• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 1995

'Ihis experiment was canied out to investigate the feed intake, chewing activities and ruminal characteristics by change in roughage intake and concentrate feeding amount with 15 Holstein cows. 1. DM intake of cow fed rice straw, corn silage and grass hay was 4.97, 5.47 and 5.60% of metabolic weight, respectively, and that by kg increase of concentrate was decreased by 0.330, 0.294 and 0.461 kg, respectively. 2. RVI of rice straw, com silage and grass hay was 98.3, 93.7 and 87.1 respectively, and correlations between RVIfl) and concentrate level@) were the following; $Y_1$(rice straw) = 99.4543 - 5.9759X + 0.0230$X^2$ This experiment was carried out to investigate the feed intake, chewing activities and ruminal characteristics by change in roughage intake and concentrate feeding amount with 15 Holstein cows. 1. DM intake of cow fed rice straw, corn silage and grass hay was 4.97, 5.47 and 5.60% of metabolic weight, respectively, and that by kg increase of concentrate was decreased by 0.330, 0.294 and 0.461 kg, respectively. 2. RVI of rice straw, com silage and grass hay was 98.3, 93.7 and 87.1 respectively, and correlations between RVI(Y) and concentrate level(X) were the following; $Y_1$(rice straw) = 99.4543 - 5.9759X + 0.0230$X^2$ $Y_2$(com silage) = 88.7601 - 2.9000X - 0.2111$X^2$ $Y_3$(grass hay) = 95.1515 - 6.3096X + 0.0873$X^2$ 3. Average ruminal pH in rice straw feeding group was the highest and correlations between ruminal pH(Y) and concentrate level(X) were the following; $Y_1$ = 7.0920 - 0.0309X - 0.0023$X^2$ $Y_2$ = 6.5000 - 0.0516X + 0.0002$X^2$ $Y_3$= 6.7666 - 0.0072X - 0.0044$X^2$ 4. Average ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration in forage hay feeding group was the highest and correlations between ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration(Y) and concentrate level(X) were the following. $Y_1$ = 3.3777 - 0.0587X + 0.0682$X^2$ $Y_2$ = 4.2765 + 0.5921X + 0.0181$X^2$ $Y_3$= 5.3634 - 0.4203X + 0.0223$X^2$ 5. Ruminal VFA wncentmtion in corn silage feeding group was the highest.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1181-1188
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate protein expression patterns of liver in response to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) induced by high-concentrate diet. Sixteen healthy mid-lactating goats were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed either a high-forage (HF) diet or a high-concentrate (HC) diet. The HC diet was expected to induce SARA. After ensuring the occurrence of SARA, liver samples were collected. Proteome analysis with differential in gel electrophoresis technology revealed that, 15 proteins were significantly modulated in liver in a comparison between HF and HC-fed goats. These proteins were found mainly associated with metabolism and energy transfer after identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight. The results indicated that glucose, lipid and protein catabolism could be enhanced when SARA occurred. It prompted that glucose, lipid and amine acid in the liver mainly participated in oxidation and energy supply when SARA occurred, which possibly consumed more precursors involved in milk protein and milk fat synthesis. These results suggest new candidate proteins that may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate liver adaptation to SARA.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2017

A total of nine Korean indigenous goats were used in a cross-over arrangement to give nine replicates per treatment, and they were housed individually assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments. Nine treatments were 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of quercetin supplementation in diets by mixing roughage and concentrate with different ratios (RC ratio) of 3:7 (RC 30), 5:5 (RC 50) and 7:3 (RC 70). Nutrient utilizations of dry matter, crude fat and NDF were not affected by neither RC ratio nor dietary quercetin (p>0.05), but the rate of crude protein and ADF increased in animals in RC 70 group regardless of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05). In addition, higher RC ratio increased (p<0.05) N retention and N retention rate. Total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid contents were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary quercetin. Meanwhile, lower total cholesterol level exhibited in animals in RC 70 group compared to RC 30 or 50 groups, unrelated to dietary quercetin (p<0.05), however other plasma parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by RC ratio and dietary quercetin. Our results indicated that both RC ratio and dietary quercetin may not directly affect the production indices and immune responses in Korean indigenous goat.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2003

One of the major obstructing factors against managing dairy farm in Korea has been a shortage of roughage supply. The shortage of roughage caused excessive use of concentrate feed increase of production cost and deterioration of cattle quality. In order to solve this problem for the dairy farm, use of fallow paddy field in the winter was feasible to produce barley and rye forage during the winter season after harvesting of in. And many desirable effects of raising cattle productivity, saving dollars for importing feeds and providing huge ground for manure spreading are expected by enlarged local roughage production. Through analysing the forage producing process, a mechanized operation model was developed for dairy farms in Korea. Its model consists of seeding models(till, no-till model) and harvesting models(wrap silage, traditional silage, hay model). Currently, the government policies are being executed to urge producing winter cereal wrap silage in the fallow paddy field with various supporting programs. Ant with enlarged local forage production, it is possible to make a new huge market fur forage producing machine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1624-1628
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• 2015

Rigorously standardized laboratory protocols are essential for meaningful comparison of data from multiple sites. Considering that interactions of minerals with organic matrices may vary depending on the material nature, there could be peculiar demands for each material with respect to digestion procedure. Acid digestion procedures were evaluated using different nitric to perchloric acid ratios and one- or two-step digestion to estimate the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in samples of carcass, bone, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Six procedures were evaluated: ratio of nitric to perchloric acid at 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 v/v in a one- or two-step digestion. There were no direct or interaction effects (p>0.01) of nitric to perchloric acid ratio or number of digestion steps on magnesium and zinc contents. Calcium and phosphorus contents presented a significant (p<0.01) interaction between sample type and nitric to perchloric acid ratio. Digestion solution of 2:1 v/v provided greater (p<0.01) recovery of calcium and phosphorus from bone samples than 3:1 and 4:1 v/v ratio. Different acid ratios did not affect (p>0.01) calcium or phosphorus contents in carcass, excreta, concentrate, forage, and feces. Number of digestion steps did not affect mineral content (p>0.01). Estimated concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and zinc in carcass, excreta, concentrated, forage, and feces samples can be performed using digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 4:1 v/v in a one-step digestion. However, samples of bones demand a stronger digestion solution to analyze the mineral contents, which is represented by an increased proportion of perchloric acid, being recommended a digestion solution of nitric to perchloric acid 2:1 v/v in a one-step digestion.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2010

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary energy and protein levels on milk production in Saanen (Capra hircus) dairy goats fed the diets with the different ratio of forage and concentrate. Four lactating goats in mid lactation ($57.5{\pm}10.8\;kg$ BW) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square with 21-d periods. Animals were randomly allocated to one of the four groups; 10.59 MJ ME/kg and 11.90% CP (TJ), 10.14 MJ ME/kg and 12.73% CP (T2), 9.45 MJ ME/kg and 15.19% CP (T3), 8.75 MJ ME/kg and 16.60% CP DM (T4). Also ratio of forage to concentrate was 49: 51 (Tl), 59: 41 (T2), 74: 26 (T3) and 90: 10 (T4). Intakes of forage and concentrate were linearly increased (p<0.05) with their increasing energy levels in the diets. No significant differences were found in total dry matter intake and body weight between treatments. Milk yield in T3 was the highest among treatments (p<0.05). Relative to other treatments, T4 significantly (p

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.203-206
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• 2004

Fodder supply condition was studied at 41 nomadic families in Gobi, Southern Semi-Desert area in Mongolia, from Dec. 1994 to Apr. 1995 to determine problems in cold, feed deficient season for establishment of sustainable livestock production system. The conditions of two family groups: those located in sparse vegetation (FG1), and those in comparably dense (FG2), were also compared. Commercial concentrate feed (concentrate), hay and Zoodoi were prepared for supplementation. Zoodoi was hand-made feed made mainly of Allium mongolicum and Allium polyrrhizum. Allium mongolicum tended to be used at FG1 frequently, and Allium polyrrhizum at FG2 depend on differences of micro vegetation. 44%, 90% and 39% of families prepared 165.6 kg of concentrate, 301.6 kg of hay and 6.8 kg of Zoodoi per sheep and goat (small livestock) on the average, respectively. The ratio of families that used concentrate at FG1 was smaller than those at FG2, though there were no significant differences on the amount. More hay was fed at FG1 than at FG2, and Zoodoi tended to be fed more in the FG1 group. Recipients were mostly restricted to young, female and sick small livestock that use the feeds effectively. More families gave concentrate and hay to the young than to the females and sick. They also gave more Zoodoi to young and sick animals than to females in this area. In the FG1 group, no differences were found between recipients on the concentrate supply. More families supplied hay to young animals than to sick ones, and Zoodoi was fed more to sick animals than to young and females. On the other hand, those in the FG2 found, more families fed fodders to young than to female and sick regardless of the kinds of feeds. The amount of fodder supplementation in the studied area was restricted, but accurate techniques of nomads to adapt the situation were clarified.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.517-535
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• 2022

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding alfalfa: Concentrate at different ratios (8:2 or 2:8) to Korean native black goats (KNBG) for 90 days on meat quality and bioactive compound content. Feeding KNBG alfalfa and concentrate at different ratios did not impact meat pH, color, microorganism composition, volatile basic nitrogen levels, or lipid oxidation. The low alfalfa (KLA) group exhibited increased oleic acid and monosaturated fatty acid levels, both of which impact the palatability traits of meat. The abundance of bioactive compounds increased in the loin meat of the KLA group, leading to an increase in antioxidant activities. Our results suggest that feeding alfalfa and concentrate at a 2:8 ratio to KNBG can increase taste-related fatty acids and bioactive compounds in loin meat, relative to that achieved by feeding at an 8:2 ratio. Further investigation is required to evaluate the quality and the metabolites of bioactive compounds in KNBG meat and the effect of the different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1314-1326
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• 2023

Sheep and goats can efficiently convert low quality forage into high-quality meat which contains specific nutrients and quality traits. Carcass traits and quality attributes of sheep and goat meat depend upon several factors and one of most effective strategies amongst these is feeding regimens. In this review, the major aspects of feeding regimens affecting growth rate, carcass traits and quality attributes of sheep and goat meat are thoroughly discussed, with a particular focus on physical-chemical composition, flavor profile, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Grazing lambs and kids receiving concentrate or under stall-feeding systems had greater average daily gain and carcass yield compared with animals reared on pasture only. However, growth rate was higher in lambs/kids grazing on pastures of improved quality. Moreover, the meat of grazing lambs receiving concentrate had more intense flavor, intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and unhealthy FA composition, but comparable color, tenderness, juiciness, and protein content compared to that of lambs grazed on grass only. In contrast, meat of concentrate-fed lambs had more intense color, greater tenderness and juiciness, IMF and protein contents, and lower flavor linked to meat. Additionally, the meat of kids grazed on concentrate supplementation had higher color coordinates, tenderness, IMF content and unhealthy FA composition, whereas juiciness and flavor protein content were similar. In contrast, kids with concentrate supplementation had superior color coordinates, juiciness, IMF content and unhealthy FA composition, but lower tenderness and flavor intensity compared to pasture-grazed kids. Thus, indoor-finished or supplemented grazing sheep/goats had higher growth rate and carcass quality, higher IMF content and unhealthy FA composition compared to animals grazed on grass only. Finally, supplementation with concentrate increased flavor intensity in lamb meat, and improved color and tenderness in kid meat, whereas indoor-fed sheep/goats had improved color and juiciness as well as reduced flavor compared to pasture-grazed animals.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.281-291
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the feeding method of total mixed fermentation (TMF) and concentrate feed on the growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers were used in this study. The control group was fed with concentrate feed + rice straw from the growing to the late fattening period, while the T1 group was fed with TMF from the growing to the early fattening period and concentrate feed + rice straw for the late fattening period. The T2 group was fed with TMF from the growing to the late fattening period. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not different between the treatment and control group. Serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were higher in the T2 groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The yield grade and quality grade were not different between the treatment and control group. The lightness of longissimus muscle was higher in the T1 group than in the control and T2 groups (p<0.05). Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of longissimus muscle was increased in the T2 groups than in the control group. Therefore, the method of feeding TMF and concentrate feed could have a positive effect on the lightness and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle without affecting the growth and carcass grades of Hanwoo steers.