• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2012

Although LNG storage tanks are very delicate with chloride attack owing to its operating inshore location, specific integrity management system for chloride attack has not been studied so far. As the design warranty life time, about 25 years, has come, to prevent paying huge amount of construction cost and required resources for new alternative storage tanks and manage the life time of operating storage tanks, the basic data of chloride attack is necessary. This study intended to build up basic data for following detailed study to develop technologies for life time management of LNG storage tanks, NT Build 492 method in North Europe was used to test chloride diffusion coefficient for the newly-constructing concrete outer tank. Results of these tests lead us to the conclusion that 90 days diffusion coefficients show 46% of 28 days' due to a large quantity of fly ash mixing and much similar to estimation from concrete process table. It seems resonable to conclude that 90 days specimens are recommended estimating the chloride diffusion coefficient for LNG storage tanks to enhance the reliabilities.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.199-207
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• 2018

Experimental programs were performed to evaluate the flexural performance of fiber reinforced concrete(FRC) beams using a hybrid double-layer arrangement of steel bars and fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) bars or using FRP bars only. A total of seven beam specimens were produced with type of tensile reinforcing bar(CFRP bar, GFRP bar, steel bar) and the poly vinyl alcohol(PVA) fiber mixing ratio(0.5%, 0%) as variable. An analysis method for predicting the flexural behaviors of FRC beams with hybrid arrangement of heterogeneous reinforcing bars through finite element analysis was proposed and verified. In case of the specimens with the double-layer reinforcing bars, the test results showed that the first cracking load of specimen with a double-layer arrangement of steel bars was greater by 26-34% than specimens with a hybrid double-layer arrangement of steel and FRP bars. In maximum flexural strengths, the specimen that used CFRP bars as bottom tensile reinforcing bar showed the greatest strength among the specimens with the double-layer reinforcing bars. When the maximum moment value obtained through experiments was compared with that obtained through analysis, the ratio was 1.2 on average, the standard deviation was 0.085, and the maximum error rate was 22% or less. Based on these results, the finite element analysis model proposed in this study can effectively simulate the actual behavior of the beams with hybrid double-layer reinforcing bars.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2015

Cement composites subjected to high-velocity projectile shows local failure and it can be suppressed by improvement of flexural toughness with reinforcement of fiber. Therefore, researches on impact resistance performance of cement composites are in progress and a number of types of fiber reinforcement are being developed. Since bonding properties of fiber with matrix, specific surface area and numbers of fiber are different by fiber reinforcement type, mechanical properties of fiber reinforced cement composites and improvement of impact resistance performance need to be considered. In this study, improvement of flexural toughness and failure reduction effect by impact of high-velocity projectile have been evaluated according to fiber type by mixing steel fiber, polyamide, nylon and polyethylene which are have different shape and mechanical properties. As results, flexural toughness was improved by redistribution of stress and crack prevention with bridge effect of reinforced fibers, and scabbing by high-velocity impact was suppressed. Since it is possible to decrease scabbing limit thickness from impact energy, thickness can be thinner when it is applied to protection. Scabbing of steel fiber reinforced cement composites was occurred and it was observed that desquamation of partial fragment was suppressed by adhesion between fiber and matrix. Scabbing by high-velocity impact of synthetic fiber reinforced cement composites was decreased by microcrack, impact wave neutralization and energy dispersion with a large number of fibers.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.58-64
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• 2012

Due to the influence of global oil prices, industrial productivity, which oil consumption is high, was significantly reduced. AC type of high-strength PHC piles is being manufactured through twice the steam curing process and this have resulted in a significant rise for product's manufacturing costs. NAC way other types of file manufacturing process has the advantage of reducing manufacturing costs by a turn of the steam curing. Nevertheless, because the initial strength be poor than that of AC method, shipment is being after the curing period of approximately three days. In addition, the growth of the product enhance with curing period can not be avoided, as a result, cost of inventory is acting as the rise. Piles by the AC method is immediately shipped after curing, damaging problems does not occur when they are introduced to the field site (for example, pile on-site). In the case of NAC, however, at least after the curing period of three days and after expressing the strength of 80 MPa or more, they are shipped on the scene. Therefore, NAC type has problems as follows: (1) increase in moderate inventory holding costs with type and (2) breakage in the field due to lack of strength. In this study, for NAC-typed PHC files, mixing characteristics research for the strength development at 1 day equivalent to AC method were conducted and strength characteristics with changes of original materials were evaluated were also identified.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2021

It is very important for structure designer to understand the service life variation since a wide range of service life is evaluated with changing exposure conditions and design parameters. Recently, for zero-carbon, waste plastic has been used for fuel for clinker production and this yields increase in chloride content in cement. This study is for evaluation of changing service life in the concrete with increasing initial chloride content due to usage of plastic-SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel) considering various exposure conditions and design parameters. For this, 4 levels of initial chloride content were assumed, and the service life was assessed using LIFE 365 program considering various environmental conditions including 3 levels of surface chloride content. As for analysis parameters, critical/initial chloride content, blast furnace slag powder replacement ratio, W/B(Water to Binder) ratio, cover depth, and unit mass for binder are adopted. Service life decreases with increasing initial chloride content and a significant reduction of service life is not evaluated permitting up to 1,000ppm of initial chloride content. With increasing slag replacement ratio, a longer service life can be secured since blast furnace slag powder has the effect of reducing the diffusion of external chloride ions and fixing the free chloride. It is thought that increasing initial chloride content up to European standard is helpful for enhancing sustainability and reducing carbon emission. Though the reduction in service life due to an increase in the initial chloride content is not significant in slag-concrete with low surface chloride content, careful consideration for mixing design should be paid for the exposure environment with high surface chloride content.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.21-30
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• 2011

The recycled soil that is proceeded from demolition concrete structures was analyzed by the methods of the physical and mechanical tests of soil and TCLP test to use the soil in low landfilling for the construction of an industrial complex. The laboratory test for diffusion of alkali ion in soil mass was analyzed by the methods of XRF and ICP. The fish toxicity test was also conducted to find an environmental influence. The recycled soil through the laboratory test satisfied the engineering property for low landfilling and the criteria of soil contamination. However, the solution which producted by 1:1 ratio of recycled soil and water contained the high pH concentration by alkali ion. The calcium hydroxide solution by CSH cement paste was estimated as the main reason why pH concentration is increased more than 9.0. The high pH concentration in recycled soils causes a toxicity to the livability of fishes. A diffusion area of pH concentration in the ground was analyzed by the Visual Modflow Ver. 2009 program based on geotechnical investigation. The high pH concentration in the recycled soils can be remained as high value due to cement paste in the long term period. Therefore, in the early stage of landfilling work, the mixing with the weathered granite soil is necessary to control the pH concentration.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2021

A road structure washing vehicle equipped with a 4 HP, 80 LPM ultrafine bubble generator was used to clean a tunnel wall and the surface of the surrounding structure, consisting of concrete and tiles, in a heavy traffic area around an apartment complex in the city. Ultrafine bubbles were generated by supplying air at 2 to 3 LPM and using a specially designed nozzle, whereas fine bubbles made by an impeller in a gas-liquid mixing self-priming pump were produced with an average diameter of 165.4 nm and 6.81 × 107 particles mL-1. Using a high pressure washer gun that can perform high-pressure cleaning at 150 bar and 30 LPM, ultrafine bubbles were used to wash dust adsorbed on the surface of the road structures. The experimental analysis was divided into before and after washing. The samples were analyzed by applying ISO 8502-3 to measure surface contamination of dust adsorbed on the surface. Using the transparent tape attached to the surface, the removal rate was calculated by measuring the weight of the dust, and the number of particles was calculated using the gravimetric method and the software, ImageJ. The results of the experiment showed that the number of dust particles adsorbed on the tile wall surface before and after washing were 3,063 ± 218 particles mL-1 and 20 ± 5 particles mL-1, respectively, with weights of 580 ± 82 mg and 13 ± 4 mg. Particles on the surface of the concrete structure before and after washing were 8,105 ± 1,738 particles mL-1 and 39 ± 6 particles mL-1, respectively, with weights of 1,448 ± 190 mg and 118 ± 32 mg.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2023

Converter slag is a by-product generated by refining the pig iron produced into molten steel in the blast furnace, occupying about 15 % of the weight of steel production. It has a high free-CaO content that can generate expansion cracks when used for concrete aggregate. This is the main reason to make it difficult to recycle. To solve this problem, government guideline requires that converter slag has to be aged in an open yard for 90 days. However, aging can not be perfectly performed because it entails time and cost. In this study, we tried to investigate the applicability of converter slag as a cementitious material rather than an aggregate by mixing converter slag with mortar formulations. According to the EDS results of the converter slag in the experiment, we found that screening in the aggregate phase was more effective than that in the powder phase. When the particles separated by a magnet in the aggregate state were pulverized and used for concrete up to a 15 % replacement ratio, various engineering characteristics, such as flow, length change, and compressive strength, showed engineering characteristics similar to those of the control mix.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

This paper studies the early-aged chloride binding capacity of various blended concretes including OPC(ordinary Portland cement), PFA(pulversied fly ash), GGBFS(ground granulated blast furnace slag) and SF(silica fume) cement paste. Cement pastes with 0.4 of a free water/binder ratio were cast with chloride admixed in mixing water, which ranged from 0.1 to 3.0% by weight of cement and different replacement ratios for the PFA, GGBFS and SF were used. The content of chloride in each paste was measured using water extraction method after 7 days curing. It was found that the chloride binding capacity strongly depends on binder type, replacement ratio and total chloride content. An increase in total chloride results in a decrease in the chloride binding, because of the restriction of the binding capacity of cement matrix. For the pastes containing maximum level of PFA(30%) and GGBFS(60%) replacement in this study, the chloride binding capacity was lower than those of OPC paste, and an increase in SF resulted in decreased chloride binding, which are ascribed to a latent hydration of pozzolanic materials and a fall in the pH of the pore solution, respectively. The chloride binding capacity at 7 days shows that the order of the resistance to chloride-induced corrosion is 30%PFA > 10%SF > 60%GGBFS > OPC, when chlorides are internally intruded in concrete. In addition, it is found that the binding behaviour of all binders are well described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.108-117
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• 2013

Among the byproducts from thermal power plant using coal combustion, fly ash as mineral admixture is widely utilized in concrete manufacturing for its engineering merits. However residuals including bottom ash are usually reclaimed. This study presents an evaluation of engineering properties in cement mortar with pond ash (PA). For this work, two types of pond ash (anthracite and bituminous coal) are selected from two reclamation sites. Cement mortar specimens considering two w/c (0.385 and 0.485) ratios and three replacement ratio of sand (0%, 30%, and 60%) are prepared and their workability, mechanical, and durability performance are evaluated. Anthracite pond ash has high absorption and smooth surface so that it shows reasonable workability, strength development, and durability performance since it has dense pore structure due to smooth surface and sufficient mixing water inside. Reuse of PA is expected to be feasible since PA cement mortar has reasonable engineering performance compared with normal cement mortar.