• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1696-1700
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different feeding levels of concentrate (85, 100 and 115%) and age (15, 18 and 24 month) on fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activities in the 4 locations of adipose tissues (intermuscular, ITER; intramuscular, ITRA; kidney, KIDN and subcutaneous, SUBC) of 36 Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) steers. Steers of 100% feeding group were fed the amount of concentrate to meet the daily nutrient requirements, and the steers of second and third groups were fed concentrates at the levels of 85% and 115% of that of control group, respectively, up to 18 month of age. Thereafter, the steers were fed ad libitum up to 24 month of age. Feeding level of concentrates tended to affect the FAS activity of various adipose tissues in Hanwoo steers of each age. The FAS activity of ITER adipose tissue had the decreasing trend as the age of steers advanced while those of ITRA and SUBC adipose tissues had the slightly increasing tendency with age. The FAS activity based on the pooled data increased with the feeding level of concentrates (115%) in which the activities from all 4 adipose depots were higher than those with the lowest (85%) feeding level. Similar trend was observed from the pooled data of feeding level of concentrates by age of steers in which the FAS activities for all 3 ages were increased with feeding levels of concentrates. But the response in the FAS activity to the feeding level varied with age.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2010

본 연구는 말의 다양한 사양체계가 분 젖산 생산 박테리아 및 pH 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험 1에서는 농후사료 체중 2% 또는 건초(오챠드그라스) 2%를 30일 동안 급여한 후 분 중 Lactobacillus와 Streptococcus 균 수를 측정했다. 시험 2에서는 사양형태 또는 사료급여 수준에 따른 분 중 pH 변화를 측정했다. 시험 3에서는 알팔파 건초 급여 수준에 의한 분 pH 변화를 측정했다. 고－농후사료의 급여는 분 중 젖산 생산 박테리아인 lactobacillus와 streptococcus의 균 수를 크게 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 농후사료의 급여량을 증가시킴에 따라 분 pH는 유의적으로 감소했다(P<0.01). 알팔파 건초 단독 급여에서는 분 pH가 저하되지 않았으나, 알팔파 건초+농후사료 사양형태에서는 분 pH가 감소되었다(P<0.01). 본 연구 결과, 말에게 농후사료의 다량급여는 장내 젖산생산 박테리아의 활성을 증가시키며, 농후사료 급여량이 증가함에 따라 분 pH를 저하시키고 있음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 말에게 적절한 조사료/농후사료 비율을 유지하고 급여량을 조절하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 분 pH 측정으로 인해 대장 내 상태를 가늠할 수 있고, 분 pH 값을 이용해 사양관리의 지표로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.719-726
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• 2002

본 연구는 Thoroughbred 육성마에서 계절별 사양체계에 따른 혈청 비타민 E, 미량광물질 수준 및 혈액 화학치의 변화를 측정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 사사기간(이른 봄) 동안 50두의 육성마(암, 11${\sim}$14개월령)에게 농후사료(체중의 1.4%), 오챠드그라스 건초(0.62%)와 알팔파 건초(0.37%)를 급여하였다. 방목기간 동안 봄부터 초여름까지는 농후사료를 체중의 1.1% 보충급여 하였고 이 후 가을철 방목종료까지는 농후사료 1.1%와 알팔파 건초 0.5%를 급여하였다. 혈액을 이른 봄(사사기), 이른 여름 및 늦가을 (방목기) 3회에 걸쳐 채취하였다. 방목사양은 혈청 비타민 E, 혈중 요소(BUN), GOT, GTP, T-bilirubin 및 D-bilirubin 함량을 증가 시켰다 (P<0.01). 혈청 Fe 및 Zn 함량은 가을 방목사양에서가 다른 사양체계에서 보다 높게 (P<0.01) 나타났다. Cu는 방목기간에 비해 사사기간 동안에 높았다(P<0.01). 혈중 glucose 및 creatinine 함량은 방목기간에 비해 사사기간에 높게 (P< 0.01) 나타났다. 본 연구결과 말 혈청 비타민 E 및 미량광물질 함량과 각종 혈액 화학치는 사양체계 및 급여사료에 큰 차이가 있음을 보여 주었다. 따라서 비타민이나 미량광물질의 추가 공급은 계절별 사양체계 또는 급여되고 있는 사료내 함량 및 이용성 등을 고려하여 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to examine the effects of urea-treated rice straw feeding on the growth performance of crossbred Holstein heifers under different feeding conditions. In the first experiment, the animals were given diets having 2 levels of TDN and CP and 3 levels of crude fiber (22, 30 and 36%) which were formulated with urea-treated rice straw and concentrates. Daily weight gain of heifers was not different between 22% and 30% CF diets, but the reduction of TDN or CP level to 90% of the requirements decreased the weight gain. Fiber content of 36% also reduced the body weight gain. The reduction of TDN significantly reduced DM intake and increased feed conversion ratio. Feed cost per kg weight gain was significantly increased by an increase in CF to 36%. In the second experiment, separate feeding and total mixing feeding were compared. There were no significant differences between the two feeding systems in body weight gain although the possibility of superiority in SF to TMF remained. DM intake was not affected by the feeding system, but 30% CF diet gave higher DM intake. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lower in the 30% CF diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.222-226
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• 2003

The effects of dietary sources of C18:2 n-6 or C18:3 n-3 fatty acids on the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and time-dependent changes of free fatty acid fractions in rumen contents were investigated. Sheep (n=4) fitted with rumen fistula were used in a 44 Latin square design wxith each 14 d period. Sheep were fed one of four diets consisting of grass hay and concentrates in a ratio of 70:30. Dietary treatments were 100% concentrates (served as the control), and concentrates were replaced by safflower seed at 30% (SFS), safflower meal at 18% - safflower oil at 12% (SFO), and safflower meal at 18%-linseed oil at 12% (LNO). At the end of each experimental period, rumen contents from each sheep were collected before feeding and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after feeding. The levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction were considerably increased in all treated groups relative to the control, but not significantly. The increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA was slightly higher in SFS and SFO groups than group fed diet containing linseed oil. The level of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction was reached to the maximum value at 1hr after feeding and, thereafter gradually decreased to near the value before feeding. The generation of trans-11 C18:1 was significantly higher in all treated groups than that of control. The level of trans-11 C18:1 was linearly increased after feeding of experimental diets, reaching the maximum value at 3 h. Feeding of diets containing polyunsaturated fats to sheep resulted in a marked increase in the levels of trans-11 C18:1 and a slight increase of CLA in free fatty acid fraction of rumen contents. Our results support that endogenous synthesis of CLA from trans-11 C18:1 may be involved the primary source of CLA in dairy product. (Asian-Aust.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.509-514
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• 1993

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different fiber levels on milk production of crossbred Holstein milking cows fed urea-treated rice straw (UTS) as a roughage. Eight cows were allotted into 2 squares of 4 cows each with 4 treatments by a balanced design. The treatments were 17%, 22%, and 24% crude fiber (CF) diets and Thai feeding system (free choice of roughage and 1 kg of concentrates/2 kg of milk) as a control. Body weight change was not significantly different among the treatments during the experiment. Milk production (4% FCM) and milk protein content wee not different among the treatments, but milk fat content was low in the 17% CF group and high in the control group. Cows fed the 17% CF diet consumed less UTS and more concentrates than the others, and consequently total DM intake was not different among the treatments. The feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the control. Feed cost per kg milk was lowest in the control and highest in the 17% CF diet. The fiber content of the diet would be more than 17%, preferably 22-24% for normally producing Thai crossbred Holstein cows when the UTS was fed as a main roughage source.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.747-756
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• 2002

한우 거세우에게 육성기, 비육전기와 비육후기별로 조사료의 급여수준을 달리하여(35${\sim}$11%, 44${\sim}$12%, 53${\sim}$13%) 비육하였을 때 이들 급여수준이 증체량 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 농후사료와 조사료의 적정 급여수준을 규명하고저 본 시험을 수행하였다. 한우 거세우의 농후사료 섭취량은 체중 450 kg까지는 체중의 1.8%${\sim}$1.9% 수준까지 서서히 증가하다가 450kg 이후부터는 감소하였고 조사료 섭취량은 체중 300kg 까지는 체중의 1.04${\sim}$1.44% 수준까지 증가하다가 300kg 이후부터는 감소하였다. 근내지방도 및 육질등급은 육성기때 조사료 44% 급여구가 다른 급여구에 비하여 높게 나타는 경향이었고 등지방두께는 얇았다. 그러므로 한우 거세우 비육시 조사료 급여수준은 육성기때 44% 수준으로 급여하는 것이 35%나 53% 수준으로 급여하는 것보다 바람직하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2018

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of different levels of protein concentrate supplementation on the growth performance of yak calves, and correlated the growth rate to changes occurring in the plasma- amino acids, -insulin profile, and signaling activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade to characterize the mechanism through which the protein synthesis can be improved in early weaned yaks. Methods: For this study, 48 early (3 months old) weaned yak calves were selected, and assigned into four dietary treatments according to randomized complete block design. The four blocks were balanced for body weight and sex. The yaks were either grazed on natural pasture (control diet) in a single herd or the grazing yaks was supplemented with one of the three protein rich supplements containing low (17%; LP), medium (19%; MP), or high (21%; HP) levels of crude proteins for a period of 30 days. Results: Results showed that the average daily gain of calves increased (0.14 vs 0.23-0.26 kg; p<0.05) with protein concentrates supplementation. The concentration of plasma methionine increased (p<0.05; 8.6 vs $10.1-12.4{\mu}mol/L$), while those of serine and tyrosine did not change (p>0.05) when the grazing calves were supplemented with protein concentrates. Compared to control diet, the insulin level of calves increased (p<0.05; 1.86 vs $2.16-2.54{\mu}IU/mL$) with supplementation of protein concentrates. Addition of protein concentrates up-regulated (p<0.05) expression of mTOR-raptor, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting 34 homolog, the translational regulators eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, and S6 kinase 1 genes in both Longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus. In contrast, the expression of sequestosome 1 was down-regulated in the concentrate supplemented calves. Conclusion: Our results show that protein supplementation improves the growth performance of early weaned yak calves, and that plasma methionine and insulin concentrations were the key mediator for gene expression and protein deposition in the muscles.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

가을철에 태어난 한우 암송아지 36두를 방목전 . 후의 농후사료 급여수준에 따라 4개 처리(T1: 체중의 0.5%, T2: 체중의 1.0%, T3: 체중의 1.5%, T4 : 체중의 2.0%)를 두어 방목기 195일을 포함한 426일간 사양 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 전기간의 일당증체량은 T4, T3, T2 및 T1이 각각 0.501, 0.450, 0.403 및 0.348kg으로 방목전 . 후 사사기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았으며, 방목기의 일당증체량은 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 체중의 1.0%일 때가 가장 높았다. 2) 공시기간 동안 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 8.50${\sim}$8.70kg(평균 8.61kg)이었고, T3, T4, T1, 및 T2의 순으로 사료이용성이 높았으며, 방목기간의 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 7.99${\sim}$10.96kg(평균 9.22kg)으로 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았다. 그리고 전기간동안 농후사료에 대한 조사료 비율은 49.6${\sim}$68.2%(평균 58.5%)이었다. 3) 체중 225kg에 도달되는 시기는 14.1${\sim}$16.1개월령(평균 15.1개월령), 그리고 체중 250kg에 도달되는 시기는 16.4${\sim}$19.0개월령(평균 17.6개월령)으로 사사기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중 대비 0.5% 증가함에 따라 초임시기가 약 0.9개월씩 단축되었다. 첫 종부는 평균 19.5개월령, 272.2kg에 실시되었고 임신율은 52.8%였지만, 사사기 농후사료 급여수준이 1.5% 이상일 때는 임신율이 66.6%로 증가하였다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 가을에 태어난 한우 암송아지를 축사에서 볏짚 위주로 사육할 때의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.8% 그리고 개량초지에서 방목사육 할 때에는 체중의 1.5%가 적정수준인 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2011

A feeding trial was conducted to study the replacement value of concentrates with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) leaves on growth performance of kids fed a mixed jungle grass-based diet. Fifteen Sikkim local kids, about 4 months of age and body weight ranging from 5.8 to 9.2 kg, were randomly distributed into three groups of five. Kids were stall fed ad lib with mixed jungle grass collected from the nearby forest and native scrubland. The kids in group I received supplementary concentrate (Maize 35%, mustard cake 32%, rice bran 30%, mineral mixture 2% and common salt 1%) at approximately 2% of BW. For groups II and III, 25 and 50% of the concentrate was replaced with Barhar (Artocarpus lakocha) leaves, respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different among groups. Digestibility of CP decreased (p<0.05) and that of NDF increased (p<0.01) with increasing level of Barhar leaves in the diet. Digestibility of ADF (p<0.01), hemi cellulose (p<0.05) and cellulose (p<0.01) was higher in groups II and III than in group I. Ruminal pH and TVFA concentration were not significantly different among groups. Rumen ammonia-N concentration decreased (p<0.01) with increased level of Barhar leaves in the diet. Similarly, plasma urea nitrogen and blood glucose levels were reduced (p<0.05) with increasing level of Barhar leaves in the diet. Replacement of concentrate with Barhar resulted in reduced Hb and lower serum iron concentration. Levels of other serum metabolites including minerals were not altered by the replacement. Average daily gain (ADG) was 53.3, 54.4 and 41.8 g/d in groups I, II and III, respectively. ADG was not adversely affected when the level of replacement was restricted to 25%. However, at 50% of replacement ADG was significantly lower than the control (p<0.05). Thus, it was concluded that Barhar leaves might replace 25% of the supplemental concentrate for growing Sikkim local kids fed on a mixed jungle grass-based diet.