정확히 재현하기 위해 3D Computer-aided Design을 이용하여 지대치 삭제의 원칙에 따라 지대치를 디자인한 다음, 티타늄 블럭을 컴퓨터 밀링하여 주모델을 제작하였다. 각각의 모델에 대하여 위의 3가지 제작 방식으로 비귀금속 합금 코핑을 12개씩 제작하여, 총 72개의 코핑을 제작하였다. 각 코핑은 지대치에 적합시켜서 공초점 레이저 주사 현미경으로 근심, 협측, 원심, 설측 변연의 변연 적합도를 150배율로 측정하였다. 결과: 레이져 신터링으로 제작한 코핑의 평균 변연 오차는 deep chamfer margin에서 11.8 ± 7.4 ㎛, rounded shoulder margin에서 6.3 ± 3.5 ㎛ 였고, 그 차이는 통계적으로 유의했다 (P < .0001). 컴퓨터 밀링으로 제작한 그룹에서는 deep chamfer margin에서 53.9 ± 27.8 ㎛, rounded shoulder margin에서 48.6 ± 30.0 ㎛였고, 변연 형태에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다 (P = .279). 주조 방법으로 제작한 그룹은 deep chamfer margin에서 18.8 ± 20.2 ㎛, rounded shoulder margin 에서 30 ± 20.5 ㎛ 였고, 그 차이는 통계적으로 유의했다 (P = .0004). 결론: 이번 실험을 통하여, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 변연의 형태에 따른 변연 적합도는 레이져 신터링이나 주조 방법으로 제작된 금속 코핑의 경우 변연 형태에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 2. 레이져 신터링으로 제작한 금속 코핑에서 rounded shoulder margin이 deep chamfer margin보다 우수한 변연 적합도를 보였다. 3. 주조 방법으로 제작한 금속 코핑의 경우는 deep chamfer margin이 rounded shoulder margin보다 우수한 변연 적합도를 보였다. 4. 제작 방식에 따른 코핑의 변연 적합도는 레이져 신터링이 가장 양호하였고, 그 다음 주조 방법과 밀링 방법 순으로 변연 적합도 양호하였다. 이번 연구를 통해, 지대치의 변연 형태에 따른 금속 코핑의 변연 적합도의 변화를 관찰하였으며, 레이져 신터링으로 제작하거나 디지털 밀링한 왁스 패턴을 캐스팅한 경우에는 상관 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 임상에 적용함에 있어 지대치의 변연 형태를 고려하여 제작 방식을 결정하는 것이 추천된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.408-419
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• 2023

Background: Ginsenoside compound K (CK), the main active metabolite in Panax ginseng, has shown good safety and bioavailability in clinical trials and exerts neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic stroke. However, its potential role in the prevention of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside CK against cerebral I/R injury. Methods: We used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models, including oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion induced PC12 cell model and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion induced rat model, to mimic I/R injury. Intracellular oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate were analyzed by Seahorse multifunctional energy metabolism system; ATP production was detected by luciferase method. The number and size of mitochondria were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and MitoTracker probe combined with confocal laser microscopy. The potential mechanisms of ginsenoside CK on mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergy were evaluated by RNA interference, pharmacological antagonism combined with co-immunoprecipitation analysis and phenotypic analysis. Results: Ginsenoside CK pretreatment could attenuate mitochondrial translocation of DRP1, mitophagy, mitochondrial apoptosis, and neuronal bioenergy imbalance against cerebral I/R injury in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our data also confirmed that ginsenoside CK administration could reduce the binding affinity of Mul1 and Mfn2 to inhibit the ubiquitination and degradation of Mfn2, thereby elevating the protein level of Mfn2 in cerebral I/R injury. Conclusion: These data provide evidence that ginsenoside CK may be a promising therapeutic agent against cerebral I/R injury via Mul1/Mfn2 mediated mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergy.