• Title/Summary/Keyword: Compressive Property

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Unconfined Compressive Strength of Fiber-reinforced Cemented Sands by Fiber Reinforcement Form (섬유의 보강 형태에 따른 섬유-시멘트 혼합토의 일축압축강도특성)

  • Park, Sung-Sik;Kim, Young-Su;Lee, Jong-Cheon
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.23 no.8
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    • pp.159-169
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    • 2007
  • The behavior of fiber-reinforced cemented sands (FRCS) was studied to improve a brittle failure mode observed in cemented sands. Nak-dong River sand was mixed with ordinary Portland cement and a Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber. A PVA fiber is widely used in concrete and cement reinforcement. It has a good adhesive property to cement and a specific gravity of 1.3. A PVA fiber has a diameter of 0.1 mm that is thicker than general PVA fiber for reinforced cement. Clean Nak-dong River sand, cement and fiber at optimum water content were compacted in 5 layers giving 55 blows per layer. They were cured for 7 days. Cemented sands with a cement/sand ratio of 4% were fiber-reinforced at different locations and tested for unconfined compression tests. The effect of fiber reinforcement form and distribution on strength was investigated. A specimen with evenly distributed fiber showed two times more strength than not-evenly reinforced specimen. The strength of fiber-reinforced cemented sands increases as fiber reinforcement ratio increases. A fully reinforced specimen was 1.5 times stronger than a specimen reinforced at only middle part. FRCS behavior was controlled not only by a dosage of fiber but also by fiber distribution methods or fiber types.

Applied Petrologic Study of the Daebo Biotite Granites in the mid Gyeonggi Massif (경기육괴 중부에 분포하는 대보 흑운모화강암류의 응용암석학적 연구)

  • Yun, Hyun-Soo;Hong, Sei-Sun;Park, Deok-Won;Lee, Jin-Young
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.263-275
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    • 2012
  • Jurassic Daebo biotite granites, known as one of the main stone resources in the country, are widely and away distributed in the Pocheon and Yangju areas of the mid Gyeonggi massif. The objects of the study are mainly to reveal the unique characteristics of grain size, rock color, mineral composition, physical property and fracture system from the above biotite granites. Biotite granites from the Pocheon area (PG) and Yangju area (YG) are represented by coarse-grained and light gray, and medium to coarse-grained and grayish to light gray, respectively. In modes, main minerals of Qz+Af+Pl (quartz+alkali feldspar+plagioclase) are more increased in the PG, and accessories of biotite are more increased in the YG, which differences can cause the PG more bright light gray than the YG. Specific gravity (SG) shows somewhat more increasing in the YG than the PG. These differences can be caused by more increasing in biotite contents of higher specific gravity compared to the major minerals in the former than the latter. Absorption ratio (AR) and porosity (PR) of the PG and YG show the same values of 0.33 % and 0.86 %, respectively. In the correlations, PR vs SG and AR vs PR show gradually negative and distinctly positive trends, respectively. Compressive strength (CS) and tensile strength (TS) show increasing in the PG (CS: 1,775 $kg/cm^2$, TS: 87 $kg/cm^2$) than the YG (CS: 1,647 $kg/cm^2$, TS: 79 $kg/cm^2$). These strength characteristics could be attributed to the inherent rock textures of them. Abrasive hardness (AH) also shows a little increasing in PG, which can be caused by increase in quartz contents having higher hardness than the other major minerals. Orientations of fracture sets from the PG and YG were compared with those of vertical rift and grain planes in Mesozoic granites of the country. From the overlapped diagram, the distribution pattern between fracture sets and above vertical planes suggests that microcrack systems developed in Mesozoic granites in Korea occur also in the Daebo biotite granite bodies of the mid Gyeonggi massif. From the relation diagram showing the characteristics of fracture patterns for the above two area, PG and YG may have more potentiality for dimension and non-dimension stone resources, respectively.

Fracture Pattern and Physical Property of the Granodiorite for Stone Resources in the Nangsan Area (낭산일대에 분포하는 화강섬록암 암석자원의 열극체계 및 물리적 특성)

  • Yun, Hyun-Soo;Hong, Sei-Sun;Park, Deok-Won
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.144-161
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    • 2007
  • The studied Nangsan area is widely covered by the Jurassic biotite granodiorite, which is mainly light grey in color and medium-grained in texture. Results of the regional fracture pattern analysis for the granodiorite body are as follows. Strike directions of fractures show three dominant sets in terms of frequency order. The sets are in an order of a (1) $N80^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}E$ (1st-order)>(2) $N70^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}E$ (2nd-order)>(3) $NS{\sim}N10^{\circ}E$ (3rd-order). Spacings of the fractures are mostly predominant in less than 200 cm. Therefore, the granodiorite of the area has more potential for non-dimensional stones than dimension ones. And orientations of vertical quarrying planes can be also divided into two groups in terms of frequency $N14^{\circ}W{\sim}N16^{\circ}E$ (1st-order) and (2) $N78^{\circ}E{\sim}N88^{\circ}E$ (2nd-order). The orientations of the two groups are more or less different from those of the regional fracture patterns. These can be mainly attributed to the preferred orientations of microcrack developed in the quarries. Of physical properties, specific gravity, absorption ratio, porosity, compressive strength, tensile strength and abrasive hardness are 2.65, 0.28%, 0.73%, $1,628kg/cm^2,\;100kg/cm^2$ and 31, respectively. Contrary to the porosity, both granites of the Nangsan and Sogrisan areas show almost similar values of the abrasive hardness. These can be explained by the differences of Qz+Af modes, which can be regarded as an index for abrasive resistance. Meanwhile, it is anticipated that comprehensive understanding of the orientations of vertical quarrying planes and characteristics of various physical properties will be utilized as an important information for stone resources.

Simultaneous Multiple Transmit Focusing Method with Orthogonal Chirp Signal for Ultrasound Imaging System (초음파 영상 장치에서 직교 쳐프 신호를 이용한 동시 다중 송신집속 기법)

  • 정영관;송태경
    • Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.49-60
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    • 2002
  • Receive dynamic focusing with an array transducer can provide near optimum resolution only in the vicinity of transmit focal depth. A customary method to increase the depth of field is to combine several beams with different focal depths, with an accompanying decrease in the frame rate. In this Paper. we Present a simultaneous multiple transmit focusing method in which chirp signals focused at different depths are transmitted at the same time. These chirp signals are mutually orthogonal in a sense that the autocorrelation function of each signal has a narrow mainlobe width and low sidelobe levels. and the crossorelation function of any Pair of the signals has values smaller than the sidelobe levels of each autocorrelation function. This means that each chirp signal can be separated from the combined received signals and compressed into a short pulse. which is then individually focused on a separate receive beamformer. Next. the individually focused beams are combined to form a frame of image. Theoretically, any two chirp signals defined over two nonoverlapped frequency bands are mutually orthogonal In the present work. however, a tractional overlap of adjacent frequency bands is permitted to design more chirp signals within a given transducer bandwidth. The elevation of the rosscorrelation values due to the frequency overlap could be reduced by alternating the direction of frequency sweep of the adjacent chirp signals We also observe that the Proposed method provides better images when the low frequency chirp is focused at a near Point and the high frequency chirp at a far point along the depth. better lateral resolution is obtained at the far field with reasonable SNR due to the SNR gain in Pulse compression Imaging .

The Strength Properties Activated Granulated Ground Blast Furnace Slag with Aluminum Potassium Sulfate and Sodium Hydroxide (칼륨명반과 수산화나트륨으로 활성화된 고로슬래그 미분말의 강도 특성)

  • Kim, Taw-Wan;Hahm, Hyung-Gil
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) dosage on strength properties were investigated. For evaluating the property related to the dosage of alkali activator, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 4% (N1 series) and 8% (N2 series) was added to 1~5% (K1~K5) dosage of aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) and 1% (C1) and 2% (C2) dosage of calcium oxide (CaO). W/B ratio was 0.5 and binder/ fine aggregate ratio was 0.5, respectively. Test result clearly showed that the compressive strength development of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) mortars were significantly dependent on the dosage of NaOH and $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The result of XRD analysis indicated that the main hydration product of $NaOH+AlK (SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag was ettringite and CSH. But at early ages, ettringite and sulfate coated the surface of unhydrated slag grains and inhibited the hydration reaction of slag in high dosage of $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The $SO_4{^{-2}}$ ions from $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ reacts with CaO in blast furnace slag or added CaO to form gypsum ($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), which reacts with CaO and $Al_2O_3$ to from ettringite in $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag cement system. Therefore, blast furnace slag can be activated by $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$.

A Study on the Reinforcement Effect Analysis of Aging Reservoir using Grout Material recycled Power Plant Byproduct (발전부산물을 재활용한 그라우트재의 노후 저수지 보강효과 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Seo, Se-Gwan;An, Jong-Hwan;Cho, Dae-sung
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.23-33
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    • 2021
  • In Korea, many reservoirs have been built for the purpose of solving the food shortage problem and supplying agricultural water. However, the current 75.6% of the reservoirs are in serious aged as more than 50 years have passed since the year of construction. In the case of such an aging reservoir, the stability due to scour and erosion inside the reservoir is very reduced, and if concentrated rainfall due to recent abnormal weather occurs, the aging reservoir may collapse, leading to a lot of damage to property and human life. Accordingly, each agency that manages aging reservoirs uses Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) as an injection material and applies the grouting method. However, in the case of OPC, it may deteriorate over time and water leakage may occur again. And there are environmental problems such as consumption of natural resources and generation of greenhouse gases. So, there is a need to develop new materials and methods that can replace the OPC. In this study, an laboratory test and analysis were performed on the grout material developed to induce a curing reaction similar to that of OPC by recycling power plant byproduct. In addition, test in the field such as electric resistivity survey, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), and field permeability test were performed to analyzed to reinforcement effect and determine the possibility of using instead of OPC. As a results of the test, in the case of recycled power plant byproduct, the compressive strength was 2.9 to 3.2 times and the deformation modulus was 2.3 to 3.3 times higher, indicating that it is excellent in strength and can be used instead of OPC. And it was analyzed that the N value of the reservoir was increased by 1~2, and the coefficient of permeability (k) decreased to the level of 8.9~42.5%. showing sufficient reinforcing effect in terms of order.

Heavy concrete shielding properties for carbon therapy

  • Jin-Long Wang;Jiade J Lu;Da-Jun Ding;Wen-Hua Jiang;Ya-Dong Li;Rui Qiu;Hui Zhang;Xiao-Zhong Wang;Huo-Sheng Ruan;Yan-Bing Teng;Xiao-Guang Wu;Yun Zheng;Zi-Hao Zhao;Kai-Zhong Liao;Huan-Cheng Mai;Xiao-Dong Wang;Ke Peng;Wei Wang;Zhan Tang;Zhao-Yan Yu;Zhen Wu;Hong-Hu Song;Shuo-Yang Wei;Sen-Lin Mao;Jun Xu;Jing Tao;Min-Qiang Zhang;Xi-Qiang Xue;Ming Wang
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • v.55 no.6
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    • pp.2335-2347
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    • 2023
  • As medical facilities are usually built at urban areas, special concrete aggregates and evaluation methods are needed to optimize the design of concrete walls by balancing density, thickness, material composition, cost, and other factors. Carbon treatment rooms require a high radiation shielding requirement, as the neutron yield from carbon therapy is much higher than the neutron yield of protons. In this case study, the maximum carbon energy is 430 MeV/u and the maximum current is 0.27 nA from a hybrid particle therapy system. Hospital or facility construction should consider this requirement to design a special heavy concrete. In this work, magnetite is adopted as the major aggregate. Density is determined mainly by the major aggregate content of magnetite, and a heavy concrete test block was constructed for structural tests. The compressive strength is 35.7 MPa. The density ranges from 3.65 g/cm3 to 4.14 g/cm3, and the iron mass content ranges from 53.78% to 60.38% from the 12 cored sample measurements. It was found that there is a linear relationship between density and iron content, and mixing impurities should be the major reason leading to the nonuniform element and density distribution. The effect of this nonuniformity on radiation shielding properties for a carbon treatment room is investigated by three groups of Monte Carlo simulations. Higher density dominates to reduce shielding thickness. However, a higher content of high-Z elements will weaken the shielding strength, especially at a lower dose rate threshold and vice versa. The weakened side effect of a high iron content on the shielding property is obvious at 2.5 µSv=h. Therefore, we should not blindly pursue high Z content in engineering. If the thickness is constrained to 2 m, then the density can be reduced to 3.3 g/cm3, which will save cost by reducing the magnetite composition with 50.44% iron content. If a higher density of 3.9 g/cm3 with 57.65% iron content is selected for construction, then the thickness of the wall can be reduced to 174.2 cm, which will save space for equipment installation.

Brittle rock property and damage index assessment for predicting brittle failure in underground opening (지하공동의 취성파괴 예측을 위한 암석물성 및 손상지수 평가)

  • Lee, Kang-Hyun;Bang, Joon-Ho;Kim, Jin-Ha;Kim, Sang-Ho;Lee, In-Mo
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.327-351
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    • 2009
  • Laboratory tests are performed in this paper to investigate the brittle failure characteristics of over-stressed rocks taken in deep depth. Also, numerical simulation performed using that the so-called CWFS(Cohesion Weakening Frictional Strengthening) model is known to predict brittle failure phenomenon reasonably well. The most typical rock types of Korean peninsula - granite and gneiss - were used for testing. Results of uniaxial compression tests showed that the crack initiation stress was about 41 % to 42% of the uniaxial compressive strength regardless of rock types, where as, the crack damage stress of granite was about 75%, and that of gneiss was about 97%. Through the damage-controlled test, strength parameters of each rock were obtained as a function of damage degree. After the peak, the crack damage stress and the maximum stress were decreased, The cohesion was decreased and the friction angle was increased with increase of rock damage. Before reaching the peak, the elastic modulus was slightly increased, while decreased after the peak. Poisson's ratio was increased as the damage of rock proceeds. Comparison of uniaxial compression tests and damage-controlled tests shows the crack initiation stress estimated from the damage-controlled test fluctuated within the range of crack initiation stress obtained from the uniaxial compression test; the crack damage stress was less than that estimated from the uniaxial compression test. In order to predict the critical depth that brittle failure occurs, numerical simulations using the CWFS model were performed for an example site. Material parameters obtained from the laboratory tests mentioned above were used for CWFS simulation. Comparison between the critical depth predicted from the numerical simulation using the CWFS model and that predicted by using the damage index proposed by Martin et al.(l999), showed that critical depth cannot be reasonably predicted by the currently used damage index except for circular tunnels. A modified damage index was proposed by the author which takes the shape of tunnels other than circular into account.

Effects of Boliing, Steaming, and Chemical Treatment on Solid Wood Bending of Quercus acutissima Carr. and Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (자비(煮沸), 증자(蒸煮) 및 약제처리(藥劑處理)가 상수리나무와 소나무의 휨가공성(加工性)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • So, Won-Tek
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.19-62
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    • 1985
  • This study was performed to investigate: (i) the bending processing properties of silk worm oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) and Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) by boiling and steaming treatments; (ii) the effects of interrelated factors - sapwood and heartwood, annual ring placement, softening temperature and time, moisture content. and wood defects on bending processing properties; (iii) the changing rates of bending radii after release from a tension strap, and (iv) the improving methods of bending process by treatment with chemicals. The size of specimens tested was $15{\times}15{\times}350mm$ for boiling and steaming treatments and $5{\times}10{\times}200mm$ for treatments with chemicals. The specimens were green for boiling treatments and dried to 15 percent for steaming treatments. The specimens for treatments with chemicals were soaked in saturated urea solution, 35 percent formaldehyde solution, 25 percent polyethylene glycol -400 solution, and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution for 5 days and immediately followed the bending process, respectively. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The internal temperature of silk worm oak and Korean red pine by boiling and steaming time was raised slowly to $30^{\circ}C$ but rapidly from $30^{\circ}C$ to $80-90^{\circ}C$ and then slowly from $80-90^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. 2. The softening time required to the final temperature was directly proportional to the thickness of specimen. The time required from $25^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ for 15mm-squared specimen was 9.6-11.2 minutes in silk worm oak and 7.6-8.1 minutes in Korean red pine. 3. The moisture content (M.C.) of specimen by steaming time was increased rapidly first 4 minutes in the both species, and moderately from 4 to 20 minutes and then slowly and constantly in silk worm oak, and moderately from 4 to 15 minutes and then slowly and constantly in Korean red pine. The M.C. of 15mm-squared specimen in 50 minutes of steaming was increased to 18.0 percent in the oak and 22.4 percent in the pine from the initial conditioned M.C. of 15 percent The rate of moisture adsorption measured was therefore faster in the pine than in the oak. 4. The mechanical properties of the both species were decreased significantly with the increase of boiling rime. The decrement by the boiling treatment for 60 minutes was measured to 36.6-45.0 percent in compressive strength, 12.5-17.5 percent in tensile strength, 31.6-40.9 percent in modulus of rupture, and 23.3-34.6 percent in modulus of elasticity. 5. The minimum bending radius (M.B.R.) of sapwood and heartwood was 60-80 mm and 90 mm in silk worm oak, and 260 - 300 mm and 280 - 300 mm in Korean red pine, respectively. Therefore, the both species showed better bending processing properties in sapwood than in heartwood. 6. The M.B.R. of edge-grained and flat-grained specimen in suk worm oak was 60-80 mm, but the M.B.R. in Korean red pine was 240-280 mm and 260-360 mm, respectively. Comparing the M.B.R. of edge-grained with flat-grained specimen, in the pine the edge-grained showed better bending processing property than the flat-grained. 7. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the rising of softening temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. The minimum softening temperature for bending was $90^{\circ}C$ in silk worm oak and $80^{\circ}C$ in Korean red pine, and the dependency of softening temperature for bending was therefore higher in the oak than in the pine. 8. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the increase of softening time as well as temperature, but even after the internal temperature of specimen reaching to the final temperature, somewhat prolonged softening was required to obtain the best plastic conditions. The minimum softening time for bending of 15 mm-squared silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen was 15 and 10 minutes in the boiling treatment, and 30 and 20 minutes in the steaming treatment, respectively. 9. The optimum M.C. for bending of silk worm oak was 20 percent, and the M.C. above fiber saturation point rather degraded the bending processing property, whereas the optimum M.C. of Korean red pine needed to be above 30 percent. 10. The bending works in the optimum conditions obtained as seen in Table 24 showed that the M.B.R. of silk worm oak and Korean red pine was 80 mm and 240 mm in the boiling treatment, and 50 mm and 280 mm in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing property of the oak was better in the steaming than in the boiling treatment, but that of the pine better in the boiling than in the steaming treatment. 11. In the bending without a tension strap, the radio r/t of the minimum bending radius t to the thickness t of silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen amounted to 16.0 and 21.3 in the boiling treatment, and 17.3 and 24.0 in the steaming treatment, respectively. But in the bending with a tension strap, the r/t of the oak and the pine specimen decreased to 5.3 and 16.0 in t he boiling treatment, and 3.3 and 18.7 in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing properties of the both species were significantly improved by the strap. 12. The effect of pin knot on the degradation of bending processing property was very severe in silk worm oak by side, e.g. 90 percent of the oak specimens with pin knot on the concave side were ruptured when bent to a 100 mm radius but only 10 percent of the other specimens with pin knot on the convex side were ruptured. 13. The changing rate in the bending radius of specimen bent to a 300 mm radius after 30 days of exposure to room temperature conditions was measured to 4.0-10.3 percent in the boiling treatment and 13,0-15.0 percent in the steaming treatment. Therefore, the degree of spring back after release was higher in the steaming than in the boiling treatment. And the changing rate of moisture-proofing treated specimen by expoxy resin coating was only -1.0.0 percent. 14. Formaldehyde, 35 percent solution, and 25 percent polyethylene glycol-400 solution found no effect on the plasticization of the both species, but saturated urea solution and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution found significant effect in comparison to non-treated specimen. But the effect of the treatment with chemicals alone was inferior to that of the steaming treatment, and the steaming treatment after the treatment with chemicals improved 10-24 percent over the bending processing property of steam-bent specimen. 15. Three plasticity coefficients - load-strain coefficient, strain coefficient, and energy coefficient - were evaluated to be appropriate for the index of bending processing property because the coefficients had highly significant correlation with the bending radius. The fitness of the coefficients as the index was good at load-strain coefficient, energy coefficient, and strain coefficient, in order.

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Dynamical Study on the Blasting with One-Free-Face to Utilize AN-FO Explosives (초유폭약류(硝油爆藥類)를 활용(活用)한 단일자유면발파(單一自由面發破)의 역학적(力學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Huh, Ginn
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.187-209
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    • 1972
  • Drilling position is one of the most important factors affecting on the blasting effects. There has been many reports on several blasting factors of burn-cut by Messrs. Brown and Cook, but in this study the author tried to compare drilling positions of burn-cut to pyramid-cut, and also to correlate burn-cut effects of drilling patterns, not being dealt by Prof. Ito in his theory, which emphasized on dynamical stress analysis between explosion and free face. According to former theories, there break out additional tensile stress reflected at the free face supplemented to primary compressive stress on the blasting with one-free-face. But with these experimented new drilling patterns of burn-cut, more free faces and nearer distance of each drilling holes make blasting effects greater than any other methods. To promote the above explosive effect rationary, it has to be considered two important categories under-mentioned. First, unloaded hole in the key holes should be drilled in wider diameter possibly so that it breaks out greater stress relief. Second, key holes possibly should have closer distances each other to result clean blasting. These two important factors derived from experiments with, theories of that the larger the dia of the unloaded hole, it can be allowed wider secondary free faces and closes distances of each holes make more developed stress relief, between loaded and unloaded holes. It was suggested that most ideal distance between holes is about 4 clearance in U. S. A., but the author, according to the experiments, it results that the less distance allow, the more effective blasting with increased broken rock volume and longer drifted length can be accomplished. Developed large hole burn-cut method aimed to increase drifting length technically under the above considerations, and progressive success resulted to achieve maximum 7 blasting cycles per day with 3.1m drifting length per cycle. This achievement originated high-speed-drifting works, and it was also proven that application of Metallic AN-FO on large hole burn-cut method overcomes resistance of one-free-face. AN-FO which was favored with low price and safety handling is the mixture of the fertilizer or industrial Ammonium-Nitrate and fuel oil, and it is also experienced that it shows insensible property before the initiation, but once it is initiated by the booster, it has equal explosive power of Ammonium Nitrate Explosives (ANE). There was many reports about AN-FO. On AN-FO mixing ratio, according to these experiments, prowdered AN-FO, 93.5 : 6.5 and prilled AN-FO 94 : 6, are the best ratios. Detonation, shock, and friction sensities are all more insensitive than any other explosives. Residual gas is not toxic, too. On initation and propagation of the detonation test, prilled AN-FO is more effective than powered AN-FO. AN-FO has the best explosion power at 7 days elapsed after it has mixed. While AN-FO was used at open pit in past years prior to other conditions, the author developed new improved explosives, Metallic AN-FO and Underwater explosive, based on the experiments of these fundmental characteristics by study on its usage utilizing AN-FO. Metallic AN-FO is the mixture of AN-FO and Al, Fe-Si powder, and Underwater explosive is made from usual explosive and AN-FO. The explanations about them are described in the other paper. In this study, it is confirmed that the blasting effects of utilizing AN-FO explosives are very good.

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