• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.39 no.5_6
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• pp.769-783
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• 2021

Demirci ((1999) Vague groups. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 230, 142-156) introduced the concept of vague groups as one of uncertain reasoning structures where indistinguishable operators separate points. In this paper, we consider vague groups in which an indistinguishable operator does not need to separate points because it seems more appropriate to handle ambiguous situations. For our purposes we generalize or redefine some notions such as: vague closed subset, vague subgroup, vague kernel and vague injectiveness. Consequently we generalize most of the known results and obtain some new additional fundamental properties of vague groups, some of which are similar to ones of ordinary groups.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.27-31
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• 1990

To calculate the lift of a thin lifting surface like the ship-rudder, it is popular to replace the lifting surface by a series of vortices. Two methods, which are vortex lattice method and mode function method, are frequently used to distribute the vortices on the lifting surface. In this paper, the intermediate way of two mentioned calculation method is carried out to exploit the merits of them. The basic concept of this method is to divide the lifting surface with several strips in span-wise and replace vortices to the chord-wise at each strips. A horn type semi-balanced rudder is chosen for the real method, and the validity of the proposed calculation is pursued by the open water test of the same rudder. Finall, this method is applied to the calculation of the interference between the two homogenous rudders siting parallel to the free stream.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.160-171
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• 2018

This study aims to find an original form of temple flower decoration patterns, considering floral lattice pattern as a view element composing temple landscape. To that end, we analyzed and interpreted the form and symbol expressed in the floral lattice pattern at Nahanjeon of Seonghyel Temple at Yeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo. The front side of Nahanjeon windows shows a sculpture with 176 pure patterns in a form where two squares are in sequence. The basic concept of main front door (the inner gate of Nahanjeon) frames is considered the design language of lotus pond that symbolizes "square land" in traditional gardens. The four leaf clover and arrowhead are water plants discovered in areas nearby ponds, which are a realistic expression conforming to the water ecology of lotus pond. The lotus, which is the most important plant at the main front door, indicates purity, a non-stained state, and the world of the lotus sanctuary, which is the land of blissful happiness in Buddhism. The lotus expressed in the floral lattice pattern is spread in a diverse form, containing the features of creation and destruction, showing the landscape character of the "One Body of Buddha and Lotus". The expression of flying birds such as kingfishers and egrets is an ecologically aesthetic idea to infuse dynamism and vitality into a seemingly static aquatic ecosystem. The floral lattice pattern contains lotus pond scenery showing symbiosis of animals(i.e., dragons, frogs, crabs, fishes, egrets, wild geese, and kingfishers) and plants(i.e., four leaf clovers and arrowheads), which are symbols of relief faith for longevity, wealth, preciousness, and many sons. The pattern is not just an ecological aesthetic expression but a holistic harmony of ecological components such as growth and disappearance of lotus and its leaves, fitting habitats, symbiosis, and food chain.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2037-2047
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• 1991

Strength is not simply a single given value but rather is a statistical one with certain distribution functions. This is because it is affected by many unknown factors such as size, shape, stress distribution, and combined stresses. In this study, a model of loss probability is proposed in view of the fact that one of the fundamental configuration of nature is hexagonal, for example, the shapes of lattice unit, grain, and so on. The model sues the concept of loss of certain element in place of Jayatilaka-Trustrum's length and angle of cracks. Using this model, the loss probability due to each loss of certain elements is obtained. Then, the maximum principal stress is calculated by the finite element method at the centroid of the elements under the tensile load for the 4,095 models of analysis. Finally, the failure probability of the brittle materials is obtained by multiplying the loss probability by the ratio of the maximum principal stress to theoretical tensile strength. Comparison of the result of the Jayatilaka-Trustrum's model and the proposed model shows that the failure probabilities by the two methods are in good agreement. Further, it is shown that the parametric relationship of semi-crack lengths for various degrees of birittleness can be determined. Therefore, the analysis of the failure probability suing the proposed model is shown to be promising as a new method for the study of the failure probability of birttle materials.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.61-67
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• 2014

Since the most of the existing non-Newtonian models are not adequate to apply to the lattmce Boltzmann method, it is a challenging task from both the theoretical and the numerical points of view. In this research the hydro-kinetic model was modified and applied to the 3-D moving sphere in the circular channel flow and the characteristics of the shear thinning effect by the HK-model was evaluated and the condition of ${\Gamma}$ in the model was suggested for the stable simulation to generate non-trivial prediction in three dimension strong shear flows. On the wall boundaries of circular channel the curved wall surface treatment with constant velocity condition was applied and the bounceback condition was applied on the sphere wall to simulate the relative motion of the sphere. The condition is adequate at the less blockage than 0.7 but It may need to apply a multi-scale concept of grid refinement at the narrow flow region. to obtain the stable numerical results.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.521-524
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• 2009

This study describes aerodynamic noise of high speed wind turbine system, which is invented as a new concept in order to reduce the torque of main shaft, for design parameters of the rotor blade. For parametric study of high speed rotor aerodynamic noise, Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method with Nonlinear Vortex Correction Method is used for analysis of wind turbine blade aerodynamic and Farassat1A and Semi-Empirical are used for low frequency noise and airfoil self noise. Parameters are chord length, twist and rotational speed for this parametric research. In the low frequency range, the change of noise is predicted the same level as each parameters varies. However, in case of broadband noise of blade, the change of rotational speed makes more variation of noise than other parameters. When the geometric angles of attack are fixed, as the rotational speed is increased by 5RPM, the noise level is increased by 4dB.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.686-686
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• 2009

가스하이드레이트는 수소결합을 하는 물분자의 고체상 격자(Lattice)내에 포집되어 들어가는 기체분자로 구성된 결정화합물로서 외형적인 형태는 얼음과 거의 유사하다. 천연가스 하이드레이트 기술의 최대장점으로는 액화천연가스(LNG)는 초저온인 $-162^{\circ}C$의 저장조건이 필요하지만 천연가스하이드레이트(NGH)기술은 비교적 온화한 조건인 $-15^{\circ}C$에서 천연가스를 고체상태로 저장/이용할 수 있다는 것이다. 천연가스를 $-162^{\circ}C$에서 액화시킨 LNG상태로 생산, 수송, 저장하는 경우보다 고체상태인 NGH(Natural Gas Hydrate)로 만들어서 생산, 수송, 저장할 경우 천연가스의 생산, 수송, 저장, 재가스화 등의 일련의 공정과 비교해볼 때 LNG방법보다 약 24%이상의 경비를 절감을 할 수 있다고 보고되어지고 있다. 따라서, 천연가스의 수송 및 저장기술에서의 탁월한 경제성으로 인해 선진국에서는 가스하이드레이트에 대한 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히 일본은 5Ton/Day용량의 NGH 생산플랜트를 건설하여 시운전 중에 있다. NGH기술의 주요 활용분야는 대용량의 가스매장량을 요구하여 LNG공정기술을 적용할 수 없는 중소형가스전 또는 한계가스전에 경제적으로 적용하는 해양수송분야와 천연가스 공급망이 갖춰져 있지 못한 지역에 NGH Pellet형태로 수송/재기화하여 활용하는 내륙운송이 분야가 있다. 국내에서는 지식경제부 국책과제인 ETI(Energy Technology Innovation)사업을 시작으로 국가경쟁력 제고 차원에서 이러한 기술의 기반구촉 및 실증화 사업이 진행되고 있다. 주요 내용으로는 NGH Process Flow, Overall NGH Process concept diagram, NGH Carrier outline, NGH Land Transportation chain 등이 포함되어 있다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.443-458
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• 2005

Steel angles are widely used in roof trusses as web and chord members and in lattice towers. Very often angle members are connected eccentrically. As a result, not only an angle member is under an axial force, but it is also subject to a pair of end eccentric moments. Moreover, the connection at each end provides some fixity so neither pinned nor the fixed end represents the reality. Many national design codes allow for the effects due to eccentricities by modifying the slenderness ratio and reducing the compressive strength of the member. However, in practice, it is difficult to determine accurately the effective length. The concept behind this method is inconsistent with strength design of members of other cross-sectional types such as I or box sections of which the buckling strength is controlled by the Perry constant or the initial imperfection parameters. This paper proposes a method for design of angle frames and trusses by the second-order analysis. The equivalent initial imperfection-to-length ratios for equal and unequal angles to compensate the negligence of initial curvatures, load eccentricities and residual stresses are determined in this paper. From the obtained results, the values of imperfection-to-length ratios are suggested for design and analysis of angle steel trusses allowing for member buckling strength based on the Perry-Robertson formula.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2016

This paper describes a smart structural system, which uses smart materials for real-time monitoring and active control of bolted-joints in steel structures. The goal of this research is to reduce the possibility of failure and the cost of maintenance of steel structures such as bridges, electricity pylons, steel lattice towers and so on. The concept of the smart structural system combines impedance based health monitoring techniques with a shape memory alloy (SMA) washer to restore the tension of the loosened bolt. The impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques were used to detect loosened bolts in bolted-joints. By comparing electrical impedance signatures measured from a potentially damage structure with baseline data obtained from the pristine structure, the bolt loosening damage could be detected. An outlier analysis, using generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, providing optimal decision boundaries, has been carried out for more systematic damage detection. Once the loosening damage was detected in the bolted joint, the external heater, which was bonded to the SMA washer, actuated the washer. Then, the heated SMA washer expanded axially and adjusted the bolt tension to restore the lost torque. Additionally, temperature variation due to the heater was compensated by applying the effective frequency shift (EFS) algorithm to improve the performance of the diagnostic results. An experimental study was conducted by integrating the piezoelectric material based structural health monitoring and the SMA-based active control function on a bolted joint, after which the performance of the smart 'self-monitoring and self-healing bolted joint system' was demonstrated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-126
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• 2008

In this paper, a new reactor core design is proposed on the basis of a mixed core concept consisting of a thermal zone and a fast zone. The geometric structure of the fuel assembly of the thermal zone is similar to that of a conventional thermal supercritical water-cooled reactor(SCWR) core with two fuel pin rows between the moderator channels. In spite of the counter-current flow mode, the co-current flow mode is used to simplify the design of the reactor core and the fuel assembly. The water temperature at the exit of the thermal zone is much lower than the water temperature at the outlet of the pressure vessel. This lower temperature reduces the maximum cladding temperature of the thermal zone. Furthermore, due to the high velocity of the fast zone, a wider lattice can be used in the fuel assembly and the nonuniformity of the local heat transfer can be minimized. This mixed core, which combines the merits of some existing thermal SCWR cores and fast SCWR cores, is proposed for further detailed analysis.