• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.855-860
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• 2005

This study was designed to test the effects of changes in energy and protein intake levels on the maternal milk amino acid concentrations over the short-term in lactating mares. Three lactating mares were enrolled for the study 7 weeks after parturition. A low-energy and low-protein diet (LEP) was administered during the first week of the study, followed by administration of a high-energy and high-protein diet (HEP), again for a week (day 1 to day 7), and milk was sampled thrice daily at intervals of 8 h during the study period. The mean amino acid concentrations in the maternal milk, except for those of proline, serine and valine, were significantly higher in the HEP feeding period than during the LEP feeding period (p<0.05). The sum of the concentrations of all the amino acids (TAA) in the maternal milk samples during the HEP and LEP feeding periods was 1,644.9${\pm}$26.9 and 1,542.3${\pm}$36.0 mg/100 g, respectively, the difference between the two was not significant. When the ratio of each amino acid concentration to the TAA in the maternal milk was analyzed, there were significant differences between the HEP and LEP feeding periods for all amino acids, except glycine, serine, alanine and histidine. It was found that the concentrations of glutamic acid+glutamine, serine, threonine, arginine and valine were significantly higher (p<0.05) on day 1 than on day 7 during the LEP feeding period, and there were no such differences during the HEP feeding period. In regard to the effects of changes in the energy and protein intake levels in lactating mares, no changes in milk amino acid concentrations were found following administration of HEP for a week, whereas 7 days of administration of LEP was associated with a decrease in the amino acid concentrations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.724-735
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• 2010

Purpose: In this study a cognitive enhancement group training program of 10 sessions was provided for communitydwelling elders and the effects on cognitive function, depression and quality of life were tested. Methods: A quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post design was used. The participants were 87 elders whose cognitive function was within the normal range. Of these elders, 45 were assigned to the experimental group and 42 to the control group. The intervention was conducted once a week for 10 weeks. Chi-square test, t-test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the data. Results: After the program, the cognitive function (t=-2.85, p=.006), depression (z=2.82, p=.005) and quality of life (t=2.79, p=.007) of the experimental group was significantly better than those of the control group. Especially, immediate recall (z=2.45, p=.014) and concentration (z=2.58, p=.010) in the subcategory of cognitive function were significantly better than that of the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the cognitive enhancement group training program was effective in enhancing the cognitive function, depression and quality of life for elders and could therefore be considered as a positive program for emotional and cognitive support for community-dwelling elders.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.65-70
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• 2010

Purpose: Exercise has been shown to be a simple and economical therapeutic modality that may be considered as an effective aid for diabetic mellitus. For example, exercise training increases insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. But we found no reported of how exercise affect type 1 diabetes. This study investigated the impact of aerobic and graduated treadmill exercise regimens on body weight, glucose and insulin concentrations, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress indicators in rats with streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. Glycosylated hemoglobin ($HbA_{1c}$) was determined as an indicator of glucose control during exercise. Methods: In our study, a total of 40 rats were used. Three groups of 10 rats each were given STZ to induce diabetes. The remaining 10 rats became the normal group. After 28 days we determined biochemical parameters such as glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin ($HbA_{1c}$), insulin concentration, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were also measured. Results: Concentrations of blood glucose and $HbA_{1c}$ in the moderated exercise groups were significantly decreased after 28 days compared with the control group (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction in serum TC and TG in the experimental groups. The activity of SOD increased significantly by 17.70% and 48.25% respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that physical training and exercise training affects body weight, fasting blood glucose, $HbA_{1c}$, insulin, lipid profiles, and antioxidant status in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. We suggest that graduated treadmill exercise may have therapeutic, preventative, and protective effects against diabetes mellitusby improving glycemic control, oxidant defenses, and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-62
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• 2009

Bodyguards always perform their duty with psychological burdens in their mind, not only because security situations are developed in various forms dependent on the surrounding environments or circumstances, but because bodyguards only take follow-up actions while the criminal decides time, place, and style of every attack. Thus, in the security situation, it is not uncommon for bodyguards to experience muscle rigidity, uncontrollable emotional elevation, difficulty in concentration, negative perception, frustration and enervation, which are caused by continuous physical/mental burdens, stimulations by various interpersonal behaviors or minute environmental stimulants. In conclusion, the result of performing security duties is related in the first place with the degree of the bodyguard's potential, in the second place with the degree of training and efficiency. And the result can also be changed by the way they control their negative psychological state of the moment when they carry out the skills they acquired. Maximizing the performance of the bodyguards by helping them overcome these psychological factors may be facilitated by detecting their psychological factors, understanding the causes, and training them in applying appropriate measures for overcoming these factors. When these measures are applied, the positive perception is indispensable that duties of protecting clients can be carried out successfully. No single measure can be declared to be more effective than the other because the effect of each measure is expressed differently by the individual characteristics of the bodyguards. However, it is important to select and apply the measures most appropriate to the bodyguard. Besides, they should devote themselves to the training with persistence because efficient implement of the measures for overcoming psychological factors takes a lot of time.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.864-872
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• 2021

Objective : The aim of our study is to investigate the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of newly synthesized boron compounds in U87MG glioblastoma cell treatment. Methods : We synthesized boron glycine monoester (BGM) and boron glycine diester (BGD) structures containing boron atoms and determined their cytotoxic activities on glioblastoma by the MTT method. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) value was calculated with GraphPad Prism 5.0 program. The IC₅₀ values were administered 48 hours on U87MG glioblastoma cell. Catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH), and total protein levels were detected using spectrophotometric methods. We determined the antimicrobial activities of BGM and BGD with the disc diffusion method. Results : After 48 hours of BGM and BGD application to U87MG glioblastoma cells, we found the IC₅₀ value as 6.6 mM and 26 mM, respectively. CAT and ACP enzyme activities were decreased in BGM and BGD groups. MDA which is a metabolite of lipid peroxidation was increased in both boron compounds groups. GSH level was reduced especially in BGD group. BGM and BGD have been found to be antimicrobial effects. Conclusion : Boron compounds, especially the BGM, can provide a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of glioblastoma with their anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.42-55
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• 2021

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of marine phytoplankton supplementation (Oceanix®, Tetraselmis chuii) on 1) maximal isometric strength and immune function in healthy humans following a oneweek high-intensity resistance-training program and 2) the proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise in a rat model. [Methods] In the human trial, 22 healthy male and female participants were randomly divided into marine phytoplankton and placebo groups. Following baseline testing, participants underwent a 14-day supplement loading phase before completing five consecutive days of intense resistance training. In the rat model, rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 per condition): (i) control, (ii) exercise, (iii) exercise + marine phytoplankton (2.55 mg/kg/day), or (iv) exercise + marine phytoplankton (5.1 mg/kg/day). Rats in the exercising groups performed treadmill exercise 5 days per week for 6 weeks. [Results] In the human model, marine phytoplankton prevented significant declines in the isometric peak rate of force development compared to placebo. Additionally, salivary immunoglobulin A concentration was significantly lower following the resistance training protocol in the placebo group but not in the marine phytoplankton group. Marine phytoplankton in exercising rats decreased intramuscular levels and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and intramuscular concentrations of malondialdehyde. [Conclusion] Marine phytoplankton prevented decrements in indices of functional exercise recovery and immune function. Mechanistically, these outcomes could be prompted by modulating the oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine response to exercise.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.1 s.128
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• pp.57-63
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of dried orange peel compound intaking and exercise training on the physique, body fat, and concentration bloodlipid in obese women. Ninety-seven volunteers(mean age 21.47 ${\pm}$ 1.47 yrs), all over 30% of body fat, agreed to Participate and were placed in 4 groups: dried orange peel compound intaking and exercise group(n=25), only exercise group(n=25), only dried orange peel compound intaking group(n=24), and control group(n=20). The subjects who joined this project were asked to take dried orange peel compound(2 times/day, 30 ml/time) or participate in exercise program(3 times/week, 70 min/day), depending on particular group for 12 weeks. They were tested on their height, weight, circumference of chest, abdomen, hip, and thigh, body fat%, total-cholesterol(TC), HDL-C, LDL-c, and triglyceride(TG) at the beginning and the end of the 12-weeks program. For data analysis, paired t-tests and ANCOVAs were used. The intaking of dried orange peel compound was influenced on weight, circumference of chest, abdomen, hip, and thigh, body fat%, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG. The exercise participation had almost same effects on those dependent variables. Furthermore, the dried orange peel compound intaking along with exercise training was the most effective on those dependent variables among them. Therefore, these results indicate that dried orange peel compound intaking, like exercise, may be useful for controling weight, body fat, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.210-219
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of red ginseng on the performance of aerobics anaerobics exercise and peripheral central fatigue. For this purpose, we measured $\dot{V}O_2max$, $\dot{V}O_2$ at recovery, anaerobic power, blood lactate, Branched-Chain Amino Acid(BCAA) etc in thirty male subjects. They were divided into three group; EGG: endurance training + red ginseng supplementation group(n=7), EPG: endurance training + placebo supplementation group(n=7), GG: only red ginseng supplementation group(n=10). 6 subjects were excepted because they were intermediate test absence(test at four week : EGG=1, EPG=2; test at eight week : EGG=1). EGG and GG took red ginseng twice a day for total 8weeks. Moreover, EGG and EPG were exercised during 45 minutes, three times a week for 12 weeks. The result of this study are shown as follow: In case of $\dot{V}O_2max$, %$\dot{V}O_2$/$\dot{V}O_2max$ and plasma BCAA concentration, no statistically significant change were found among three groups. But, it was showed that three groups tended to increased slightly in $\dot{V}O_2max$, % $\dot{V}O_2$/$\dot{V}O_2max$ and plasma BCAA concentration. For conclusion, the present data provide a new evidence that ingestion of ergogenic aids contained with red ginseng may improve aerobic exercise performance and central fatigue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2010

This study was performed to find out the inhibitory effect of Rhus Verniciflua extract on lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines during endurance exercise training for 8 weeks in rats. For this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; sedentary (SED), exercise training (TRA), RVS extract ingestion (RVE), and RVS extract ingestion and exercise training (RVE-TRA). TRA and RVE-TRA were trained on treadmill with increasing speed gradually and administered 10 mL/kg/d of Rhus Verniciflua extract orally to RVE and RVE-TRA. In order to analyze antioxidant function, blood SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), and MDA (malondialdehyde) were examined. And, analysis of inflammatory cytokines were examined using IL-6 (interleukin-6), TNF-${\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), CRP (C-reactive protein), and NO (nitric oxide). SOD in TRA was significantly higher than SED and RVE (p<0.05), and RVE-TRA was highest among the groups (p<0.05). The MDA content of TRA, RVE and RVE-TRA were significantly lower than SED. GSH-Px activity of SED was significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ content of RVE and RVE-TRA were significantly lower than SED and TRA (p<0.05). CRP concentration of SED was the lowest among groups (p<0.05). Finally, NO concentration of SED and TRA were higher than RVE and RVE-TRA (p<0.05). These results suggested that it is efficient for rats to reduce lipid peroxidation and induce anti-inflammatory by taking RVS extract during exercise training. Afterwards, if studies on the properties of RVS extract can be made with various ways, use of Rhus Verniciflua trees might be made widely which are growing naturally in mountains in Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1436-1444
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• 2013

To improve the functionality of black garlic drinks, black garlic extract (5%) and five herb extracts (1%) were mixed in 70:30 (v/v) ratios as BHF1, and BHF2 was prepared using a 3X concentration of BHF1. After the black garlic and herb formulas (BHFs) were administered over the course of five weeks in rats by interval running training, the lipid profiles and the antioxidant enzyme activities were tested. The total phenolic content of the BHFs were significantly higher in BHF2 than they were in BHF1, and their antioxidant activities were dependent upon the total phenolic content. No significant difference was found in the total serum protein levels among the rats in the Ex-con group by interval running training and the rats in the BHFs-fed groups. However, the albumin level was significantly higher in the Ex-BHF2 to Ex-con group. AST and ALT activities significantly decreased in the BHFs-fed groups compared to the Ex-con group. In terms of changes in the serum lipid profiles, no significant difference was found between the specimens that underwent interval running training and those that did not undergo interval running training. Triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HTR levels in the serum were significantly decreased in the Ex-BHF2 to Ex-con group. No significant difference was found in the total lipid levels in the livers of the BHFs-fed groups and the Ex-con group. The triglyceride levels and total cholesterol levels in the Ex-BHF2 group were significantly lower compared to another group. Hepatic catalase activity was significantly increased in the Ex-BHF2 group, but SOD and GSH-px activities were significantly increased as the concentration of the BHF. The antioxidant enzyme activities by supplementation of BHFs increased; thus, three intakes of BHF each day could improve antioxidant status against different types of oxidative stress.