• Water for future
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.249-260
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• 1996

There have been easily found a number of examples that misleading or unreasonable measuring data set of physical variables are often produced in the field and the laboratory. The primary reason is that the specific requirements of civil engineers are initially disregarded in designing the experimental apparatus. It results from a lack of mutual understanding and co-operating between the user group and the maker. Therefore, their fundamental knowledge and apprehension become indispensible in order to obtain measuring data with high confidence and good quality In this study it is shortly explained the basic structure and the operation system of the experimental equipments commonly used at the present. A simple measuring set is developed which is quite easy for a general civil engineer to design and operate without any other specialty of mostly electricity electronics. Based upon this requirement, one of data logger named PPDL8 is newly designed by making use of the parallel port in the personal computer, consisting of multi-channels able to measure 8 different point values simultaneously. It can also use many valuable sub-programs existing in PC because the user makes his own programs necessary for measurement, by himself. Of all things, it has a great advantage to increase the applicability of field measurements much larger when adopting the notebook computer to operate with small battery only. In addition this study gives, in fact, the excellent agreements of in-situ field variables by showing their measuring results of temperature, distance and turbidity.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.553-561
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiopulmonary function, RPE(Rating of perceived exertion), and blood lactate when examining the GXT(Graded exercise testing) of wheelchair treadmill and arm ergometer. Participants were 11 wheelchair basketball players with non disability. While examining the GXT of wheelchair treadmill and arm ergometer, cardiorespiratory functional capacity was measured by using $Quarkb^2$ and Polar and RPE was measured through Borg Scale. The lactate analyser, YSI-2000 was used to measure blood lactate level when resting, right after exercise, two minutes, four minutes, six minutes, and ten minutes of recovery. Data was analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS 18.0 program and significance for all statistical analysis was fixed at .05 confidence level(p<0.05). The conclusion of this study is below. First, maximal oxygen uptake which is a factor of cardiopulmonary function showed the highest with arm ergometer, the rate of respiratory exchange showed the highest with wheelchair treadmill, and maximal heart rate showed the highest with wheelchair treadmill. Second, subjective exercise intensity showed the highest with arm ergometer at the end point. Third, blood lactate level showed the highest with arm ergometer right after exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2005

Statement of problem. Cortical bone plays an important role in the primary implant stability, which is essential to immediate/early loading. However, immediate load-bearing capacity and primary implant stability according to the change of the cortical bone thickness have not been reported. Purpose. The objectives of this study were (1) to measure the immediate load-bearing capacity of implant and primary implant stability according to the change of cortical bone thickness, and (2) to evaluate the correlation between them. Material and methods.48, screw-shaped implants (3.75 mm$\times$7 mm) were placed into bovine rib bone blocks with different upper cortical bone thickness (0-2.5 mm) and resonance frequency (RF) values were measured subsequently. After fastening of healing abutment. implants were subjected to a compressive load until tolerated micromotion threshold known for the osseointegration and load values at threshold were recorded. Thereafter, RF measurement after loading, CT taking and image analysis were performed serially to evaluate the cortical bone quality and quantity. Immediate load-bearing capacity and RF values were analyzed statistically with ANOVA and post-hoc method at 95% confidence level (P<0.05). Regression analysis and correlation test were also performed. Results. Existence and increase of cortical bone thickness increased the immediate load-bearing capacity and RF value (P<0.05) With the result of regression analysis, all parameter's of cortical bone thickness to immediate load-bearing capacity and resonance frequency showed significant positive values (P<0.0001). A significant high correlation was observed between the cortical bone thickness and immediate load-beating capacity (r=0.706, P<0.0001), between the cortical bone thickness and resonance frequency (r=0.753, P<0.0001) and between the immediate load-bearing capacity and resonance frequency (r=0.755, P<0.0001). Conclusion. In summary, cortical bone thickness change affected the immediate load-baring capacity and the RF value. Although RF analysis (RFA) is based on the measurement of implant/bone interfacial stiffness, when the implant is inserted stably, RFA is also considered to reflect implant/bone interfacial strength of immediately after placement from high correlation with the immediate load-baring capacity. RFA and measuring the cortical bone thickness with X-ray before and during surgery could be an effective diagnosis tool for the success of immediate loading of implant.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

Objectives In electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) research and practice, the precise determination of seizure duration is important in the evaluation of clinical relevance of the ECT-induced seizure. In this study, we have developed computerized algorithms to assess the duration of ECT-induced seizure. Methods Subjects included 5 males and 6 females, with the mean age of 33.1 years. Total 55 ECT sessions were included in the analysis. We analyzed the standard deviation of a finite block of electroencephalography (EEG) data and the change in the local slope of RR intervals in electrocardiography (ECG) signals during ECT-induced seizure. And then, we compared the calculated seizure durations from EEG recording (EEG algorithm) and ECG recording (ECG algorithm) with values determined by consensus of clinicians based on the recorded EEG (EEG consensus), as a gold standard criterion, in order to testify the computational validity of our algorithms. Results The mean seizure durations calculated by each method were not significantly different in sessions with abrupt flattened postictal suppression and in sessions with non-abrupt flattened postictal suppression. The intraclass correlation coefficients (95% confidence interval) of the three methods (EEG algorithm, ECG algorithm, EEG consensus) were significant in the total sessions [0.79 (0.70-0.86)], the abrupt flattened postictal suppression sessions [0.84 (0.74-0.91)], and the non-abrupt flattened postictal suppression sessions [0.67 (0.45-0.84)]. Correlations between three methods were also statistically significant, regardless of abruptness of transition. Conclusions Our proposed algorithms could reliably measure the duration of ECT-induced seizure, even in sessions with non-abrupt transitions to flat postictal suppression, in which it is typically difficult to determine the seizure duration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.697-703
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• 2020

Background: GS-3K8 and GINST, both of which are modified ginseng extracts, have never been examined in terms of their effectiveness for the prevention of acute respiratory illness (ARI) in humans. We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of performing a large-scale, randomized, controlled trial. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study at a single center from October 2014 to March 2015. The 45 healthy applicants were randomly divided into the GS-3K8 (n = 15), GINST (n = 15), and placebo groups (n = 15). The study drug was administered as a capsule (500 mg/cap and 3000 mg/day). GS-3K8 contained 6.31 mg/g of Rg1, 15.05 mg/g of Re, 30.84 mg/g of Rb1, 15.02 mg/g of Rc, 12.44 mg/g of Rb2, 6.97 mg/g of Rd, 1.59 mg/g of Rg3, 3.25 mg/g of Rk1, and 4.84 mg/g of Rg5. GINST contained 7.54 mg/g of Rg1, 1.87 mg/g of Re, 5.42 mg/g of Rb1, 0.29 mg/g of Rc, 0.36 mg/g of Rb2, 0.70 mg/g of Rd, and 6.3 mg/g of compound K. The feasibility criteria were the rates of recruitment, drug compliance, and successful follow-up. The primary clinical outcome measure was the incidence of ARI. The secondary clinical outcome measures were the duration of symptoms. Results: The rate of recruitment was 11.3 participants per week. The overall rate of completed follow-up was 97.8%. The mean compliance rate was 91.64 ± 9.80%, 95.28 ± 5.75%, and 89.70 ± 8.99% in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. The incidence of ARI was 64.3% (9/14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.4-91.1%), 26.7% (4/15; 95% CI, 4.3-49.0%), and 80.0% (12/15; 95% CI, 54.8-93.0%) in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. The average days of symptoms were 3.89 ± 4.65, 9.25 ± 7.63, and 12.25 ± 12.69 in the GS-3K8, GINST, and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusion: The results support the feasibility of a full-scale trial. GS-3K8 and GINST appear to have a positive tendency toward preventing the development of ARI and reducing the symptom duration. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these findings.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support (LPS) on the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) in natural frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles via a meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective studies that met our selection criteria. Four online databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library) were searched between January 2017 and May 2017. Studies were selected according to predefined inclusion criteria and meta-analyzed using R software version 2.14.2. The main outcome measure was CPR. Results: A total of 18 studies were reviewed and assessed for eligibility. One RCT (n = 435) and three retrospective studies (n = 3,033) met the selection criteria. In a meta-analysis of the selected studies, we found no significant difference in the CPR (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.55) between the vaginal progesterone and control groups. An analysis of the two retrospective cohort studies that reported the live birth rate (LBR) following FET showed a significantly higher LBR in the vaginal progesterone group (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21-2.46). A subgroup meta-analysis of FET conducted 5 days after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin showed no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the CPR (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.90-1.55) or miscarriage rate (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.36-1.47). Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis of the currently available literature suggest that LPS with vaginal progesterone in natural FET cycles does not improve the CPR.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.405-414
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the general characteristics of health-related majors to their life expectancy scale, depression scale, health perception scale, subjective wellbeing scale, somatic symptom scale and college life stress scale. And it's also meant to analyze influential factors for their stress about college life. Methods: The subjects in this study were the students who were in the department of dental laboratory technology and the department of dental hygiene at a college located in the region of Iksan, North Jeolla Province. Data were gathered in November and December, 2012. The life expectancy scale, depression scale, health perception scale, subjective wellbeing scale, physical symptom scale, somatic symptom scale and college life stress scale of the general characteristics were analyzed by t-test and one way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan's multiple range test at the 95% confidence level to assess the statistical significance. And stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine what factors would affect the stress of the students about college life. The data were analyzed with the windows ver. 12.0(SPSS GmbH, Germany) statistical software program. Results: Among the general characteristics, there were significant differences according to gender and age in all the variables that were life expectancy scale, depression scale, health perception scale, subjective wellbeing scale, physical symptom scale and college life stress scale. 61.3% of the students responded they slept for six hours or less, and the respondents who slept for six hours or less scored significantly statistically lower in health perception scale, subjective wellbeing scale and physical symptom scale. As for college life stress, the respondents who got depressed more often, whose subjective peace or happiness was lower, whose life expectancy was lower, who had worse physical symptoms, whose living standard was lower and whose academic year was lower were under heavier stress about their college lives. Conclusion: As the worse physical health and worse mental health(life expectancy, depression, health perception, subjective wellbeing and physical symptoms, etc.) of the college students led to heavier stress about college life, how to promote their physical health and mental health should discreetly be considered, and every necessary measure should be taken to improve their physical and mental health.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.305-318
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• 2002

We have constructed two flight models of airglow photometer system (AGP) to be onboard Korea Sounding Rocket-III (KSR-III) for detection of MUV dayglow above the Korean peninsular. The AGP system is designed to detect dayglow emissions of OI 2972${\AA}$, $N_2$ VK(0,6) 2780${\AA}$, $N_2$ 2PG 3150${\AA}$ and background 3070${\AA}$ toward the horizon at altitudes between 100 km and 300 km. The AGP system consists of a photometer body, a baffle an electronic control unit and a battery unit. The MUV dayglow emissions enter through a narrow band interference filter and focusing lens of the photometer, which contains an ultraviolet sensitive photomultiplier tube. The photometer is equipped with an in-flight calibration light source on a circular plane that will rotate at the rocket's apogee. A bane tube is installed at the entry of the photometer in order to block strong scattering lights from the lower atmosphere. We have carried out laboratory measurements of sensitivity and in-flight calibration light source for the AGP flight models. Although absolute sensitivities of the AGP flight models could not be determined in the country, relative sensitivities among channels are well measured so that observation data during rocket flight in the future can be analyzed with confidence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.49-56
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• 2021

Liquefied Petroleum Gas is divided into liquefied gases containing propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀). The quality of LPG varies greatly depending on the composition of the mixture, so it is important to measure the composition accurately. It is difficult to determine the composition of the mixture because liquid and gas coexist at room temperature. Therefore, the uncertainty in determining the concentration of hydrocarbons by component is high, and there are many problems that differ from the actual content standard. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mixed liquid propane standard gas for the composition and accurate concentration of hydrocarbon substances. Mixed liquid propane standard gas is manufactured into bellows-type constant-pressure cylinders by ISO-6142 (2015). The homogeneity of the four standard gases manufactured was confirmed to be GC-FID. The manufacturer's uncertainty of expansion was 0.01 % to 0.30 % and homogeneity was 0.03 % to 0.25 %. In this mixed liquid propane standard gas, the relative expansion uncertainty of weight method, manufacturing consistency, cylinder adsorption and long-term stability was developed within 0.26 %-1.3 9% (95% of confidence level, k=2).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.520-530
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effects of music therapy on cognitive function, agitation, anxiety and depression in the elderly with dementia. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google scholar and PsycINFO, for the period 2010 to 2019. In the meta-analysis, the standardized mean difference (Hedges' g) and 95% confidence interval were calculated as summary measure, and the random effect model and inverse variance method were applied using the RevMan 5.4 program. A total of 13 studies were included; all were determined to be acceptable, based on the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Results: The effect size (Hedges' g) was 0.31 (95% CI: -0.02, 0.65) for cognition and -0.03 (95% CI: -0.17, 0.11) for agitation behavior as the primary outcomes, and 0.61 (95% CI: -1.17, -0.05) for anxiety and -0.44(95% CI: -0.88, 0.00) for depression as the secondary outcomes. Subgroup analysis by type of music intervention revealed that combined music therapy has a significantly increasing beneficial effect on cognition of dementia patients (g=0.45[95% CI: 0.03, 0.87]). Conclusion: Music therapy was determined to exert beneficial effects in reducing anxiety and depression, and combined music therapy demonstrated improved cognitive functions in elderly patients with dementia.