• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

Anticoagulant activities of a fermented edible brown alga, Laminaria ochotensis was investigated. L. ochotensis was fermented with 15% sugar (w/v) at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10 weeks. Anticoagulant activity was measured from the supernatant of algal mixture at biweekly intervals up to $10^{th}$ week by activated partial thromboplastin (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) assay using citrated human plasma. Sample having high APTT activity $(6^{th}\;week)$ was filtered, ethanol precipitated and freeze-dried. The polysaccharide compound having anticoagulant activity was purified by DEAE ion exchange chromatography followed by Sepharose-4B gel filtration chromatography. Anticoagulant activity, polysaccharide concentration, and heparin like activity were determined for the collected fractions by APTT, $phenol-H_2SO_4$, and glycosaminoglycan assay, respectively. The anticoagulant activity assay showed that the activity was increased up to $6^{th}$ week, and decreased thereafter. The concentration of our purified compound was $31.0{\mu}g/ml$ and showed higher APTT activity than commercial heparin. At the same concentration of $31.0{\mu}g/ml$, the heparin showed 186.5 sec activity while our purified compound showed an activity of 386 sec. Single spot on agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the compound was purified and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) results revealed that the molecular mass of the purified polysaccharide compound was between 60 and 500 kDa. Therapeutic interest of the algal polysaccharide as an anticoagulant has recently been in highlighted. This purified anticoagulant compound from fermented L. ochotensis can be used as a model for anticoagulant agent or could be developed as an anticoagulant agent. This study can be extended to identify the structure and chemical composition of the purified polysaccharide, and to establish a relationship between structure and the function of the identified anticoagulant compounds.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 1976

In this study several kinds of spun silk yarn-synthetic filament compounded yarn was manufactured, and several fabrics woven from above mentioned silk compound yarn for evaluation of serviceability as clothing materials. The following results were obtained: 1. Degumming agents are in the order of sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbornate, soap and water. 2. When the concentration of sodium hydroxide is exceeded 3%, degradation of floss silk property is resulted because of excessive dissolving out of silk protein. 3. Degumming effect is much improved by concentration of degumming agent and less by its treating time. 4. Simultaneous application of more the 2 kinds of degumming agent is desirable for improvement of floss silk. 5. Application of natural organic acid brings very good results in keeping original scooping and color of the silk. 6. Load and elongation it increased by compound with synthetic filament yarn. 7. Even the evenness of compound yarn is largely dependent on the quality of floss silk and extent of degumming, the C.V.% of silk compound yarn in the experiment was 8-12%. 8. Single bath dyeing technique was impossible for their cloth, and dyeing was performed in 2 bath system separately for silk and synthetic fiber. 9. Shrinkage ratio due to the dyeing of fabric was 23% in case of polyester and spun silk fabric. 10. The final woven cloth can be applicable to (a) Blouse in care of thin cloth (compound silk fabric) (b) Korean costume for women in case of thick cloth. (compound hand spun silk fabric)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1111-1119
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• 2006

Beauvericins and enniatins are cyclohexadepsipeptides exhibiting various biological activities on animal systems, including humans. Fusarium oxysporum FB1501 (KFCC 11363P) that produces four different cyclohexadepsipeptides was isolated from soil in Korea and the structures of the four cyclohexadepsipeptides elucidated by HPLC, MS, IR, and NMR analyses. The molecular weights for compounds 1,2,3, and 4 were determined to be 654.5, 784.5, 668.6, and 682.5, respectively, on the basis of ESI-MS measurements. The IR spectra for all the compounds exhibited absorptions for ester $(1,733-1,743\;cm^{-1})$ and amide $(1,649-1,655\;cm^{-1})$ bonds that were very similar to those for beauvericin and enniatins with ester and amide absorptions. The results of the NMR analysis $(^{1}H,\;^{13}C,\;135-DEPT,\;COSY,\;HMQC,\;and\;HMBC;\;in\;COCl_{3})$ revealed that compounds 1,3, and 4 consisted of $_{L}-N-methyl\;valine$ (N-MeVal), $_{D}-{\alpha}-hydroxyisovaleic\;acid$ (Hiv), and 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid (Hmp) residues (compound 1: three N-MeVal residues, two Hiv residues, and one Hmp residue; compound 3: three N-MeVal residues, one Hiv, and two Hmp residues; compound 4: three N-MeVal residues and three Hmp residues). Therefore, the compounds were identified as enniatin H (compound 1), enniatin I (compound 3), and enniatin MK1688 (compound 4). Compound 2 was analyzed as beauvericin according to 1D and 2D NMR analyses. This study is the first report related to the co-production of beauvericin with other unusual enniatins, such as enniatin H, enniatin I, and enniatin MK1688, by Fusarium oxysporum.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1559-1566
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• 2020

Compound K (C-K) is one of the most pharmaceutically effective ginsenosides, but it is absent in natural ginseng. However, C-K can be obtained through the hydrolysis of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPDGs) in natural ginseng. The aim of this study was to obtain the high concentration of food-available C-K using PPDGs in Korean ginseng extract by an extracellular enzyme from Aspergillus niger KACC 46495. A. niger was cultivated in the culture medium containing the inducer carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 6 days. The extracellular enzyme extracted from A. niger was prepared from the culture broth by filtration, ammonium sulfate, and dialysis. The extracellular enzyme was used for C-K production using PPDGs. The glycoside-hydrolyzing pathways for converting PPDGs into C-K by the extracellular enzyme were Rb1 → Rd → F2 → C-K, Rb2 → Rd or compound O → F2 or compound Y → C-K, and Rc → Rd or compound Mc1 → F2 or compound Mc → C-K. The extracellular enzyme from A. niger at 8.0 mg/ml, which was obtained by the induction of CMC during the cultivation, converted 6.0 mg/ml (5.6 mM) PPDGs in Korean ginseng extract into 2.8 mg/ml (4.5 mM) food-available C-K in 9 h, with a productivity of 313 mg/l/h and a molar conversion of 80%. To the best of our knowledge, the productivity and concentration of C-K of the extracellular enzyme are the highest among those by crude enzymes from wild-type microorganisms.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2004

Background: The fruit of Rubus coreanus (RC), a perennial herb, has been cultivated for a long time as a popular vegetable. The anti-allergy mechanism of RC is unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of RC on compound 48/80- or anti-DNP IgE-induced mast cell activation. Methods: For this, influences of RC on the compound 48/80-induced degranulation, histamine release, calcium influx and the change of the intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine-3',5' monophosphate) levels of rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) and on the anti-DNP IgE-induced histamine release of RPMC were observed. Results: The pretreatment of RC inhibited compound 48/80-induced degranulation, histamine release and intracelluar calcium uptake of RPMC. The anti-DNP IgE-induced histamine release of RPMC was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of RC. The RC increased the level of intracellular cAMP of RPMC, and the pretreatment of RC inhibited compound 48/80-induced decrement of intracellular cAMP of RPMC. Conclusion: These results suggest that RC contains some substances with an activity to inhibit the compound 48/80- or anti-DNP IgE-induced mast cell activitation. The inhibitory effects of RC are likely due to the stabilization of mast cells by blocking the calcium uptake and enhancing the level of intracellular cAMP.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2013

The experiments have been performed to obtain zinc complex compound with smaller particle sizes, which is used as a charge control agent in manufacturing toner. Metallic salts and polyhydric alcohols have been studied to investigate their effects on the formation and the triboelectric charge of zinc complex-compound particle with different sizes. Reactants such as zinc chloride and 3,5-di-tert.-butyl salicylic acid have been used to form the complex compound. Polyethylene glycol (PEG-300), glycerin and ethylene glycol have been added into the zinc chloride solution beforehand to lower the reaction rate in the formation of zinc complex-compound. Aluminium(III) chloride has been mixed in the zinc chloride solution beforehand to restrain the particle size from growing. When PEG-300 and aluminium(III) chloride are used to lower the reaction rate and to restrain the particle size from growing, the average particle size of zinc complex compound decreases from $5.28{\mu}m$ to $2.33{\mu}m$, which was 44.1% of $5.28{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.22-30
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• 1974

This study was carried out to investigate the species of iron compounds in kaolin mineral and the bonding relation between the major kaolin and its subordinate iron compound existing as incidental mineral in common clay by means of chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, thermal differential and thermogravimetrie analysis for the application of clays in the field of ceramic raw material. The domestic clay are produced abounduntly in many places, but San-Cheong kaolin, Chu-An clay, and Yeong-Am clay were selected as samples in this experiment because of their frequent utilization in porcelain industry. Two kinds of samples with low and high iron content are picked up respectively from the place of production and elutriated under two micron size to determine the properties and concentration of iron compound very fine particles or colloidal substance of low crystalline grade. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment in autoclave was conducted considering the existence of low crystalline grade of iron compounds known as an amorphoue state in X-ray diffraction pattern furthermore, de-iron treatment of hydrothermal compound was done in order to identify the related iron compound before and after hydrothermal reaction and iron compound which is one of the samples was synthesized for the determination of their compounds state in more detail. The obtained results in this study are as follows: In San-Cheong kaolin, Chu-An clay and Yeong-Am clay 1) It is proved that species accompanying iron compound is $\alpha$-FeOOH form. 2) Iron compound is composed of very fine particles or colloidal substance. 3) The iron substance encircles the fine parts of clay minerals under 2 micron and acts as cementizing agent.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-244
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to identify and characterize fibrinolytic compound from Cornus officinalis. Cornus officinalis. Hot water extract was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions. Assays for fibrinolytic activity indicated that only the ethyl acetate fraction had significant efficacy at 1.36 plasmin units/mL. Isolation of fibrinolytic compound was carried out on Amberlite IRA-400, Sephadex LH-20 and active charcoal column chromatography. HPLC analysis of the purified fibrinolytic compound showed retention time (RT) same as authentic malic acid. LC / MS / MS in negative mode showed the same peak at m/z 133, confirming that the purified compound was malic acid with a molecular weight 134 Da. The compound showed fibrinolytic activity of 0.69 plasmin units/mL, 14.62% of thrombin inhibitory activity, 6.42% of antioxidative activity, and 17.28% of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The purified compound hydrolyzed γ subunits of human fibrinogen. In conclusion, malic acid isolated from Cornus officinalis might have potential to be developed as ingredient for biofunctional foods to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2016

Background: Minor saponins or human intestinal bacterial metabolites, such as ginsenosides Rg3, F2, Rh2, and compound K, are more pharmacologically active than major saponins, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 was studied using enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of mushrooms. Methods: Mycelia of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Elfvingia applanata, and Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated in liquid media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk. Enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of five mushrooms were obtained by mycelia separation from cultured broth, enzyme extraction, ammonium sulfate (30-80%) precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying, respectively. The enzyme preparations were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. Results: Among the mushrooms used in this study, the enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of A. mellea (AMMEP) was found to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into compound K with a high yield, while those from G. lucidum, P. linteus, E. applanata, and P. ostreatus produced remarkable amounts of ginsenoside Rd from ginsenoside Rb1. The enzymatic hydrolysis pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by AMMEP was $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}$ compound K. The optimum reaction conditions for compound K formation from ginsenoside Rb1 were as follows: reaction time 72-96 h, pH 4.0-4.5, and temperature $45-55^{\circ}C$. Conclusion: AMMEP can be used to produce the human intestinal bacterial metabolite, compound K, from ginsenoside Rb1 with a high yield and without food safety issues.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.221-226
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• 1990

This experiment was performed to identify and isolate a growth inhibiting compound from Aralia continentalis. In order to isolate the growth inhibiting compound from Aralia continentalis the bioassay test of lettuce seed germination and rice seedling growth were used. Through these bioassays the growth inhibiting compound which was spotted at $R_f$ 0.51 on Tlc was isolated. This compound inhibited the lettuce growth by 79% at the concentration of 1000ppm. When sprayed with $FeCl_3$ reagent, it developed a bule spot. It had UV-absorbance at 217 nm and 342 nm, and $OH^-$ of $3600cm^{-1}$, C=O of $1700cm^{-1}$, C=C of $1600cm^{-1}$, and C-O of $1200cm^{-1}$ on IR spectrum. Through HPLC analysis this compound was identified as a ferulic acid ($C_{10}H_{10}O_4$) having 25 min. retention time.