• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2013

Quite high prevalence of acute and chronic complications of calcaneal fractures has been reported. Acute complications include blisters, wound necrosis or infection. Late complications include subtalar arthritis, calcaneal malunion, lateral subfibular impingement, tendon problems, sural nerve complications. There are many surgical or nonsurgical treatment modalities to manage those complications. However strategic initial surgical approach with gentle soft tissue handling accompanied by comprehensive understanding about numerous complications might be the best tool to achieve pain free and functional heel after treating calcaneal fractures.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2003

Sleepiness, or hypersomnia, is a relatively common complaint and one of the main problems of modern society. Accurate evaluation and diagnosis of sleepiness are important. The methods used for evaluating sleepiness are subjective measures or self-evaluations, performance decrease measures, sleep propensity measures, and arousal decrease measures. A clear and detailed history is important in differential diagnosis of sleepiness because symptoms of sleepiness may be expressed in terms of 'tiredness' or 'fatigue' that do not directly denote sleepiness. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation is also invaluable because these symptoms may result from a variety of causes ranging from medical disorders to insufficient nocturnal sleep.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 2007

Gamma distributions are some of the most popular models for hydrological processes. In this paper, a very flexible family which contains the gamma distribution as a particular case is introduced. Evidence of flexibility is shown by examining the shape of its pdf and the associated hazard rate function. A comprehensive treatment of the mathematical properties is provided by deriving expressions for the nth moment, moment generating function, characteristic function, Renyi entropy and the asymptotic distribution of the extreme order statistics. Estimation and simulation issues are also considered. Finally, a detailed application to drought data from the State of Nebraska is illustrated.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.401-413
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the occlusal outcome and duration of fixed orthodontic therapy from clinical trials in humans with the Objective Grading System (OGS) proposed by the American Board of Orthodontics. Methods: Nine databases were searched up to October 2016 for prospective/retrospective clinical trials assessing the outcomes of orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances. After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, random-effects meta-analyses of the mean OGS score and treatment duration were performed and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: A total of 34 relevant clinical trials including 6,207 patients (40% male, 60% female; average age, 18.4 years) were identified. The average OGS score after treatment was 27.9 points (95% CI, 25.3-30.6 points), while the average treatment duration was 24.9 months (95% CI, 24.6-25.1 months). There was no significant association between occlusal outcome and treatment duration, while considerable heterogeneity was identified. In addition, orthodontic treatment involving extraction of four premolars appeared to have an important effect on both outcomes and duration of treatment. Finally, only 10 (39%) of the identified studies matched compared groups by initial malocclusion severity, although meta-epidemiological evidence suggested that matching may have significantly influenced their results. Conclusions: The findings from this systematic review suggest that the occlusal outcomes of fixed appliance treatment vary considerably, with no significant association between treatment outcomes and duration. Prospective matched clinical studies that use the OGS tool are needed to compare the effectiveness of orthodontic appliances.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2021

Background: This study compared the treatment outcomes of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) before and after the implementation of public-private mix (PPM). Factors affecting treatment success were also investigated. Methods: Data from culture-confirmed pulmonary MDR-TB patients who commenced MDR-TB treatment at Pusan National University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups in terms of PPM status: pre-PPM period, patients who commenced MDR-TB treatment between 2003 and 2010; and post-PPM period, patients treated between 2011 and 2017. Results: A total of 176 patients were included (64 and 112 in the pre- and post-PPM periods, respectively). 36.9% of the patients were resistant to a fluoroquinolone or a second-line injectable drug, or both. The overall treatment success rate was 72.7%. The success rate of post-PPM patients was higher than that of pre-PPM patients (79.5% vs. 60.9%, p=0.008). Also, loss to follow-up was lower in the post-PPM period (5.4% vs. 15.6%, p=0.023). In multivariate regression analysis, age ≥65 years, body mass index ≤18.5 kg/m², previous TB treatment, bilateral lung involvement, and extensively drug-resistant (XDR)- or pre-XDR-TB were associated with poorer treatment outcomes. However, the use of bedaquiline or delamanid for ≥1 month increased the treatment success. Conclusion: The treatment success rate in MDR-TB patients was higher in the post-PPM period than in the pre-PPM period, particularly because of the low rate of loss to follow-up. To ensure comprehensive patient-centered PPM in South Korea, investment and other support must be adequate.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-86
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• 2021

Landfilling is the most commonly adopted method for a large quantity of waste disposal. But, the main concern related to landfills is the generation of leachate. The leachate is high strength wastewater that is usually characterized by the presence of high molecular recalcitrant organics. Several conventional methods are adopted for leachate treatment. However, these methods are only suitable for young leachate, having high biodegradability and low toxicity levels. The mature and stabilized leachate needs advanced technologies for its effective treatment. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are very suitable for such complex wastewater treatment as reported in the literature. After going through the literature survey, it can be concluded that Fenton-based approaches are effective for the treatment of various high/low strength wastewaters treatment. The applications of the Fenton-based approaches are widely adopted and well recognized due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reliability for the reduction of high chemical oxygen demand (COD) as reported in several studies. Besides, the process is relatively economical due to fewer chemical, non-sophisticated instruments, and low energy requirements. In this review, the conventional and advanced Fenton's approaches are explained with their detailed reaction mechanisms and applications for landfill leachate treatment. The effect of influencing factors like pH, the dosage of chemicals, nature of reaction matrix, and reagent ratio on the treatment efficiencies are also emphasized. Furthermore, the discussion regarding the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, increase in biodegradability, removal of humic acids from leachate, combined processes, and the pre/post-treatment options are highlighted. The scope of future studies is summarized to attain sustainable solutions for restrictions associated with these methods for effective leachate treatment.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.109-112
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• 2013

Azole fungicides are one of the most wide-spread antifungal compounds in agriculture and pharmaceutical applications. Their major mode of action is the inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, giving depletion of ergosterol, precursors and abnormal steroids. However, metabolic consequences of such inhibition, other than steroidal metabolitesare not well established. Comprehensive metabolic profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been presented in this study. Wild type yeast was treated either with glucose as control or azole fungicide (ketoconazole). Both polar metabolites and lipids were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Approximately over 180 metabolites were characterized, among which 18 of them were accumulated or depleted by fungicide treatment. Steroid profile gives the most prominent differences, including the accumulation of lanosterol and the depletion of zymosterol and ergosterol. However, the polar metabolite profile was also highly different in pesticide treatment. The concentration of proline and its precursors, glutamate and ornithine were markedly reduced by ketoconazole. Lysine and glycine level was also decreased while the concentrations of serine and homoserine were increased. The overall metabolic profile indicates that azole fungicide treatment induces the depletion of many polar metabolites, which are important in stress response.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.83-102
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to review Korean medical clinical management of female overactive bladder (OAB). Methods: We reviewed domestic and foreign papers related to Korean Medicine Treatment for OAB and literatures on Korean Medicine added clinical views of authors. Results: OAB is usually diagnosed to Deficiency pattern (Kidney qi deficiency-cold, Spleen-Lung qi deficiency et al.). The primary treatment goals of OAB is improvement of urinary symptom. But a comprehensive treatment approach including improvement of accompanied symptoms such as depression, insomnia, sexual dysfunction and improvement of quality of life is needed. Warming and tonifying herbal medicine, electro-acupuncture and moxibustion using acupoints specially acting bladder function in lower abdomen and lumbar-sacral area and behavioral therapies such as lifestyle modification, bladder training are usually primary treatments. Treatment period is recommended about 3~6 months to recover and stabilize bladder function. Conclusions: OAB is a clinical area that Korean Medicine tend to be more effective. but additional research about Korean Medical Clinical Management of OAB is needed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.136-145
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• 2015

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment performed for open bite caused by internal derangement (ID) and osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A Japanese woman, aged 31 years and 11 months, referred to our department by an oral surgeon had an open bite with clockwise rotation of the mandible and degeneration of the condyle. The overbite was corrected through intrusion of the maxillary and mandibular molars using mini-screw implants to induce counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. Then, the mandibular second premolars were extracted and comprehensive orthodontic treatment was performed to establish a Class I molar relationship with distalization of the maxillary arch and to eliminate anterior crowding. Following treatment, her facial profile improved and a functional and stable occlusion was achieved without recurrence of the TMJ symptoms. These results suggest that orthodontic intrusion of the molars is one of the safer and less stressful alternatives for the management of open bite due to degeneration of the condyles caused by ID and OA of TMJ.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.203-207
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• 2013

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory form of arthritis that is associated with psoriasis. A 54-yr-old male with chronic psoriatic temporomandibular joint arthritis and myofascial pain was treated using methotrexate and a myofascial pain protocol. Jaw pain improved after 3 weeks, however, tenderness to palpation of muscles remained. Comprehensive evaluation and multidisciplinary clinical treatment is required for the treatment of patients with psoriatic temporomandibular joint arthritis.