• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.649-657
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of enneagram group counseling program on self-identification and depression in nursing college students. Three groups, categorized by how the students solve their conflicts, were selected to identify changes from the program. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group and pre posttest design was used. Participants were assigned to the experimental group (n=30) or control group (n=33). The experimental group participated in enneagram group counseling program for 38 hours through eight sessions covering four different topics. Collected data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: Total self-identity score for the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups for depression scores. The Assertive and Compliant groups demonstrated significant change in self-identification while the Withdrawn groups did not reveal any change. Conclusion: Results indicate that the enneagram group counseling program is very effective in establishing positive self-identification for nursing college students who face developmental crisis and stressful situations. It is also expected that this program would be useful to enhance the students' confidence through a deeper understanding and acceptance of themselves.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1061-1072
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• 1999

한 개 이상의 사이트에 공간 데이타가 중복 저장된 분산 공간 DB에서, 동시에 수행될 수 있는 긴 트랜잭션의 변경은 일관성 제어를 위해 다른 사이트에 전파되어야 한다. 이때 같은 영역의 공간 데이타를 서로 다른 사이트에서 동시에 변경할 경우, 변경 상충 문제가 발생하거나 잠금 기법에 의한 오랜 대기 시간이 초래되는 문제가 있다. 또한 공간 객체는 잠금의 대상이 아닌 공간 관련성에 의한 종속성을 가진다.이 논문은 긴 트랜잭션으로 중복된 공간 데이타를 변경할 경우 중복 제어를 위한 변경 전파와 동시성 제어 문제를 다룬다. 중복된 공간 데이타의 변경 병렬성을 향상시키기 위해 영역 잠금 및 SR-bound WRITE 잠금 기법을 제시한다. 한 사이트에서 수정하는 객체들과 다른 사이트에서 수정하는 객체들 사이에 공간 관련성에 의한 종속성이 없을 경우 병렬 수정을 허용하도록 제어하며, 공간 관련성에 의한 종속성이 있을 경우 SR-based 2PC라 불리는, 확장된 2단계 완료 프로토콜로 협동작업을 수행해서 변경 상충을 해결하는 새로운 중복 제어 기법을 설계하고 구현한다.Abstract The update of a long transaction should be propagated to the other sites for consistency control, when spatial database are replicated at multiple sites to achieve availability, reliability, and performance. When the replicated spatial data are updated at the same time, the update of one site would be conflicted with the other or a user would not be able to access the replicated spatial data under the control of locking. Two spatial objects having spatial relationships should be cooperatively updated even if there are no conflicts of locking for them.This paper deals with the issues of concurrency control and update propagation of replicated spatial data. We present the concept of region lock and SR-bound WRITE lock for enhancing the parallelism of updating the replicated spatial data. If there are no spatial relationships between one site's objets and the other's objects, parallel update would be allowed. Concurrent update of two spatial objects having spatial relationships should be propagated and cooperated by using an extended two-phase commit protocol, called spatial relationship-based 2PC.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.29-39
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• 2000

Position of stop line according to left turn trajectory at intersections was studied. The Purpose of this study is to suggest a design guideline of left turn trajectory at intersections which is related to the Position of cross road stop line. Distance from the curb line to the stop line at each lane was calculated and discussed for various combination of road widths. Three design vehicle type and three control radii were considered. Setbacks of stop line from the curb line are Proportional to the control radius which depends on type of design vehicle. 8m, lim and 19m setback for control radius of 12m, 15m and 23m were calculated respectively as their maximum value. This result will be helpful to Paint the road marking on the Pavement which is usually difficult to fit to the designated radius. Field study of the effect of left turn trajectory on flow rate and safety was conducted. It was approved that improperly designed left turn trajectory decreases left turn capacity and increases conflicts among left turn flows of the adjacent lane.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.50
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• pp.29-49
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• 2010

Various opinions are expressed about the Internet Regulation. Some people argue that it is impossible to control because of the technical characteristics of Internet, while other people argue that it is easy to control. Recently in Korea, a move to reinforce the Internet Regulation through the extension of cyber real-name system is emerging, whereas the concern for its excessive infringement of the Freedom of Expression is increasing. This paper was intended to draw a reasonable direction for Internet Regulation in our society. And accordingly this paper tried to suggest a desirable direction of Internet Control in the future and to draw a criterion for domestic court judgement by analyzing cases of cyber defamation so far. The result of this study proposed that the Freedom for Expression be widely secured in the case of cyber defamation of criticism and political comments upon public officials and that the legitimacy and effectiveness of Internet Regulation be ensured. This result of study is expected to help establish the direction and principle of Internet Regulation in the future around Korea Communications Commission and Korea Communications Standards Commission.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.119-124
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• 2001

A new WDM-based protocol for scheduling a variable-length message is proposed in this paper. Two control slots, Pre-reservation slot and Reservation Slot, are used to coordinate transmission and diminish the collisions of packet to minimize the access delay. When there is an idle reservation slot, a control packet is transmitted on that slot and message is transferred. And the node continues to transmit its control packet through the corresponding slot every cycle, until the message is completely transmitted. If an idle reservation slot is not available, the node schedules the transmission time of message in earliest available time using Pre-reservation slots. The proposed scheduling protocol has several advantages; any new node can join the network anytime without network re-initialization. Moreover, with the pre-reservation slots, we can avoid the packet collisions and destination conflicts, and we can improve the access delay time for message transmissions.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2016

The current smart lighting is shaped to offer the lighting environment suitable for current context, after identifying user's action and location through a sensor. The sensor-based context awareness technology just considers a single user, and the studies to interpret many users' various context occurrences and conflicts lack. In existing studies, a fuzzy theory and algorithm including ReBa have been used as the methodology to solve context conflict. The fuzzy theory and algorithm including ReBa just avoid an opportunity of context conflict that may occur by providing services by each area, after the spaces where users are located are classified into many areas. Therefore, they actually cannot be regarded as customized service type that can offer personal preference-based context conflict. This paper proposes a priority-based LED lighting control system interpreting multiple context conflicts, which decides services, based on the granted priority according to context type, when service conflict is faced with, due to simultaneous occurrence of various contexts to many users. This study classifies the residential environment into such five areas as living room, 'bed room, study room, kitchen and bath room, and the contexts that may occur within each area are defined as 20 contexts such as exercising, doing makeup, reading, dining and entering, targeting several users. The proposed system defines various contexts of users using an ontology-based model and gives service of user oriented lighting environment through rule based on standard and context reasoning engine. To solve the issue of various context conflicts among users in the same space and at the same time point, the context in which user concentration is required is set in the highest priority. Also, visual comfort is offered as the best alternative priority in the case of the same priority. In this manner, they are utilized as the criteria for service selection upon conflict occurrence.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.55-80
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• 2012

I. Introduction Developing the relationships between companies is very important issue to ensure a competitive advantage in today's business environment (Bleeke & Ernst 1991; Mohr & Spekman 1994; Powell 1990). Partnerships between companies are based on having same goals, pursuing mutual understanding, and having a professional level of interdependence. By having such a partnerships and cooperative efforts between companies, they will achieve efficiency and effectiveness of their business (Mohr and Spekman, 1994). However, it is difficult to expect these ideal results only in the B2B corporate transaction. According to agency theory which is the well-accepted theory in various fields of business strategy, organization, and marketing, the two independent companies have fundamentally different corporate purposes. Also there is a higher chance of developing opportunism and conflict due to natures of human(organization), such as self-interest, bounded rationality, risk aversion, and environment factor as imbalance of information (Eisenhardt 1989). That is, especially partnerships between principal(or buyer) and agent(or supplier) of companies within supply chain, the business contract itself will not provide competitive advantage. But managing partnership between companies is the key to success. Therefore, managing partnership between manufacturer and supplier, and finding causes of conflict are essential to improve B2B performance. In conclusion, based on prior researches and Agency theory, this study will clarify how business hazards cause conflicts on supply chain and then identify how developed conflicts have been managed by two control mechanisms. II. Research model III. Method In order to validate our research model, this study gathered questionnaires from small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs). In Korea, SMEs mean the firms whose employee is under 300 and capital is under 8 billion won(about 7.2 million dollar). We asked the manufacturer's perception about the relationship with the biggest supplier, and our key informants are denied to a person responsible for buying(ex)CEO, executives, managers of purchasing department, and so on). In detail, we contact by telephone to our initial sample(about 1,200 firms) and introduce our research motivation and send our questionnaires by e-mail, mail, and direct survey. Finally we received 361 data and eliminate 32 inappropriate questionnaires. We use 329 manufactures' data on analysis. The purpose of this study is to identify the anticipant role of business hazard (environmental dynamism, asset specificity) and investigate the moderating effect of control mechanism(formal control, social control) on conflict-performance relationship. To find out moderating effect of control methods, we need to compare the regression weight between low versus. high group(about level of exercised control methods). Therefore we choose the structural equation modeling method that is proper to do multi-group analysis. The data analysis is performed by AMOS 17.0 software, and model fits are good statically (CMIN/DF=1.982, p<.000, CFI=.936, IFI=.937, RMSEA=.056). IV. Result V. Discussion Results show that the higher environmental dynamism and asset specificity(on particular supplier) buyer(manufacturer) has, the more B2B conflict exists. And this conflict affect relationship quality and financial outcomes negatively. In addition, social control and formal control could weaken the negative effect of conflict on relationship quality significantly. However, unlikely to assure conflict resolution effect of control mechanisms on relationship quality, financial outcomes are changed by neither social control nor formal control. We could explain this results with the characteristics of our sample, SMEs(Small and Medium sized Enterprises). Financial outcomes of these SMEs(manufacturer or principal) are affected by their customer(usually major company) more easily than their supplier(or agent). And, in recent few years, most of companies have suffered from financial problems because of global economic recession. It means that it is hard to evaluate the contribution of supplier(agent). Therefore we also support the suggestion of Gladstein(1984), Poppo & Zenger(2002) that relational performance variable can capture the focal outcomes of relationship(exchange) better than financial performance variable. This study has some implications that it tests the sources of conflict and investigates the effect of resolution methods of B2B conflict empirically. And, especially, it finds out the significant moderating effect of formal control which past B2B management studies have ignored in Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.463-476
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• 2014

The riverine wetlands located in the riverside bring about social conflicts through confrontation between flood control value through flood control project and ecological preservation value of riverine wetland. In this study, we identified the importance of both values through analysis of economic feasibility of flood control and ecological values of riverine wetland, and tried to suggest management plans for riverine wetland considering both of flood control safety and ecological preservation through these results. For this, we calculated the expected annual flood damage of Imjin River using the multi-dimensional flood damage analysis(MD-FDA), and calculated the total value of riverine wetland using the contingent valuation method(CVM) to estimate preservation value of riverine wetland. The result of the analysis shows that the Imjin River needs flood control project and the ecological preservation of riverine wetland is also important. Therefore, the establishment of the management plan for protecting riverine wetland is also needed. As a result, the Imjin riverine wetland was classified as the area where sedimentation continues to take place, and the flood water level to rise. On the basis of the analyzed results, it is judged that the Imjin River needs flood control for public safety and ecological consideration for ecosystem preservation in the river improvement project. So, the stepwise river improvement is desirable to protect riverine wetland and minimize ecosystem disturbance. The results is expected to be made good use as the basic study for establishment of institutional river management plans considering flood control project and riverine wetland preservation in the future.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experience of the patients with cancer participating in a clinical trial for the development of a new drug. Method: This study was based on a phenomenological approach. The eight patients participating in a clinical trial were selected as the participations of this study. The data were obtained through in-depth interviews from the participants and were analyzed using the Giorgi method. Results: Essential experiences of the patients with cancer under a clinical trial consisted of anticipating recovery of physical health and a social role, passing the strict criteria of a clinical trial, diminishing economic burden, satisfaction with special treatment receiving, social contribution, concerns about side effects and withdrawal from the clinical trial, conflicts as a participant, pain, limited administration of other treatments, regret for giving up other treatments, strict compliance with instructions, prevention of side effects and maintaining desirable life-style. Integrated units of meaning of these components were hope, good luck, a sense of satisfaction, fear, distress, and the will of self-control. Conclusion: The most essential meaning of the cancer patients participating in a clinical trial was hope. Hope was found to be a primary factor reinforcing the will of self-management. The results of this study can be of great help to the research nurses to understand the lived experience of the patients with cancer and to plan an effective nursing intervention for the patients.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.137-167
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• 2020

As arbitration is widely used as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, third-party funding, which is a person or entity with no prior interest in the legal dispute providing non-recourse financing for one of the parties, has become more prevalent with increasing costs of international arbitration. In particular, Hong Kong and Singapore are the first jurisdictions to adopt and implement legislations to specifically permit third-party funding of international arbitration. Thus, in this article, relevant issues with respect to third-party funding of arbitration, such as, conflicts of interest, disclosure, privilege and confidentiality of information, cost allocation, security for costs, and control over arbitral proceedings by the third-party funder are examined with pertinent provisions of the recent legislations. While the respective legislations of Hong Kong and Singapore may not directly address every issue raised by third-party funding of arbitration, as they make it clear that such is no longer prohibited by the old common law doctrines of champerty and maintenance, they have clarified conflicting case law as well as proactively promoted themselves as leading seats of international arbitration.